Official figures and this site's calculations
Why believe this?
Figures of one view and year of the diagram, with their sources and how they were computed, each under its own anchor. Back to Home.
Why believe this?
United States: net total social spending, % of GDP
29.2%Estimated2019
Definition
- What it counts
- Net total social expenditure as a share of GDP: public and private social spending, mandatory and voluntary, net of the direct and indirect taxes levied on benefits, with tax breaks for social purposes added and those financing private benefits counted once; the OECD's SOCX measure "Net total" (ES50).
- Caveat
- 2019 is the year before the pandemic for which the OECD publishes net social spending; the OECD publishes it every other year. Social spending is a narrower aggregate than the general-government spending compared elsewhere on this page, and the OECD compiles it from national sources of its own.
Where it comes from
- Source
- OECD, Social Expenditure Database (SOCX), social expenditure aggregates
- Where
- Dataflow OECD.ELS.SPD,DSD_SOCX_AGG@DF_SOCX_AGG,1.0; REF_AREA USA, MEASURE SOCX, UNIT_MEASURE PT_B1GQ, EXPEND_SOURCE ES50 (Net total), SPENDING_TYPE _T, PROGRAMME_TYPE _T, TIME_PERIOD 2019
- Published
- Not dated by the OECD's API
- It says
USA, ES50, 2019: OBS_VALUE 29.188, OBS_STATUS A
- As published
- 29.2% of GDP
- Read
- 2026-10-16
Why believe this?
France: public social spending, % of GDP
32.7%Observed2021
Definition
- What it counts
- Gross public social expenditure, all social policy areas, cash and in kind, as a share of GDP: the OECD's SOCX measure "Public" (ES10).
- Caveat
- 2021 is the latest year for which the OECD publishes net social spending; it is also a year of spending against the pandemic. Social spending is a narrower aggregate than the general-government spending compared elsewhere on this page, and the OECD compiles it from national sources of its own.
Where it comes from
- Source
- OECD, Social Expenditure Database (SOCX), social expenditure aggregates
- Where
- Dataflow OECD.ELS.SPD,DSD_SOCX_AGG@DF_SOCX_AGG,1.0; REF_AREA FRA, MEASURE SOCX, UNIT_MEASURE PT_B1GQ, EXPEND_SOURCE ES10 (Public), SPENDING_TYPE _T, PROGRAMME_TYPE _T, TIME_PERIOD 2021
- Published
- Not dated by the OECD's API
- It says
FRA, ES10, 2021: OBS_VALUE 32.718, OBS_STATUS A
- As published
- 32.7% of GDP
- Read
- 2026-10-16
Why believe this?
Foreign economic aid
€4.9bnObserved2024
Definition
- What it counts
- General government total expenditure on this function (COFOG level 2), France.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
gov_10a_exp(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=MIO_EURsector=S13na_item=TEcofog99=GF0102time=2024· query this cell- As published
- €4,880.9 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-03
Calculation
- Transformation
- Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.
Why believe this?
Civil defence
€229mObserved2024
Definition
- What it counts
- General government total expenditure on this function (COFOG level 2), France.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
gov_10a_exp(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=MIO_EURsector=S13na_item=TEcofog99=GF0202time=2024· query this cell- As published
- €228.6 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-03
Calculation
- Transformation
- Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.
Why believe this?
Police services
€28.9bnObserved2024
Definition
- What it counts
- General government total expenditure on this function (COFOG level 2), France.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
gov_10a_exp(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=MIO_EURsector=S13na_item=TEcofog99=GF0301time=2024· query this cell- As published
- €28,896.2 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-03
Calculation
- Transformation
- Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.
Why believe this?
Communication
€1.6bnObserved2024
Definition
- What it counts
- General government total expenditure on this function (COFOG level 2), France.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
gov_10a_exp(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=MIO_EURsector=S13na_item=TEcofog99=GF0406time=2024· query this cell- As published
- €1,621.1 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-03
Calculation
- Transformation
- Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.
Why believe this?
Waste water management
€5.2bnObserved2024
Definition
- What it counts
- General government total expenditure on this function (COFOG level 2), France.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
gov_10a_exp(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=MIO_EURsector=S13na_item=TEcofog99=GF0502time=2024· query this cell- As published
- €5,200.0 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-03
Calculation
- Transformation
- Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.
Why believe this?
Housing development
€8.4bnObserved2024
Definition
- What it counts
- General government total expenditure on this function (COFOG level 2), France.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
gov_10a_exp(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=MIO_EURsector=S13na_item=TEcofog99=GF0601time=2024· query this cell- As published
- €8,415.0 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-03
Calculation
- Transformation
- Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.
Why believe this?
Education not definable by level
€8.6bnObserved2024
Definition
- What it counts
- General government total expenditure on this function (COFOG level 2), France.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
gov_10a_exp(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=MIO_EURsector=S13na_item=TEcofog99=GF0905time=2024· query this cell- As published
- €8,622.3 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-03
Calculation
- Transformation
- Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.
Why believe this?
Old age
€392bnObserved2024
Definition
- What it counts
- General government total expenditure on this function (COFOG level 2), France.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
gov_10a_exp(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=MIO_EURsector=S13na_item=TEcofog99=GF1002time=2024· query this cell- As published
- €391,954.3 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-03
Calculation
- Transformation
- Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.
Why believe this?
Réduction d'impôt au titre des dons
€2bnObserved2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Cost of the tax expenditure in 2024 (réalisé), as estimated by the Ministry of Finance.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
- Where
- Measure 110201
- Published
- October 2025
- As published
- €1,990.0 million
- Read
- 2026-10-03
Why believe this?
Réduction d'impôt pour frais de scolarité dans l'enseignement secondaire
€221mObserved2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Cost of the tax expenditure in 2024 (réalisé), as estimated by the Ministry of Finance.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
- Where
- Measure 110215
- Published
- October 2025
- As published
- €221.0 million
- Read
- 2026-10-03
Why believe this?
Exonération des sommes versées au titre de la participation, de l'intéressement, de l'abondement, d'un partage de plus-value, des primes de partage de la valeur, d’un plan de partage de la valorisation de l’entreprise, aux plans d'épargne salariale et aux plans d'épargne retraite d'entreprise collectifs ou obligatoires
€2.9bnObserved2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Cost of the tax expenditure in 2024 (réalisé), as estimated by the Ministry of Finance.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
- Where
- Measure 120108
- Published
- October 2025
- As published
- €2,890.0 million
- Read
- 2026-10-03
Why believe this?
Détermination du résultat imposable des entreprises de transport maritime en fonction du tonnage de leurs navires
€625mObserved2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Cost of the tax expenditure in 2024 (réalisé), as estimated by the Ministry of Finance.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
- Where
- Measure 320119
- Published
- October 2025
- As published
- €625.0 million
- Read
- 2026-10-03
Why believe this?
Réduction du champ de l'accise sur les produits énergétiques à usage carburants, dans les collectivités régies par l'article 73 de la Constitution, aux seuls essences et gazoles et faculté pour ces collectivités de minorer les tarifs
€1.5bnObserved2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Cost of the tax expenditure in 2024 (réalisé), as estimated by the Ministry of Finance.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
- Where
- Measure 800401
- Published
- October 2025
- As published
- €1,466.0 million
- Read
- 2026-10-03
Why believe this?
Dépenses pour faciliter l'accessibilité pour personnes handicapées
€248mObserved2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Cost of the tax expenditure in 2024 (réalisé), as estimated by the Ministry of Finance.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
- Where
- Measure 050202
- Published
- October 2025
- As published
- €248.0 million
- Read
- 2026-10-03
Why believe this?
Exonération de la cotisation minimum de CFE des redevables réalisant un très faible chiffre d'affaires
€306mObserved2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Cost of the tax expenditure in 2024 (réalisé), as estimated by the Ministry of Finance.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
- Where
- Measure 090112
- Published
- October 2025
- As published
- €306.0 million
- Read
- 2026-10-03
Why believe this?
Official goals measured by a causal study
50EstimatedCalculated by this site2026
Definition
- What it counts
- Goals for which at least one causal study tied to the same line has the goal's own outcome, or its official indicator, as its outcome.
- Caveat
- Goals are grouped from the quoted objectives, and each study is matched to a goal by this site, from its quoted finding; every match cites the phrase it rests on.
Where it comes from
- Source
- This site, Official goals matched to causal studies (data/literature)
- Where
- all rows
- Published
- 2026
- As published
- 50
- Read
- 2026-10-03
Why believe this?
DSR cible rank, leverage: self-financing capacity per euro of DGF, each commune against its own three previous years, over the first year
1.36EstimatedCalculated by this site2019
Definition
- What it counts
- The jump in the outcome at the threshold over the jump in the grant, in euros of the first per euro of the second, both summed over the window: local linear regressions with a triangular kernel on each side, 12,227 observations on the ineligible side and 12,224 on the eligible one within the bandwidth (years 2016 to 2019, ranks 4,001 to 16,000).
- Caveat
- 95% Anderson-Rubin interval 0.62 to 2.10, valid when the jump in the grant is small: distinguishable from zero at 95%. Smallest leverage the design detects four times in five at 5%, computed before any estimate: 1.06.
Where it comes from
- Source
- This site, The State's grants at their thresholds (analysis/grants.ml)
- Where
- estimand=leverage, threshold=dsr_cible_rank, outcome=self_financing_vs_pre/dgf_vs_pre, window=1
- Published
- 2026
- As published
- 1.36
- Read
- 2026-10-16
Why believe this?
Support to companies, HCSP perimeter 1
€82bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Direct and targeted aid: targeted budget spending, classified tax expenditures excluding VAT, targeted contribution exemptions, loans and guarantees at their subsidy equivalent, and direct aid by local authorities.
- Caveat
- Built on 2023 executed budget data, not updated since the 2025 note.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Haut-Commissariat à la Stratégie et au Plan, Les aides aux entreprises : définition, périmètres, cadre de suivi et d'évaluation
- Where
- Part 2, §3.1-3.2, pp. 27-29
- Published
- 17 July 2026
- It says
Ce premier périmètre, estimé à 82 milliards selon notre lecture des données du budget exécuté en 2023, comprend des dépenses budgétaires directes ciblées sur les entreprises, des dépenses fiscales classées, des exonérations ciblées de cotisations sociales, les « prêts, garanties et participations » en équivalent-subvention et les aides directes des collectivités territoriales
- As published
- €82.0 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-02
Why believe this?
Interest on public debt, 2026, government forecast
€79.2bnHypothetical2026
Definition
- What it counts
- Interest paid by general government in 2026, as forecast by the Government.
- Caveat
- A forecast for the current year, made in September 2026; it is not a measurement.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Gouvernement, projet de loi de finances pour 2027, as reproduced by the Haut Conseil des finances publiques, Avis n° HCFP-2026-5 relatif aux projets de lois de finances et de financement de la sécurité sociale pour l'année 2027
- Where
- § 115, p. 38
- Published
- 2026-09-25
- It says
En 2026, le Gouvernement prévoit une charge d'intérêts de 79,2 Md€
- As published
- €79.2 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-15
Why believe this?
Paid to the State by the Banque de France, 2023 and 2024
€0mObservedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- The Banque de France's dividend and corporate tax paid to the State for 2023 and for 2024. In 2023 its ordinary result was a loss of €12.4bn, absorbed by provisions; in 2024 its net result was a loss of €7.7bn, after €10.1bn released from its general risk fund.
Why believe this?
Share of net borrowing from abroad
91.8%EstimatedCalculated by this site2025
Definition
- What it counts
- A holder's net take-up of public debt over the year, as a share of all holders': the change in its holdings at face value.
- Caveat
- Net take-up at face value: the change in what each sector holds over the year, which also moves when bonds change hands between sectors. Eurostat does not publish government debt transactions by holder; changes at face value carry no market revaluation, so they are the closest published measure. The total change in debt differs from the deficit by the stock-flow adjustment (cash buffers, premiums and discounts at issue), so the shares, not the amounts, are applied to the deficit.
Calculation
- Computed as
(Public debt held by the rest of the world, end 2025 − Public debt held by the rest of the world, end 2024) ÷ (Public debt, all holders, end 2025 − Public debt, all holders, end 2024) × 100- From
- Result
- 91.8%
Why believe this?
Inheritance and gift duties
€20.8bnObserved2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Taxes on capital transfers (ESA D.91A): inheritance and gift duties.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
gov_10a_taxag(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=MIO_EURsector=S13_S212na_item=D91Atime=2024· query this cell- As published
- €20,819.0 million
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-07-21, read 2026-10-04
Calculation
- Transformation
- Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.
Why believe this?
Net personal wealth, WID total, 2025 euros
€14,658bnEstimated2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Net personal wealth of all adults in France: non-financial and financial assets less debts, WID's total for the distribution.
- Caveat
- WID's series for France follow Garbinti, Goupille-Lebret and Piketty to 2014 and are extended with distributional financial accounts since. WID publishes amounts in euros at constant prices of 2025, the year its national income price index is 1; the page converts them to current 2024 euros with that index for 2024.
Where it comes from
- Source
- World Inequality Database, WID bulk data, France (WID_data_FR.csv in wid_all_data.zip)
- Where
- variable mhweali999, percentile p0p100, year 2024
- Published
- 9 September 2026
- It says
FR;mhweali999;p0p100;2024;14658242084864
- As published
- €14,658.2 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-15
Why believe this?
Subsidies on products
€44.2bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.
- Caveat
- Estimated for this page: both years are put on the general-government perimeter (Eurostat S13). Each Insee item is scaled to Eurostat's total of its category for the year, split between the items of the category and between groups as Insee's 2023 accounts split it. Insee's own 2023 levels are wider in places (firms' collective pension and health schemes) and COFOG counts spending gross of the fees that finance part of it; the evidence panels show both.
Calculation
- Computed as
Collective services, economic affairs and subsidies, at home × Subsidies on products ÷ Insee items in COFOG 01 without debt interest, 02 to 06- From
- Collective services, economic affairs and subsidies, at home €430bn
- Subsidies on products €31.8bn, estimated
- Insee items in COFOG 01 without debt interest, 02 to 06 €309.3bn, estimated
- Result
- €44.2 billion
Why believe this?
Collective services, economic affairs and subsidies
€465.1bnObservedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- General public services without debt interest, defence, public order, economic affairs, environmental protection and housing and community amenities.
Calculation
- Computed as
General public services − Debt interest + Defence + Public order and safety + Economic affairs + Environmental protection + Housing and community amenities- From
- Result
- €465,106.7 million
Why believe this?
Public order and safety
€48.7bnObserved2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Police, justice, prisons and fire.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
gov_10a_exp(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=MIO_EURsector=S13na_item=TEcofog99=GF03time=2023· query this cell- As published
- €48,711.9 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.
Why believe this?
International cooperation paid
€10.8bnObserved2023
Definition
- What it counts
- A transfer between French general government and the rest of the world, as Eurostat records it in the government accounts.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
gov_10a_main(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=MIO_EURsector=S13na_item=D74PAYtime=2023· query this cell- As published
- €10,833.0 million
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-07-21, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2023, 82 years
351,223Observed2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Where it comes from
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y82time=2023· query this cell- As published
- 351,223 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2024, 85 years
315,950Observed2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Where it comes from
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y85time=2024· query this cell- As published
- 315,950 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2023, 89 years
216,078Observed2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Where it comes from
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y89time=2023· query this cell- As published
- 216,078 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2024, 90 years
196,799Observed2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Where it comes from
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y90time=2024· query this cell- As published
- 196,799 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2023, 97 years
37,218Observed2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Where it comes from
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y97time=2023· query this cell- As published
- 37,218 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2023, 98 years
25,770Observed2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Where it comes from
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y98time=2023· query this cell- As published
- 25,770 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2023, 100 and over
29,956Observed2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Where it comes from
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y_OPENtime=2023· query this cell- As published
- 29,956 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2024, 6 years
755,350Observed2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Where it comes from
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y6time=2024· query this cell- As published
- 755,350 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2023, 7 years
794,483Observed2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Where it comes from
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y7time=2023· query this cell- As published
- 794,483 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2023, 10 years
839,941Observed2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Where it comes from
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y10time=2023· query this cell- As published
- 839,941 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2024, 13 years
871,784Observed2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Where it comes from
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y13time=2024· query this cell- As published
- 871,784 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2024, 18 years
827,859Observed2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Where it comes from
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y18time=2024· query this cell- As published
- 827,859 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2023, 20 years
799,696Observed2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Where it comes from
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y20time=2023· query this cell- As published
- 799,696 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2024, 26 years
768,044Observed2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Where it comes from
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y26time=2024· query this cell- As published
- 768,044 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2024, 28 years
777,205Observed2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Where it comes from
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y28time=2024· query this cell- As published
- 777,205 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2023, 33 years
834,288Observed2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Where it comes from
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y33time=2023· query this cell- As published
- 834,288 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2024, 36 years
858,026Observed2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Where it comes from
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y36time=2024· query this cell- As published
- 858,026 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2023, 38 years
845,024Observed2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Where it comes from
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y38time=2023· query this cell- As published
- 845,024 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2024, 41 years
887,853Observed2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Where it comes from
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y41time=2024· query this cell- As published
- 887,853 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2023, 42 years
898,493Observed2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Where it comes from
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y42time=2023· query this cell- As published
- 898,493 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2023, 49 years
909,491Observed2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Where it comes from
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y49time=2023· query this cell- As published
- 909,491 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2023, 52 years
902,734Observed2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Where it comes from
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y52time=2023· query this cell- As published
- 902,734 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2024, 57 years
894,961Observed2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Where it comes from
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y57time=2024· query this cell- As published
- 894,961 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2023, 64 years
813,237Observed2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Where it comes from
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y64time=2023· query this cell- As published
- 813,237 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2024, 65 years
807,837Observed2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Where it comes from
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y65time=2024· query this cell- As published
- 807,837 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2024, 70 years
744,790Observed2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Where it comes from
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y70time=2024· query this cell- As published
- 744,790 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2023, 71 years
735,263Observed2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Where it comes from
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y71time=2023· query this cell- As published
- 735,263 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2023, 76 years
653,579Observed2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Where it comes from
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y76time=2023· query this cell- As published
- 653,579 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2024, 77 years
639,044Observed2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Where it comes from
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y77time=2024· query this cell- As published
- 639,044 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2024, 79 years
453,221Observed2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Where it comes from
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y79time=2024· query this cell- As published
- 453,221 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Mean total net pay of employees aged 0 to 100 paid 50,000 euros or more, 2023
€78,018EstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The mean of a Pareto tail above 50,000 euros whose coefficient α matches the employees paid 40,000 euros or more and 50,000 euros or more.
Calculation
- Computed as
50,000 × α ÷ (α − 1), α = ln((Employees aged 0 to 100 paid 40,000 to 50,000 euros, 2023, file weights + Employees aged 0 to 100 paid 50,000 euros or more, 2023, file weights) ÷ Employees aged 0 to 100 paid 50,000 euros or more, 2023, file weights) ÷ ln(50,000 ÷ 40,000)- From
- Employees aged 0 to 100 paid 40,000 to 50,000 euros, 2023, file weights 1.8 million, estimated
- Employees aged 0 to 100 paid 50,000 euros or more, 2023, file weights 2.1 million, estimated
- Result
- €78,018
Why believe this?
Employees aged 14 to 29 paid 4,000 to 6,000 euros, 2023, file weights
631,632Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
- Where
- data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 14 to 29, band 07, weight summed over sectors
- Published
- 24 March 2026
- As published
- 631,632
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Employees aged 14 to 29 paid 12,000 to 14,000 euros, 2023, file weights
464,796Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
- Where
- data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 14 to 29, band 11, weight summed over sectors
- Published
- 24 March 2026
- As published
- 464,796
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Employees aged 30 to 39 paid 200 to 500 euros, 2023, file weights
4,944Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
- Where
- data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 30 to 39, band 01, weight summed over sectors
- Published
- 24 March 2026
- As published
- 4,944
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Employees aged 30 to 39 paid 16,000 to 18,000 euros, 2023, file weights
356,688Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
- Where
- data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 30 to 39, band 13, weight summed over sectors
- Published
- 24 March 2026
- As published
- 356,688
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Employees aged 30 to 39 paid 30,000 to 35,000 euros, 2023, file weights
652,260Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
- Where
- data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 30 to 39, band 20, weight summed over sectors
- Published
- 24 March 2026
- As published
- 652,260
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Employees aged 40 to 49 paid 0 to 200 euros, 2023, file weights
3,468Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
- Where
- data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 40 to 49, band 00, weight summed over sectors
- Published
- 24 March 2026
- As published
- 3,468
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Employees aged 40 to 49 paid 12,000 to 14,000 euros, 2023, file weights
190,632Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
- Where
- data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 40 to 49, band 11, weight summed over sectors
- Published
- 24 March 2026
- As published
- 190,632
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Employees aged 50 to 59 paid 3,000 to 4,000 euros, 2023, file weights
72,840Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
- Where
- data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 50 to 59, band 06, weight summed over sectors
- Published
- 24 March 2026
- As published
- 72,840
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Employees aged 50 to 59 paid 22,000 to 24,000 euros, 2023, file weights
454,416Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
- Where
- data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 50 to 59, band 16, weight summed over sectors
- Published
- 24 March 2026
- As published
- 454,416
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Employees aged 50 to 59 paid 28,000 to 30,000 euros, 2023, file weights
342,240Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
- Where
- data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 50 to 59, band 19, weight summed over sectors
- Published
- 24 March 2026
- As published
- 342,240
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Employees aged 60 to 100 paid 2,000 to 3,000 euros, 2023, file weights
84,780Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
- Where
- data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 60 to 100, band 05, weight summed over sectors
- Published
- 24 March 2026
- As published
- 84,780
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Employees aged 60 to 100 paid 24,000 to 26,000 euros, 2023, file weights
100,944Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
- Where
- data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 60 to 100, band 17, weight summed over sectors
- Published
- 24 March 2026
- As published
- 100,944
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Employees aged 60 to 100 paid 28,000 to 30,000 euros, 2023, file weights
74,436Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
- Where
- data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 60 to 100, band 19, weight summed over sectors
- Published
- 24 March 2026
- As published
- 74,436
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Employees aged 60 to 100 paid 35,000 to 40,000 euros, 2023, file weights
105,120Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
- Where
- data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 60 to 100, band 21, weight summed over sectors
- Published
- 24 March 2026
- As published
- 105,120
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Self-employment income, share of disposable income, ages 18 to 29, 2023
4.5%Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Share of the mean disposable income of households of this age of reference person, percent (ERFS 2023, T03).
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenu, niveau de vie et pauvreté en 2023
- Where
- Sheet “ERFS_T03”, row 7 “Revenus d'indépendants (2)”, column B
- Published
- 17 February 2026
- As published
- 4.5%
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Mean disposable income of households, ages 75 to 100, 2023
€35,940Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Mean annual disposable income of households by age of the reference person, constant 2023 euros (ERFS, TRD04).
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus et niveau de vie, séries longues (ERFS 2023): TRD04
- Where
- Sheet “ERFS_TRD04”, row 10 “75 ans et plus”, column AF
- Published
- 17 February 2026
- As published
- €35,940
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Households, ages 18 to 29, start of 2024, %
9.2%Estimated2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Share of households whose reference person is of this age.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Patrimoine et endettement des ménages en 2024
- Where
- Sheet “AGE”, row 18 “Ensemble”, column B
- Published
- 26 February 2026
- As published
- 9.2%
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Households, ages 70 to 100, start of 2024, %
23.6%Estimated2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Share of households whose reference person is of this age.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Patrimoine et endettement des ménages en 2024
- Where
- Sheet “AGE”, row 18 “Ensemble”, column G
- Published
- 26 February 2026
- As published
- 23.6%
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Insee items in COFOG 10, social protection
€707.5bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of Insee's 2023 items mapped to this category.
Calculation
- Computed as
Pensions + Unemployment benefits + Other cash benefits + Social care and housing aid- From
- Pensions €397.9bn, estimated
- Unemployment benefits €46.1bn, estimated
- Other cash benefits €147.7bn, estimated
- Social care and housing aid €115.8bn, estimated
- Result
- €707.5 billion
Why believe this?
CNAF, minimum incomes (RSA, prime d'activité) paid in 2023
€21,909,237,498Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Amounts paid by the family allowance funds in the year, summed over the months, euros: minimum incomes (RSA, prime d'activité).
Where it comes from
- Source
- CNAF, Toutes prestations - Répartition des allocataires selon la prestation et l'âge [National]
- Where
- All ages, all months of the year
- Published
- 9 October 2026
- As published
- €21,909,237,498
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
80 and over, Social care and housing aid
€16.3bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care for dependent elderly and disabled people, childcare and other social action, housing benefits and the energy cheque, and the running costs of social security, received in kind.
- Caveat
- A synthetic allocation by the National Transfer Accounts method; it is not a measurement. The item's national total for the year is split between ages in proportion to an age profile times the population of each age, so the ages add up to the total exactly. Profiles come from other years and other perimeters, only their shape is used, and several rest on conventions; the view's ranges vary them one at a time.
Calculation
- Computed as
Social care and housing aid × 80 and over, share of Social care and housing aid by age profile ÷ 100- From
- Social care and housing aid €107.7bn, estimated
- 80 and over, share of Social care and housing aid by age profile 15.2%, estimated
- Result
- €16.3 billion
Why believe this?
80 and over, Culture and leisure
€2.5bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.
- Caveat
- A synthetic allocation by the National Transfer Accounts method; it is not a measurement. The item's national total for the year is split between ages in proportion to an age profile times the population of each age, so the ages add up to the total exactly. Profiles come from other years and other perimeters, only their shape is used, and several rest on conventions; the view's ranges vary them one at a time.
Calculation
- Computed as
Culture and leisure × 80 and over, share of Culture and leisure by age profile ÷ 100- From
- Culture and leisure €41.4bn, estimated
- 80 and over, share of Culture and leisure by age profile 6%, estimated
- Result
- €2.5 billion
Why believe this?
Recreation, culture and religion
€41.4bnObserved2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Sport, culture, broadcasting and publishing services.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
gov_10a_exp(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=MIO_EURsector=S13na_item=TEcofog99=GF08time=2023· query this cell- As published
- €41,417.0 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.
Why believe this?
80 and over, Taxes on products
€19.4bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
- Caveat
- A synthetic allocation by the National Transfer Accounts method; it is not a measurement. The item's national total for the year is split between ages in proportion to an age profile times the population of each age, so the ages add up to the total exactly. Profiles come from other years and other perimeters, only their shape is used, and several rest on conventions; the view's ranges vary them one at a time.
Calculation
- Computed as
Taxes on products × 80 and over, share of Taxes on products by age profile ÷ 100- From
- Taxes on products €318.8bn, estimated
- 80 and over, share of Taxes on products by age profile 6.1%, estimated
- Result
- €19.4 billion
Why believe this?
Share of consumption by visitors
4.4%EstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Purchases of non-residents as a share of all household consumption on the territory.
- Caveat
- Taxes on products also fall on households' purchases of dwellings and on what general government and exempt sectors buy; Insee attributes them all to households through consumption, and visitors take no part in those, so this share applies to the consumption part and slightly overstates what visitors bear.
Why believe this?
80 and over, Taxes on production
€316mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
- Caveat
- A synthetic allocation by the National Transfer Accounts method; it is not a measurement. The item's national total for the year is split between ages in proportion to an age profile times the population of each age, so the ages add up to the total exactly. Profiles come from other years and other perimeters, only their shape is used, and several rest on conventions; the view's ranges vary them one at a time.
Calculation
- Computed as
Taxes on production × 80 and over, share of Taxes on production by age profile ÷ 100- From
- Taxes on production €128.1bn, estimated
- 80 and over, share of Taxes on production by age profile 0.2%, estimated
- Result
- €0.3 billion
Why believe this?
80 and over, Corporate tax
€8.1bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
- Caveat
- A synthetic allocation by the National Transfer Accounts method; it is not a measurement. The item's national total for the year is split between ages in proportion to an age profile times the population of each age, so the ages add up to the total exactly. Profiles come from other years and other perimeters, only their shape is used, and several rest on conventions; the view's ranges vary them one at a time.
Calculation
- Computed as
Corporate tax × 80 and over, share of Corporate tax by age profile ÷ 100- From
- Corporate tax €79.3bn, estimated
- 80 and over, share of Corporate tax by age profile 10.3%, estimated
- Result
- €8.1 billion
Why believe this?
Financial and professional wealth, weight of ages 18 to 29
3,236.8EstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- The band's wealth relative to the others: mean wealth times the parts kept times the share of households; spread over the band's ages by population.
Calculation
- Computed as
Mean gross wealth, ages 18 to 29, start of 2024 × (Financial wealth share, ages 18 to 29, start of 2024, % + Professional wealth share, ages 18 to 29, start of 2024, %) ÷ 100 × Households, ages 18 to 29, start of 2024, % ÷ 100- From
- Mean gross wealth, ages 18 to 29, start of 2024 €104,400, estimated
- Financial wealth share, ages 18 to 29, start of 2024, % 20.6%, estimated
- Professional wealth share, ages 18 to 29, start of 2024, % 13.1%, estimated
- Households, ages 18 to 29, start of 2024, % 9.2%, estimated
- Result
- 3,237
Why believe this?
Financial wealth share, ages 18 to 29, start of 2024, %
20.6%Estimated2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Share of this kind of wealth in households' mean gross wealth, by age of the reference person.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Patrimoine et endettement des ménages en 2024
- Where
- Sheet “AGE”, row 5 “Moins de 30 ans”, column D
- Published
- 26 February 2026
- As published
- 20.6%
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Professional wealth share, ages 18 to 29, start of 2024, %
13.1%Estimated2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Share of this kind of wealth in households' mean gross wealth, by age of the reference person.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Patrimoine et endettement des ménages en 2024
- Where
- Sheet “AGE”, row 5 “Moins de 30 ans”, column E
- Published
- 26 February 2026
- As published
- 13.1%
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Financial and professional wealth, weight of ages 30 to 39
9,295.1EstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- The band's wealth relative to the others: mean wealth times the parts kept times the share of households; spread over the band's ages by population.
Calculation
- Computed as
Mean gross wealth, ages 30 to 39, start of 2024 × (Financial wealth share, ages 30 to 39, start of 2024, % + Professional wealth share, ages 30 to 39, start of 2024, %) ÷ 100 × Households, ages 30 to 39, start of 2024, % ÷ 100- From
- Mean gross wealth, ages 30 to 39, start of 2024 €265,000, estimated
- Financial wealth share, ages 30 to 39, start of 2024, % 16%, estimated
- Professional wealth share, ages 30 to 39, start of 2024, % 7.7%, estimated
- Households, ages 30 to 39, start of 2024, % 14.8%, estimated
- Result
- 9,295
Why believe this?
Mean gross wealth, ages 70 to 100, start of 2024
€420,300Estimated2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Mean gross wealth of households by age of the reference person, euros.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Patrimoine et endettement des ménages en 2024
- Where
- Sheet “AGE”, row 10 “70 ans ou plus”, column B
- Published
- 26 February 2026
- As published
- €420,300
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Share of French companies' equity held outside France
20%EstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Listed and unlisted shares held by the rest of the world, as a share of the shares issued by non-financial and financial corporations, at the end of the year (financial accounts).
- Competing figures
- 49.5%, La détention des actions des sociétés françaises du CAC 40 par les non-résidents est restée stable en 2023, Bulletin de la Banque de France 255/5. The Banque de France's survey covers the listed shares of the 35 French CAC 40 companies, at market value, where non-residents hold half; the financial accounts cover every French company, listed or not, most of them held at home. The two bound the share of corporate tax that falls on owners outside France.
- Caveat
- Shares that French companies hold in one another count in the denominator, so a chain of holdings inside France dilutes the share held abroad; the listed-only figure of the Banque de France is the upper end of the range.
Calculation
- Computed as
Shares held by the rest of the world ÷ (Shares issued by non-financial corporations + Shares issued by financial corporations) × 100- From
- Result
- 20.0%
Why believe this?
CSG on earnings, 2023
€104.7bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Yield of the CSG on this base, all recipients.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Commission des comptes de la Sécurité sociale, Les comptes de la Sécurité sociale, juin 2025
- Where
- Tableau 1, page 47
- Published
- June 2025
- It says
CSG sur les revenus d'activité 104706; de remplacement 26140; du capital 16611 (M€, 2023)
- As published
- €104,706.0 million
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Gross wealth, weight of ages 60 to 69
77,237.5EstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- The band's wealth relative to the others: mean wealth times the parts kept times the share of households; spread over the band's ages by population.
Calculation
- Computed as
Mean gross wealth, ages 60 to 69, start of 2024 × Households, ages 60 to 69, start of 2024, % ÷ 100- From
- Mean gross wealth, ages 60 to 69, start of 2024 €462,500, estimated
- Households, ages 60 to 69, start of 2024, % 16.7%, estimated
- Result
- 77,238
Why believe this?
80 and over, CSG on capital income
€1.7bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The part of the CSG levied on capital income: interest, dividends, life insurance, rents and capital gains.
- Caveat
- An allocation scenario: Insee attributes the whole CSG to each group but does not split it by base, and no source found gives the bases of the CSG on capital income by group. The CSG on investment income (interest, dividends, life insurance) is shared as Insee's net financial income. The CSG on property income is levied on rents landlords receive, capital gains and annuities; Insee's only row near it adds owner-occupiers' imputed rents, which pay no CSG, and holds no capital gains, so sharing it as that row is a convention. The alternatives share all of it as net financial income, or as the group's whole capital income.
Calculation
- Computed as
CSG on capital income × 80 and over, share of CSG on capital income by age profile ÷ 100- From
- CSG on capital income €16.9bn, estimated
- 80 and over, share of CSG on capital income by age profile 10.2%, estimated
- Result
- €1.7 billion
Why believe this?
Activity, share of disposable income, ages 18 to 29, 2023
99.2%Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Share of the mean disposable income of households of this age of reference person, percent (ERFS 2023, T03); direct taxes are income tax, CSG, CRDS and residence tax.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenu, niveau de vie et pauvreté en 2023
- Where
- Sheet “ERFS_T03”, row 5 “Revenus d'activité”, column B
- Published
- 17 February 2026
- As published
- 99.2%
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Activity, share of disposable income, ages 30 to 39, 2023
101.7%Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Share of the mean disposable income of households of this age of reference person, percent (ERFS 2023, T03); direct taxes are income tax, CSG, CRDS and residence tax.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenu, niveau de vie et pauvreté en 2023
- Where
- Sheet “ERFS_T03”, row 5 “Revenus d'activité”, column C
- Published
- 17 February 2026
- As published
- 101.7%
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Activity, share of disposable income, ages 65 to 74, 2023
14.9%Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Share of the mean disposable income of households of this age of reference person, percent (ERFS 2023, T03); direct taxes are income tax, CSG, CRDS and residence tax.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenu, niveau de vie et pauvreté en 2023
- Where
- Sheet “ERFS_T03”, row 5 “Revenus d'activité”, column F
- Published
- 17 February 2026
- As published
- 14.9%
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Pensions, share of disposable income, ages 50 to 64, 2023
12.2%Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Share of the mean disposable income of households of this age of reference person, percent (ERFS 2023, T03); direct taxes are income tax, CSG, CRDS and residence tax.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenu, niveau de vie et pauvreté en 2023
- Where
- Sheet “ERFS_T03”, row 8 “Pensions et retraites”, column E
- Published
- 17 February 2026
- As published
- 12.2%
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Property income, share of disposable income, ages 50 to 64, 2023
11.3%Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Share of the mean disposable income of households of this age of reference person, percent (ERFS 2023, T03); direct taxes are income tax, CSG, CRDS and residence tax.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenu, niveau de vie et pauvreté en 2023
- Where
- Sheet “ERFS_T03”, row 9 “Revenus du patrimoine”, column E
- Published
- 17 February 2026
- As published
- 11.3%
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Pension contributions
€328.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 26 “Cotisations sociales retraite1”, column B (Ensemble)
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- As published
- €328.9 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Other contributions
€182.4bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.
- Caveat
- Estimated for this page: both years are put on the general-government perimeter (Eurostat S13). Each Insee item is scaled to Eurostat's total of its category for the year, split between the items of the category and between groups as Insee's 2023 accounts split it. Insee's own 2023 levels are wider in places (firms' collective pension and health schemes) and COFOG counts spending gross of the fees that finance part of it; the evidence panels show both.
Calculation
- Computed as
Social contributions × Other contributions ÷ Insee items in ESA D61, social contributions- From
- Social contributions €462.8bn
- Other contributions €214bn, estimated
- Insee items in ESA D61, social contributions €542.9bn, estimated
- Result
- €182.4 billion
Why believe this?
Everyone, Autres cotisations sociales (maladie, invalidité, ATMP)1, Insee
€142.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- A row of Insee's distributional accounts, read as published.
- Caveat
- Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 29 “Autres cotisations sociales (maladie, invalidité, ATMP)1”, column B (Ensemble)
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- As published
- €142.8 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Everyone, Cotisations sociales famille1, Insee
€38bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- A row of Insee's distributional accounts, read as published.
- Caveat
- Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 28 “Cotisations sociales famille1”, column B (Ensemble)
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- As published
- €38.0 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
40–49, Health care
€20.8bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.
- Caveat
- A synthetic allocation by the National Transfer Accounts method; it is not a measurement. The item's national total for the year is split between ages in proportion to an age profile times the population of each age, so the ages add up to the total exactly. Profiles come from other years and other perimeters, only their shape is used, and several rest on conventions; the view's ranges vary them one at a time.
Calculation
- Computed as
Health care × 40–49, share of Health care by age profile ÷ 100- From
- Health care €249.7bn, estimated
- 40–49, share of Health care by age profile 8.3%, estimated
- Result
- €20.8 billion
Why believe this?
40–49, Education
€833mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.
- Caveat
- A synthetic allocation by the National Transfer Accounts method; it is not a measurement. The item's national total for the year is split between ages in proportion to an age profile times the population of each age, so the ages add up to the total exactly. Profiles come from other years and other perimeters, only their shape is used, and several rest on conventions; the view's ranges vary them one at a time.
Calculation
- Computed as
Education × 40–49, share of Education by age profile ÷ 100- From
- Education €141.6bn, estimated
- 40–49, share of Education by age profile 0.6%, estimated
- Result
- €0.8 billion
Why believe this?
40–49, paid a month per person
€2,560EstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
Calculation
- Computed as
40–49, levies paid × 10⁹ ÷ 40–49, people, 2023 ÷ 12- From
- 40–49, levies paid €262.7bn, estimated
- 40–49, people, 2023 8.6 million
- Result
- €2,560
Why believe this?
40–49, Taxes on products
€44.6bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
- Caveat
- A synthetic allocation by the National Transfer Accounts method; it is not a measurement. The item's national total for the year is split between ages in proportion to an age profile times the population of each age, so the ages add up to the total exactly. Profiles come from other years and other perimeters, only their shape is used, and several rest on conventions; the view's ranges vary them one at a time.
Calculation
- Computed as
Taxes on products × 40–49, share of Taxes on products by age profile ÷ 100- From
- Taxes on products €318.8bn, estimated
- 40–49, share of Taxes on products by age profile 14%, estimated
- Result
- €44.6 billion
Why believe this?
40–49, Corporate tax
€10.3bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
- Caveat
- Insee attributes the whole amount to residents; the part falling outside France is taken out of every group in proportion.
Calculation
- Computed as
40–49, Corporate tax × (1 − Share of French companies' equity held outside France ÷ 100)- From
- 40–49, Corporate tax €12.9bn, estimated
- Share of French companies' equity held outside France 20%, estimated
- Result
- €10.3 billion
Why believe this?
Overall tax rate, the 75 richest households
26%Estimated2016
Definition
- What it counts
- The same rate for the richest 0.0002% of tax households (75), whose income is mostly profits kept in the companies they control.
- Caveat
- 2016 tax data, before the 2018 replacement of the wealth tax by a property tax and the flat tax on capital income.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Institut des politiques publiques, Quels impôts les milliardaires paient-ils ? Note n° 92 (Bach, Bozio, Guillouzouic, Malgouyres), updated 2025
- Where
- p. 1
- Published
- May 2025
- It says
le taux d'imposition global devient régressif, passant de 46 % pour les 0,1 % les plus riches, à 26 % pour les 0,0002 % les plus riches (les « milliardaires »)
- As published
- 26.0%
- Read
- 2026-10-04
Why believe this?
Overall tax rate at the entry to the top 0.1%
46%Estimated2016
Definition
- What it counts
- All direct taxes, including the corporate tax of the companies they control, as a share of economic income, for the tax households at the threshold of the richest 0.1% (g-percentile P99.9). It is not the group's average: the rate falls above that threshold, to 26% for the 75 richest households.
- Caveat
- 2016 tax data, before the 2018 replacement of the wealth tax by a property tax and the flat tax on capital income.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Institut des politiques publiques, Quels impôts les milliardaires paient-ils ? Note n° 92 (Bach, Bozio, Guillouzouic, Malgouyres), updated 2025
- Where
- p. 1
- Published
- May 2025
- It says
le taux d'imposition global devient régressif, passant de 46 % pour les 0,1 % les plus riches, à 26 % pour les 0,0002 % les plus riches (les « milliardaires »)
- As published
- 46.0%
- Read
- 2026-10-04
Why believe this?
Top 10%, Taxes on products
€53.2bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
Calculation
- Computed as
Taxes on products × Top 10%, Taxes on products ÷ All groups, Taxes on products- From
- Taxes on products €318.8bn, estimated
- Top 10%, Taxes on products €53.2bn, estimated
- All groups, Taxes on products €318.6bn, estimated
- Result
- €53.2 billion
Why believe this?
Top 40–50%, Taxes on products
€32bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 18 “Taxes sur les produits (TVA, TICPE, accises, DMTO, etc.)”, columns M and N (V11 + V12), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 18, V11: -15.5; row 18, V12: -16.5
- As published
- €32.0 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 40–50%, Taxes on production
€11.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 20 “Taxes sur la production (taxes patronales, TF, etc.)”, columns M and N (V11 + V12), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 20, V11: -5.5; row 20, V12: -5.8
- As published
- €11.3 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 10%, CSG on earnings and benefits
€38.3bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The CSG on earnings, pensions and other replacement income, and on gaming: the CSG less its part on capital income.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 10%, CSG − Top 10%, CSG on capital income- From
- Top 10%, CSG €45.5bn, estimated
- Top 10%, CSG on capital income €7.2bn, estimated
- Result
- €38.3 billion
Why believe this?
Top 10%, CSG
€45.5bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.
Calculation
- Computed as
CSG × Top 10%, CSG ÷ All groups, CSG- From
- CSG €149.8bn, estimated
- Top 10%, CSG €44.7bn, estimated
- All groups, CSG €147.2bn, estimated
- Result
- €45.5 billion
Why believe this?
All groups, CSG
€147.2bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 10%, CSG + Bottom 10–20%, CSG + Bottom 20–30%, CSG + Bottom 30–40%, CSG + Bottom 40–50%, CSG + Top 40–50%, CSG + Top 30–40%, CSG + Top 20–30%, CSG + Top 10–20%, CSG + Top 10%, CSG- From
- Bottom 10%, CSG €1.4bn, estimated
- Bottom 10–20%, CSG €3.7bn, estimated
- Bottom 20–30%, CSG €6.5bn, estimated
- Bottom 30–40%, CSG €9.2bn, estimated
- Bottom 40–50%, CSG €11.1bn, estimated
- Top 40–50%, CSG €13bn, estimated
- Top 30–40%, CSG €15.7bn, estimated
- Top 20–30%, CSG €18.7bn, estimated
- Top 10–20%, CSG €23.2bn, estimated
- Top 10%, CSG €44.7bn, estimated
- Result
- €147.2 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 10%, CSG
€1.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 23 “Contribution sociale généralisée (CSG)”, columns C and D (V1 + V2), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 23, V1: -0.5; row 23, V2: -0.9
- As published
- €1.4 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 10%, Net financial income
€77.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Interest, dividends and other property income households receive, less the interest they pay.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 8 “Revenus financiers nets (intérêts, dividendes, etc.)”, columns U and V (V19 + V20), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 8, V19: 15.6; row 8, V20: 62.3
- As published
- €77.9 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 30–40%, Net financial income
€3.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Interest, dividends and other property income households receive, less the interest they pay.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 8 “Revenus financiers nets (intérêts, dividendes, etc.)”, columns I and J (V7 + V8), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 8, V7: 1.9; row 8, V8: 1.9
- As published
- €3.8 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 20–30%, Rents, actual and imputed
€10.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Rents landlords receive and the rent owner-occupiers are deemed to pay themselves, net of costs.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 9 “Loyers réels et imputés aux propriétaires”, columns G and H (V5 + V6), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 9, V5: 5; row 9, V6: 5.8
- As published
- €10.8 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 20–30%, Rents, actual and imputed
€20.5bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Rents landlords receive and the rent owner-occupiers are deemed to pay themselves, net of costs.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 9 “Loyers réels et imputés aux propriétaires”, columns Q and R (V15 + V16), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 9, V15: 9.9; row 9, V16: 10.6
- As published
- €20.5 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 30–40%, Income tax
€4.5bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 24 “Impôt sur le revenu (IR)”, columns O and P (V13 + V14), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 24, V13: -1.9; row 24, V14: -2.6
- As published
- €4.5 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 10–20%, Income tax
€16.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 24 “Impôt sur le revenu (IR)”, columns S and T (V17 + V18), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 24, V17: -6.4; row 24, V18: -9.7
- As published
- €16.1 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 20–30%, Other taxes on income and wealth
€700mEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 25 “Autres impôts sur les revenus et le patrimoine (TH, ISF/IFI, CRDS, etc.)”, columns G and H (V5 + V6), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 25, V5: -0.3; row 25, V6: -0.4
- As published
- €0.7 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 20–30%, Pension contributions
€14.7bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 26 “Cotisations sociales retraite1”, columns G and H (V5 + V6), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 26, V5: -6.9; row 26, V6: -7.8
- As published
- €14.7 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 40–50%, Other contributions
€16.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 27 “Cotisations sociales chômage1”; 28 “Cotisations sociales famille1”; 29 “Autres cotisations sociales (maladie, invalidité, ATMP)1”, columns M and N (V11 + V12), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 29, V11: -5.1; row 29, V12: -5.6; row 27, V11: -1.4; row 27, V12: -1.5; row 28, V11: -1.6; row 28, V12: -1.6
- As published
- €16.8 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 10–20%, Other contributions
€37.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 27 “Cotisations sociales chômage1”; 28 “Cotisations sociales famille1”; 29 “Autres cotisations sociales (maladie, invalidité, ATMP)1”, columns S and T (V17 + V18), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 29, V17: -11.3; row 29, V18: -14.3; row 27, V17: -2.6; row 27, V18: -3.2; row 28, V17: -2.7; row 28, V18: -3.2
- As published
- €37.3 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
V19, Individuals, millions, Insee
3.4Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Number of individuals, in millions.
- Caveat
- Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 59 “Nombre d'individus (en millions)”, column U (V19)
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- As published
- 3
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 30–40%, Subsidies on products
€3.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 19 “Subventions sur les produits (transports, etc.)”, columns I and J (V7 + V8), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 19, V7: 1.6; row 19, V8: 1.5
- As published
- €3.1 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 10%, Subsidies on production
€11.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 21 “Subventions sur la production (aides à l'apprentissage, aides sectorielles, etc.)”, columns U and V (V19 + V20), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 21, V19: 4.1; row 21, V20: 7.7
- As published
- €11.8 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 30–40%, Subsidies on production
€3.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 21 “Subventions sur la production (aides à l'apprentissage, aides sectorielles, etc.)”, columns O and P (V13 + V14), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 21, V13: 1.9; row 21, V14: 2
- As published
- €3.9 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 10–20%, Subsidies on production
€6.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 21 “Subventions sur la production (aides à l'apprentissage, aides sectorielles, etc.)”, columns S and T (V17 + V18), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 21, V17: 2.8; row 21, V18: 3.3
- As published
- €6.1 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 40–50%, Pensions
€39bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 31 “Pensions de retraite”, columns K and L (V9 + V10), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 31, V9: 18.9; row 31, V10: 20.1
- As published
- €39.0 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 20–30%, Unemployment benefits
€5.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 32 “Allocations chômage”, columns G and H (V5 + V6), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 32, V5: 2.9; row 32, V6: 2.2
- As published
- €5.1 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 10%, Health care
€19bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.
Calculation
- Computed as
Health care × Top 10%, Health care ÷ All groups, Health care- From
- Health care €249.7bn, estimated
- Top 10%, Health care €15.9bn, estimated
- All groups, Health care €209.4bn, estimated
- Result
- €19.0 billion
Why believe this?
Top 10%, Health care
€15.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 40 “Santé”, columns U and V (V19 + V20), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 40, V19: 8; row 40, V20: 7.9
- As published
- €15.9 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 40–50%, Health care
€19.5bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 40 “Santé”, columns K and L (V9 + V10), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 40, V9: 9.8; row 40, V10: 9.7
- As published
- €19.5 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 20–30%, Education
€14.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 41 “Enseignement2”, columns G and H (V5 + V6), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 41, V5: 7.7; row 41, V6: 7.2
- As published
- €14.9 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 30–40%, Social care and housing aid
€12.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care for dependent elderly and disabled people, childcare and other social action, housing benefits and the energy cheque, and the running costs of social security, received in kind.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 42 “Action sociale (dépendance, handicap, petite enfance, etc.)”; 44 “Aides au logement et chèque énergie”; 45 “Frais de fonctionnement de la Sécurité sociale”, columns I and J (V7 + V8), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 42, V7: 5.3; row 42, V8: 4.7; row 44, V7: 0.5; row 44, V8: 0.4; row 45, V7: 1; row 45, V8: 1
- As published
- €12.9 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 10–20%, Culture and leisure
€5.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 43 “Culture et loisirs”, columns S and T (V17 + V18), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 43, V17: 2.6; row 43, V18: 2.6
- As published
- €5.2 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 30–40%, Collective services
€23.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Defence, police, justice, general administration and other collective spending, spread over people, net of other transfers and of balances with the rest of the world, which are small and negative overall.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 46 “Autres transferts non monétaires”, columns O and P (V13 + V14), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 46, V13: 11.6; row 46, V14: 11.8
- As published
- €23.4 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 10%, levies paid
€30.9bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Every levy attributed to the group, gross of subsidies.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 10%, Taxes on products + Bottom 10%, Taxes on production + Bottom 10%, Corporate tax + Bottom 10%, CSG on earnings and benefits + Bottom 10%, CSG on capital income + Bottom 10%, Income tax + Bottom 10%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Bottom 10%, Pension contributions + Bottom 10%, Other contributions- From
- Bottom 10%, Taxes on products €18.5bn, estimated
- Bottom 10%, Taxes on production €2.2bn, estimated
- Bottom 10%, Corporate tax €569m, estimated
- Bottom 10%, CSG on earnings and benefits €988m, estimated
- Bottom 10%, CSG on capital income €437m, estimated
- Bottom 10%, Income tax €2.7bn, estimated
- Bottom 10%, Other taxes on income and wealth €410m, estimated
- Bottom 10%, Pension contributions €3.3bn, estimated
- Bottom 10%, Other contributions €1.7bn, estimated
- Result
- €30.9 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 10%, Taxes on production
€2.2bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
Calculation
- Computed as
Taxes on production × Bottom 10%, Taxes on production ÷ All groups, Taxes on production- From
- Taxes on production €128.1bn, estimated
- Bottom 10%, Taxes on production €2.2bn, estimated
- All groups, Taxes on production €127.9bn, estimated
- Result
- €2.2 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 10%, Corporate tax
€569mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
- Caveat
- Insee attributes the whole amount to residents; the part falling outside France is taken out of every group in proportion.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 10%, Corporate tax × (1 − Share of French companies' equity held outside France ÷ 100)- From
- Bottom 10%, Corporate tax €711m, estimated
- Share of French companies' equity held outside France 20%, estimated
- Result
- €0.6 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 10%, Other contributions
€1.7bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.
Calculation
- Computed as
Other contributions × Bottom 10%, Other contributions ÷ All groups, Other contributions- From
- Other contributions €182.4bn, estimated
- Bottom 10%, Other contributions €2bn, estimated
- All groups, Other contributions €214bn, estimated
- Result
- €1.7 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 10%, Subsidies on production
€693mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.
Calculation
- Computed as
Subsidies on production × Bottom 10%, Subsidies on production ÷ All groups, Subsidies on production- From
- Subsidies on production €53bn, estimated
- Bottom 10%, Subsidies on production €500m, estimated
- All groups, Subsidies on production €38.2bn, estimated
- Result
- €0.7 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 10%, Collective services
€36.8bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Defence, police, justice, general administration and other collective spending, spread over people, net of other transfers and of balances with the rest of the world, which are small and negative overall.
Calculation
- Computed as
Collective services × Bottom 10%, Collective services ÷ All groups, Collective services- From
- Collective services €332.8bn, estimated
- Bottom 10%, Collective services €26.5bn, estimated
- All groups, Collective services €239.5bn, estimated
- Result
- €36.8 billion