Official figures and this site's calculations

Why believe this?

Figures of one view and year of the diagram, with their sources and how they were computed, each under its own anchor. Back to Home.

7 parts: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Why believe this?

Germany: Public spending, % of GDP

49.4%Observed2024

Definition

What it counts
Public spending of general government in Germany, 2024, as a share of GDP.
Caveat
Eurostat PC_GDP=49.4

Where it comes from

Source
Eurostat, Eurostat gov_10a_main (Government revenue, expenditure and main aggregates), S13, MIO_EUR, updated 2026-07-21
Where
TE, DE, 2024
Published
2026
It says
TE: 2139717 million EUR, 49.428% of GDP
As published
49.4% of GDP
Read
2026-10-03

Why believe this?

Basic research

€19.9bnObserved2024

Definition

What it counts
General government total expenditure on this function (COFOG level 2), France.

Where it comes from

Source
Eurostat, dataset gov_10a_exp (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=MIO_EUR sector=S13 na_item=TE cofog99=GF0104 time=2024 · query this cell
As published
€19,880.5 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-03

Calculation

Transformation
Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

Economic affairs n.e.c.

€2.6bnObserved2024

Definition

What it counts
General government total expenditure on this function (COFOG level 2), France.

Where it comes from

Source
Eurostat, dataset gov_10a_exp (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=MIO_EUR sector=S13 na_item=TE cofog99=GF0409 time=2024 · query this cell
As published
€2,609.3 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-03

Calculation

Transformation
Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

R&D Environmental protection

€1.8bnObserved2024

Definition

What it counts
General government total expenditure on this function (COFOG level 2), France.

Where it comes from

Source
Eurostat, dataset gov_10a_exp (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=MIO_EUR sector=S13 na_item=TE cofog99=GF0505 time=2024 · query this cell
As published
€1,759.8 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-03

Calculation

Transformation
Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

Housing and community amenities n.e.c.

€1.8bnObserved2024

Definition

What it counts
General government total expenditure on this function (COFOG level 2), France.

Where it comes from

Source
Eurostat, dataset gov_10a_exp (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=MIO_EUR sector=S13 na_item=TE cofog99=GF0606 time=2024 · query this cell
As published
€1,816.7 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-03

Calculation

Transformation
Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

R&D Education

€0mObserved2024

Definition

What it counts
General government total expenditure on this function (COFOG level 2), France.

Where it comes from

Source
Eurostat, dataset gov_10a_exp (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=MIO_EUR sector=S13 na_item=TE cofog99=GF0907 time=2024 · query this cell
As published
€0.0 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-03

Calculation

Transformation
Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

Demi-part supplémentaire pour les contribuables (et leurs conjoints survivants) de plus de 74 ans titulaires de la carte du combattant et pour les conjoints survivants de plus de 74 ans de personnes titulaires de la carte du combattant au moment de leur décès

€493mObserved2024

Definition

What it counts
Cost of the tax expenditure in 2024 (réalisé), as estimated by the Ministry of Finance.

Where it comes from

Source
Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
Where
Measure 110103
Published
October 2025
As published
€493.0 million
Read
2026-10-03

Why believe this?

Réduction d'impôt sur le revenu à raison des investissements productifs réalisés dans les départements et collectivités d'outre-mer

€775mObserved2024

Definition

What it counts
Cost of the tax expenditure in 2024 (réalisé), as estimated by the Ministry of Finance.

Where it comes from

Source
Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
Where
Measure 110224
Published
October 2025
As published
€775.0 million
Read
2026-10-03

Why believe this?

Réduction, dans la limite d’un certain montant, pour les contribuables des départements d’outre-mer de la cotisation résultant du barème (30 % en Guadeloupe, Martinique et Réunion ; 40 % en Guyane et à Mayotte)

€426mObserved2024

Definition

What it counts
Cost of the tax expenditure in 2024 (réalisé), as estimated by the Ministry of Finance.

Where it comes from

Source
Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
Where
Measure 110302
Published
October 2025
As published
€426.0 million
Read
2026-10-03

Why believe this?

Exonération totale pour les prestations et rentes viagères servies aux victimes d'accidents du travail et de maladies professionnelles et à hauteur de 50 % pour les indemnités temporaires

€521mObserved2024

Definition

What it counts
Cost of the tax expenditure in 2024 (réalisé), as estimated by the Ministry of Finance.

Where it comes from

Source
Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
Where
Measure 120117
Published
October 2025
As published
€521.0 million
Read
2026-10-03

Why believe this?

Régime spécial d'imposition des assistants maternels et des assistants familiaux régis par les articles L. 421-1 et suivants et L. 423-1 et suivants du code de l'action sociale et des familles

€427mObserved2024

Definition

What it counts
Cost of the tax expenditure in 2024 (réalisé), as estimated by the Ministry of Finance.

Where it comes from

Source
Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
Where
Measure 120501
Published
October 2025
As published
€427.0 million
Read
2026-10-03

Why believe this?

Imposition au taux forfaitaire des prestations de retraite versées sous forme de capital : 12,8 % pour la part correspondant aux produits provenant d'un plan d'épargne retraite ; 7,5 % pour les autres prestations de retraite servies sous forme de capital

€328mObserved2024

Definition

What it counts
Cost of the tax expenditure in 2024 (réalisé), as estimated by the Ministry of Finance.

Where it comes from

Source
Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
Where
Measure 120508
Published
October 2025
As published
€328.0 million
Read
2026-10-03

Why believe this?

Crédits d'impôt "Prêt à taux zéro" et "Prêt à taux zéro renforcé PTZ+"

€652mObserved2024

Definition

What it counts
Cost of the tax expenditure in 2024 (réalisé), as estimated by the Ministry of Finance. A payable tax credit: the national accounts record it as general government spending, so it is already inside the spending lines and is not added to public money a second time.

Where it comes from

Source
Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
Where
Measure 210313
Published
October 2025
As published
€652.0 million
Read
2026-10-03

Why believe this?

Crédit d'impôt à raison des investissements productifs réalisés dans les départements d'outre-mer

€295mObserved2024

Definition

What it counts
Cost of the tax expenditure in 2024 (réalisé), as estimated by the Ministry of Finance. A payable tax credit: the national accounts record it as general government spending, so it is already inside the spending lines and is not added to public money a second time.

Where it comes from

Source
Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
Where
Measure 210325
Published
October 2025
As published
€295.0 million
Read
2026-10-03

Why believe this?

Exonération d’impôt sur les bénéfices pour les entreprises créées ou reprises dans les ZRR

€411mObserved2024

Definition

What it counts
Cost of the tax expenditure in 2024 (réalisé), as estimated by the Ministry of Finance.

Where it comes from

Source
Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
Where
Measure 220104
Published
October 2025
As published
€411.0 million
Read
2026-10-03

Why believe this?

Crédit d'impôt pour dépenses de production d'œuvres audiovisuelles

€224mObserved2024

Definition

What it counts
Cost of the tax expenditure in 2024 (réalisé), as estimated by the Ministry of Finance. A payable tax credit: the national accounts record it as general government spending, so it is already inside the spending lines and is not added to public money a second time.

Where it comes from

Source
Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
Where
Measure 320129
Published
October 2025
As published
€224.0 million
Read
2026-10-03

Why believe this?

Exonération partielle, sous certaines conditions, de droits de mutation à titre gratuit lors de la transmission d'entreprises exploitées sous la forme individuelle ou détenues sous forme sociale

€5bnObserved2024

Definition

What it counts
Cost of the tax expenditure in 2024 (réalisé), as estimated by the Ministry of Finance.

Where it comes from

Source
Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
Where
Measure 520110
Published
October 2025
As published
€5,000.0 million
Read
2026-10-03

Why believe this?

Taux de 10 % pour les prestations d’hébergement fournies dans le cadre du secteur hôtelier ou de secteurs ayant une fonction similaire et pour les locations de logements meublés à usage résidentiel assorties de prestations annexes

€695mObserved2024

Definition

What it counts
Cost of the tax expenditure in 2024 (réalisé), as estimated by the Ministry of Finance.

Where it comes from

Source
Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
Where
Measure 730205
Published
October 2025
As published
€695.0 million
Read
2026-10-03

Why believe this?

Taux de 10 % pour les ventes et livraisons à soi-même, à des investisseurs dotés de la personnalité morale, de logements locatifs intermédiaires situés dans des zones caractérisées par un déséquilibre important entre l’offre et la demande de logement ou en cours de revitalisation et de réindustrialisation, lorsqu’ils répondent à des critères de mixité avec des logements locatifs sociaux, ainsi que pour les livraisons de logements locatifs intermédiaires à l’association foncière logement, ou aux sociétés qu’elle contrôle, lorsqu’ils sont situés dans des quartiers ciblés de la politique de la ville ou à leur proximité

€225mObserved2024

Definition

What it counts
Cost of the tax expenditure in 2024 (réalisé), as estimated by the Ministry of Finance.

Where it comes from

Source
Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
Where
Measure 730222
Published
October 2025
As published
€225.0 million
Read
2026-10-03

Why believe this?

Pertes de récoltes ou de bétail

€284mObserved2024

Definition

What it counts
Cost of the tax expenditure in 2024 (réalisé), as estimated by the Ministry of Finance.

Where it comes from

Source
Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
Where
Measure 060201
Published
October 2025
As published
€284.0 million
Read
2026-10-03

Why believe this?

Smaller payable tax credits with a causal study

€158mObserved2024

Definition

What it counts
Cost of the tax expenditure in 2024 (réalisé), as estimated by the Ministry of Finance. A payable tax credit: the national accounts record it as general government spending, so it is already inside the spending lines and is not added to public money a second time.

Where it comes from

Source
Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
Where
All measures under EUR 200m
Published
October 2025
As published
€158.0 million
Read
2026-10-03

Why believe this?

Official goals a causal study touches only indirectly

11EstimatedCalculated by this site2026

Definition

What it counts
Goals for which the causal studies tied to the same line measure something the goal depends on, or a related outcome, but not the goal's own outcome: household consumption at retirement for retirees' living standards, or the length of entitlement for job seekers' replacement income.
Caveat
Goals are grouped from the quoted objectives, and each study is matched to a goal by this site, from its quoted finding; every match cites the phrase it rests on.

Where it comes from

Source
This site, Official goals matched to causal studies (data/literature)
Where
all rows
Published
2026
As published
11
Read
2026-10-03

Why believe this?

Measures with a causal study and a known cost

13ObservedCalculated by this site2024

Definition

What it counts
Number of single measures with their own published 2024 cost (a tax expenditure or payable tax credit of EUR 200m or more, or a social-contribution exemption scheme) tied to at least one causal study.
Caveat
The studies tied to spending categories evaluate rules or components whose cost is not published separately; they are not counted here, and their cost is unknown.

Calculation

Computed as
count of the measures
From
  • Réduction d'impôt au titre des dons €2bn
  • Crédit d'impôt au titre de l'emploi d'un salarié à domicile €6.4bn
  • Réductions d'impôt sur le revenu en faveur de l'investissement locatif intermédiaire (dispositifs Duflot et Pinel) €1.5bn
  • Exonération des sommes versées au titre de la participation, de l'intéressement, de l'abondement, d'un partage de plus-value, des primes de partage de la valeur, d’un plan de partage de la valorisation de l’entreprise, aux plans d'épargne salariale et aux plans d'épargne retraite d'entreprise collectifs ou obligatoires €2.9bn
  • Exonération de l’impôt sur le revenu, sous certaines conditions et limites, des rémunérations versées à raison des heures supplémentaires et complémentaires réalisées à compter du 1er janvier 2019 €2.1bn
  • Crédit d'impôt en faveur de la recherche €7.8bn
  • Crédit d'impôt en faveur de l'innovation €330m
  • Exonération d’impôt sur les bénéfices pour les entreprises créées ou reprises dans les ZRR €411m
  • Exonération partielle, sous certaines conditions, de droits de mutation à titre gratuit lors de la transmission d'entreprises exploitées sous la forme individuelle ou détenues sous forme sociale €5bn
  • Taux de 10 % pour les travaux d’amélioration, de transformation, d’aménagement et d’entretien, autres que les travaux de rénovation énergétiques soumis au taux de 5,5 % en application de l’article 278-0 bis A, portant sur les logements achevés depuis plus de deux ans €2.2bn
  • Taux de 10% pour la restauration commerciale (consommation sur place et vente à emporter en vue d'une consommation immédiate) €2bn
  • General contribution reductions €77.6bn
  • Overseas exemptions (LODEOM) €1.5bn
Result
13

Why believe this?

Additionality: communes entering ZRR in 2017, private-sector jobs, 2025

−7.4%EstimatedCalculated by this site2025

Definition

What it counts
Change in private-sector jobs in the treated communes minus their matched controls, in % (log points × 100).
Caveat
95% confidence interval -14.5 to -0.4 (standard errors clustered by département): distinguishable from zero at 95%. Range across matching draws -22.1 to 9.2, which measures how much the estimate depends on the draw, not sampling uncertainty.

Where it comes from

Source
This site, Matched evaluation of the ZRR (analysis/zrr.ml)
Where
design=additionality, outcome=jobs, year=2025
Published
2026
As published
−7.4%
Read
2026-10-03

Why believe this?

Public debt, end of 2026, government forecast

119.3%Hypothetical2026

Definition

What it counts
Maastricht debt of general government as a share of GDP at the end of 2026, as forecast by the Government in the draft budget for 2027.
Caveat
A forecast for the current year, made in September 2026; it is not a measurement.

Where it comes from

Source
Gouvernement, projet de loi de finances pour 2027, as reproduced by the Haut Conseil des finances publiques, Avis n° HCFP-2026-5 relatif aux projets de lois de finances et de financement de la sécurité sociale pour l'année 2027
Where
Annexe 3, article liminaire du PLF 2027, p. 48
Published
2026-09-25
It says
Dette au sens de Maastricht : 115,7 (2025) ; 119,3 (2026) ; 121,7 (2027)
As published
119.3% of GDP
Read
2026-10-15

Why believe this?

Paid to the State by the Banque de France

€0mObserved2023

Definition

What it counts
The Banque de France's dividend and corporate tax paid to the State for the year.

Where it comes from

Source
Banque de France, Banque de France
Where
Billet de blog d'Agnès Bénassy-Quéré, March 2025; raw/bdf_blog_abq_pertes_2025.pdf
Published
March 2025
It says
2023: ordinary result −€12.4bn, absorbed by provisions; net result nil, nothing paid to the State.
As published
€0.0 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Paid to the State by the Banque de France

€0mObserved2024

Definition

What it counts
The Banque de France's dividend and corporate tax paid to the State for the year.

Where it comes from

Source
Banque de France, Banque de France
Where
Communication sur les comptes et le rapport d'activité 2024; raw/bdf_comptes_2024.html
Published
2025
It says
2024: net result −€7.7bn after a €10.1bn release from the general risk fund, carried forward; nothing paid to the State.
As published
€0.0 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Share of net borrowing from abroad

104.2%EstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
A holder's net take-up of public debt over the year, as a share of all holders': the change in its holdings at face value.
Caveat
Net take-up at face value: the change in what each sector holds over the year, which also moves when bonds change hands between sectors. Eurostat does not publish government debt transactions by holder; changes at face value carry no market revaluation, so they are the closest published measure. The total change in debt differs from the deficit by the stock-flow adjustment (cash buffers, premiums and discounts at issue), so the shares, not the amounts, are applied to the deficit.

Calculation

Computed as
(Public debt held by the rest of the world, end 2023 − Public debt held by the rest of the world, end 2022) ÷ (Public debt, all holders, end 2023 − Public debt, all holders, end 2022) × 100
From
  • Public debt held by the rest of the world, end 2022 €1,435bn
  • Public debt held by the rest of the world, end 2023 €1,589bn
  • Public debt, all holders, end 2022 €2,956bn
  • Public debt, all holders, end 2023 €3,103bn
Result
104.2%

Why believe this?

Public debt, all holders, end 2023

€3,103bnObserved2023

Definition

What it counts
Gross consolidated debt of general government at the end of the year, at face value, by the sector that holds it.

Where it comes from

Source
Eurostat, dataset gov_10dd_ggd (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=MIO_EUR sector=S13 na_item=GD maturity=TOTAL sector2=S1_S2 time=2023 · query this cell
As published
€3,103,247.7 million
Dataset version
updated 2026-06-05, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

Public debt, all holders, end 2024

€3,306bnObserved2024

Definition

What it counts
Gross consolidated debt of general government at the end of the year, at face value, by the sector that holds it.

Where it comes from

Source
Eurostat, dataset gov_10dd_ggd (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=MIO_EUR sector=S13 na_item=GD maturity=TOTAL sector2=S1_S2 time=2024 · query this cell
As published
€3,306,096.7 million
Dataset version
updated 2026-06-05, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

Duties as a share of what is passed on

6.9%EstimatedCalculated by this site2024

Definition

What it counts
Inheritance and gift duties collected in 2024, as a share of the estimated annual flow of inheritances and gifts.
Caveat
The flow is the CAE's estimate for about 2020 and may have changed since.

Calculation

Computed as
duties / flow × 100
From
Result
6.9%

Why believe this?

Average net wealth above P99.999, WID, 2025 euros

€1,543,729,710Estimated2024

Definition

What it counts
Average net personal wealth of the adults above this rank, adults ranked by net wealth, a couple's wealth split equally.
Caveat
WID's series for France follow Garbinti, Goupille-Lebret and Piketty to 2014 and are extended with distributional financial accounts since. WID publishes amounts in euros at constant prices of 2025, the year its national income price index is 1; the page converts them to current 2024 euros with that index for 2024.

Where it comes from

Source
World Inequality Database, WID bulk data, France (WID_data_FR.csv in wid_all_data.zip)
Where
variable ahwealj992, percentile p99.999p100, year 2024
Published
9 September 2026
It says
FR;ahwealj992;p99.999p100;2024;1543729709.6
As published
€1,543,729,710
Read
2026-10-15

Why believe this?

80 and over, net received a month per person

€2,940EstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
What the group receives less what it pays, a month per person.

Calculation

Computed as
80 and over, received a month per person − 80 and over, paid a month per person
From
Result
€2,940

Why believe this?

Collective services, economic affairs and subsidies, at home

€430bnObservedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
The collective spending categories without the transfers to the rest of the world, which are drawn to Outside France.

Calculation

Computed as
Collective services, economic affairs and subsidies − EU contribution (VAT and GNI own resources) − International cooperation paid − Capital transfers to the rest of the world
From
  • Collective services, economic affairs and subsidies €465.1bn
  • EU contribution (VAT and GNI own resources) €23.9bn
  • International cooperation paid €10.8bn
  • Capital transfers to the rest of the world €373m
Result
€430,024.7 million

Why believe this?

Debt interest

€51.7bnObserved2023

Definition

What it counts
Public debt transactions.

Where it comes from

Source
Eurostat, dataset gov_10a_exp (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=MIO_EUR sector=S13 na_item=TE cofog99=GF0107 time=2023 · query this cell
As published
€51,706.4 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

Economic affairs

€177.6bnObserved2023

Definition

What it counts
Transport, energy, agriculture, industry and other economic affairs.

Where it comes from

Source
Eurostat, dataset gov_10a_exp (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=MIO_EUR sector=S13 na_item=TE cofog99=GF04 time=2023 · query this cell
As published
€177,620.3 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

Subsidies on products

€31.8bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 19 “Subventions sur les produits (transports, etc.)”, column B (Ensemble)
Published
16 April 2026
As published
€31.8 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Collective services

€239.4bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Defence, police, justice, general administration and other collective spending, spread over people, net of other transfers and of balances with the rest of the world, which are small and negative overall.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 46 “Autres transferts non monétaires”, column B (Ensemble)
Published
16 April 2026
As published
€239.4 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

80 and over, share of Subsidies on products by age profile

6.1%EstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
The group's part of the item: the age profile times the population at each of its ages, over the same for all ages.
Caveat
The one profile from 2017 (Budget de famille). Each person consumes by the NTA equivalence scale (0.4 for a child under 5, rising to 1 at 20) times the consumption per consumption unit of households of their age band; children at the level of the 35 to 64. The NTA regression of household consumption on its members' ages needs households' composition by age, which Insee does not publish: Budget de famille's table cad01 counts households by age of the reference person and, separately, by type of household, never the two crossed, and holds no consumption.

Calculation

Computed as
Σ over ages 80 to 100 of profile × population ÷ Σ over all ages × 100, allocation year 2023: the rows year = 2023, profile = consumption of data/income/nta_allocation.csv summed over these ages. Profile: Consumption per adult equivalent (NTA scale) at the level per consumption unit of the age. Sources: Insee, Insee Première n° 1749, “En 2017, les ménages consomment autant qu'en 2011 mais leur structure de consommation évolue” (2017); United Nations, National Transfer Accounts Manual (convention).
From
Result
6.1%

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2023, 84 years

334,528Observed2023

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Where it comes from

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y84 time=2023 · query this cell
As published
334,528 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2024, 87 years

277,246Observed2024

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Where it comes from

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y87 time=2024 · query this cell
As published
277,246 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2024, 89 years

229,054Observed2024

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Where it comes from

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y89 time=2024 · query this cell
As published
229,054 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2023, 95 years

66,223Observed2023

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Where it comes from

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y95 time=2023 · query this cell
As published
66,223 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2024, 97 years

40,085Observed2024

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Where it comes from

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y97 time=2024 · query this cell
As published
40,085 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2024, 99 years

19,114Observed2024

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Where it comes from

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y99 time=2024 · query this cell
As published
19,114 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2024, 100 and over

33,215Observed2024

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Where it comes from

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y_OPEN time=2024 · query this cell
As published
33,215 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2024, 0 years

629,245Observed2024

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Where it comes from

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y_LT1 time=2024 · query this cell
As published
629,245 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2023, 2 years

695,805Observed2023

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Where it comes from

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y2 time=2023 · query this cell
As published
695,805 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2023, 5 years

748,093Observed2023

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Where it comes from

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y5 time=2023 · query this cell
As published
748,093 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2024, 9 years

823,626Observed2024

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Where it comes from

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y9 time=2024 · query this cell
As published
823,626 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2024, 11 years

846,155Observed2024

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Where it comes from

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y11 time=2024 · query this cell
As published
846,155 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2023, 16 years

870,883Observed2023

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Where it comes from

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y16 time=2023 · query this cell
As published
870,883 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2024, 16 years

859,104Observed2024

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Where it comes from

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y16 time=2024 · query this cell
As published
859,104 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2024, 24 years

779,281Observed2024

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Where it comes from

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y24 time=2024 · query this cell
As published
779,281 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2023, 26 years

762,565Observed2023

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Where it comes from

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y26 time=2023 · query this cell
As published
762,565 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2023, 29 years

759,155Observed2023

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Where it comes from

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y29 time=2023 · query this cell
As published
759,155 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2024, 30 years

774,015Observed2024

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Where it comes from

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y30 time=2024 · query this cell
As published
774,015 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2023, 34 years

848,728Observed2023

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Where it comes from

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y34 time=2023 · query this cell
As published
848,728 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2024, 43 years

905,206Observed2024

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Where it comes from

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y43 time=2024 · query this cell
As published
905,206 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2023, 45 years

828,762Observed2023

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Where it comes from

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y45 time=2023 · query this cell
As published
828,762 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2024, 48 years

830,531Observed2024

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Where it comes from

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y48 time=2024 · query this cell
As published
830,531 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2023, 50 years

930,714Observed2023

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Where it comes from

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y50 time=2023 · query this cell
As published
930,714 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2024, 52 years

922,352Observed2024

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Where it comes from

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y52 time=2024 · query this cell
As published
922,352 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2024, 55 years

878,302Observed2024

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Where it comes from

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y55 time=2024 · query this cell
As published
878,302 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2023, 57 years

894,880Observed2023

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Where it comes from

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y57 time=2023 · query this cell
As published
894,880 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2023, 59 years

888,421Observed2023

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Where it comes from

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y59 time=2023 · query this cell
As published
888,421 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2023, 62 years

846,191Observed2023

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Where it comes from

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y62 time=2023 · query this cell
As published
846,191 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2024, 62 years

849,425Observed2024

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Where it comes from

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y62 time=2024 · query this cell
As published
849,425 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2024, 69 years

765,695Observed2024

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Where it comes from

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y69 time=2024 · query this cell
As published
765,695 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2024, 72 years

725,620Observed2024

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Where it comes from

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y72 time=2024 · query this cell
As published
725,620 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2023, 73 years

740,407Observed2023

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Where it comes from

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y73 time=2023 · query this cell
As published
740,407 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2023, 78 years

463,072Observed2023

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Where it comes from

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y78 time=2023 · query this cell
As published
463,072 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Subsidies on production

€53bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.
Caveat
Estimated for this page: both years are put on the general-government perimeter (Eurostat S13). Each Insee item is scaled to Eurostat's total of its category for the year, split between the items of the category and between groups as Insee's 2023 accounts split it. Insee's own 2023 levels are wider in places (firms' collective pension and health schemes) and COFOG counts spending gross of the fees that finance part of it; the evidence panels show both.

Calculation

Computed as
Collective services, economic affairs and subsidies, at home × Subsidies on production ÷ Insee items in COFOG 01 without debt interest, 02 to 06
From
Result
€53.0 billion

Why believe this?

Employees aged 14 to 29 paid 200 to 500 euros, 2023, file weights

17,844Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
Where
data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 14 to 29, band 01, weight summed over sectors
Published
24 March 2026
As published
17,844
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Employees aged 14 to 29 paid 6,000 to 8,000 euros, 2023, file weights

543,168Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
Where
data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 14 to 29, band 08, weight summed over sectors
Published
24 March 2026
As published
543,168
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Employees aged 14 to 29 paid 24,000 to 26,000 euros, 2023, file weights

333,288Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
Where
data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 14 to 29, band 17, weight summed over sectors
Published
24 March 2026
As published
333,288
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Employees aged 14 to 29 paid 40,000 to 50,000 euros, 2023, file weights

111,648Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
Where
data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 14 to 29, band 22, weight summed over sectors
Published
24 March 2026
As published
111,648
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Employees aged 30 to 39 paid 4,000 to 6,000 euros, 2023, file weights

222,600Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
Where
data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 30 to 39, band 07, weight summed over sectors
Published
24 March 2026
As published
222,600
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Employees aged 30 to 39 paid 6,000 to 8,000 euros, 2023, file weights

213,084Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
Where
data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 30 to 39, band 08, weight summed over sectors
Published
24 March 2026
As published
213,084
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Employees aged 30 to 39 paid 20,000 to 22,000 euros, 2023, file weights

507,036Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
Where
data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 30 to 39, band 15, weight summed over sectors
Published
24 March 2026
As published
507,036
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Employees aged 30 to 39 paid 40,000 to 50,000 euros, 2023, file weights

419,772Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
Where
data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 30 to 39, band 22, weight summed over sectors
Published
24 March 2026
As published
419,772
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Employees' total net pay, ages 40 to 49, 2023, file weights, € billion

€192.7bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
Sum over the bands of total annual net pay of the employees in the band times its value: the closed bands at the stated value, the open band at its Pareto mean. A sum on the reduced file's weights, not a volume: only its shape across ages is used.

Calculation

Computed as
Σ over bands of employees × band value ÷ 10⁹; band values in euros 00: 100, 01: 350, 02: 750, 03: 1250, 04: 1750, 05: 2500, 06: 3500, 07: 5000, 08: 7000, 09: 9000, 10: 11000, 11: 13000, 12: 15000, 13: 17000, 14: 19000, 15: 21000, 16: 23000, 17: 25000, 18: 27000, 19: 29000, 20: 32500, 21: 37500, 22: 45000; band 23 at Mean total net pay of employees aged 0 to 100 paid 50,000 euros or more, 2023
From
  • Mean total net pay of employees aged 0 to 100 paid 50,000 euros or more, 2023 €78,018, estimated
  • Employees aged 40 to 49 paid 0 to 200 euros, 2023, file weights 3,468, estimated
  • Employees aged 40 to 49 paid 200 to 500 euros, 2023, file weights 3,888, estimated
  • Employees aged 40 to 49 paid 500 to 1,000 euros, 2023, file weights 6,600, estimated
  • Employees aged 40 to 49 paid 1,000 to 1,500 euros, 2023, file weights 24,984, estimated
  • Employees aged 40 to 49 paid 1,500 to 2,000 euros, 2023, file weights 42,444, estimated
  • Employees aged 40 to 49 paid 2,000 to 3,000 euros, 2023, file weights 85,044, estimated
  • Employees aged 40 to 49 paid 3,000 to 4,000 euros, 2023, file weights 82,704, estimated
  • Employees aged 40 to 49 paid 4,000 to 6,000 euros, 2023, file weights 165,384, estimated
  • Employees aged 40 to 49 paid 6,000 to 8,000 euros, 2023, file weights 160,224, estimated
  • Employees aged 40 to 49 paid 8,000 to 10,000 euros, 2023, file weights 180,804, estimated
  • Employees aged 40 to 49 paid 10,000 to 12,000 euros, 2023, file weights 191,220, estimated
  • Employees aged 40 to 49 paid 12,000 to 14,000 euros, 2023, file weights 190,632, estimated
  • Employees aged 40 to 49 paid 14,000 to 16,000 euros, 2023, file weights 210,072, estimated
  • Employees aged 40 to 49 paid 16,000 to 18,000 euros, 2023, file weights 284,844, estimated
  • Employees aged 40 to 49 paid 18,000 to 20,000 euros, 2023, file weights 359,016, estimated
  • Employees aged 40 to 49 paid 20,000 to 22,000 euros, 2023, file weights 434,664, estimated
  • Employees aged 40 to 49 paid 22,000 to 24,000 euros, 2023, file weights 461,232, estimated
  • Employees aged 40 to 49 paid 24,000 to 26,000 euros, 2023, file weights 444,348, estimated
  • Employees aged 40 to 49 paid 26,000 to 28,000 euros, 2023, file weights 400,224, estimated
  • Employees aged 40 to 49 paid 28,000 to 30,000 euros, 2023, file weights 361,512, estimated
  • Employees aged 40 to 49 paid 30,000 to 35,000 euros, 2023, file weights 751,260, estimated
  • Employees aged 40 to 49 paid 35,000 to 40,000 euros, 2023, file weights 496,452, estimated
  • Employees aged 40 to 49 paid 40,000 to 50,000 euros, 2023, file weights 531,120, estimated
  • Employees aged 40 to 49 paid 50,000 euros or more, 2023, file weights 641,160, estimated
Result
€192.7 billion

Why believe this?

Employees aged 40 to 49 paid 500 to 1,000 euros, 2023, file weights

6,600Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
Where
data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 40 to 49, band 02, weight summed over sectors
Published
24 March 2026
As published
6,600
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Employees aged 40 to 49 paid 8,000 to 10,000 euros, 2023, file weights

180,804Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
Where
data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 40 to 49, band 09, weight summed over sectors
Published
24 March 2026
As published
180,804
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Employees aged 40 to 49 paid 22,000 to 24,000 euros, 2023, file weights

461,232Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
Where
data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 40 to 49, band 16, weight summed over sectors
Published
24 March 2026
As published
461,232
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Employees aged 40 to 49 paid 26,000 to 28,000 euros, 2023, file weights

400,224Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
Where
data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 40 to 49, band 18, weight summed over sectors
Published
24 March 2026
As published
400,224
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Employees aged 40 to 49 paid 50,000 euros or more, 2023, file weights

641,160Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
Where
data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 40 to 49, band 23, weight summed over sectors
Published
24 March 2026
As published
641,160
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Employees aged 50 to 59 paid 0 to 200 euros, 2023, file weights

3,204Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
Where
data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 50 to 59, band 00, weight summed over sectors
Published
24 March 2026
As published
3,204
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Employees aged 50 to 59 paid 8,000 to 10,000 euros, 2023, file weights

170,472Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
Where
data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 50 to 59, band 09, weight summed over sectors
Published
24 March 2026
As published
170,472
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Employees aged 50 to 59 paid 18,000 to 20,000 euros, 2023, file weights

347,196Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
Where
data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 50 to 59, band 14, weight summed over sectors
Published
24 March 2026
As published
347,196
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Employees aged 50 to 59 paid 50,000 euros or more, 2023, file weights

724,188Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
Where
data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 50 to 59, band 23, weight summed over sectors
Published
24 March 2026
As published
724,188
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Employees aged 60 to 100 paid 1,000 to 1,500 euros, 2023, file weights

25,980Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
Where
data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 60 to 100, band 03, weight summed over sectors
Published
24 March 2026
As published
25,980
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Employees aged 60 to 100 paid 10,000 to 12,000 euros, 2023, file weights

100,200Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
Where
data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 60 to 100, band 10, weight summed over sectors
Published
24 March 2026
As published
100,200
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Employees aged 60 to 100 paid 50,000 euros or more, 2023, file weights

234,816Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
Where
data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 60 to 100, band 23, weight summed over sectors
Published
24 March 2026
As published
234,816
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Self-employment income per household, ages 18 to 29, 2023

€1,480EstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
Mean amount per household of this age of reference person: the share of disposable income times the mean disposable income. Each single age weighs it by its households, Insee's share of households of its band (HVP 2024) spread by population.

Calculation

Computed as
Self-employment income, share of disposable income, ages 18 to 29, 2023 × Mean disposable income of households, ages 18 to 29, 2023 ÷ 100
From
Result
€1,480

Why believe this?

Mean disposable income of households, ages 50 to 64, 2023

€50,040Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Mean annual disposable income of households by age of the reference person, constant 2023 euros (ERFS, TRD04).

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus et niveau de vie, séries longues (ERFS 2023): TRD04
Where
Sheet “ERFS_TRD04”, row 8 “De 50 à 64 ans”, column AF
Published
17 February 2026
As published
€50,040
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Mean disposable income of households, ages 65 to 74, 2023

€38,980Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Mean annual disposable income of households by age of the reference person, constant 2023 euros (ERFS, TRD04).

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus et niveau de vie, séries longues (ERFS 2023): TRD04
Where
Sheet “ERFS_TRD04”, row 9 “De 65 à 74 ans”, column AF
Published
17 February 2026
As published
€38,980
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Households, ages 30 to 39, start of 2024, %

14.8%Estimated2024

Definition

What it counts
Share of households whose reference person is of this age.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Patrimoine et endettement des ménages en 2024
Where
Sheet “AGE”, row 18 “Ensemble”, column C
Published
26 February 2026
As published
14.8%
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Pensions

€370bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.
Caveat
Estimated for this page: both years are put on the general-government perimeter (Eurostat S13). Each Insee item is scaled to Eurostat's total of its category for the year, split between the items of the category and between groups as Insee's 2023 accounts split it. Insee's own 2023 levels are wider in places (firms' collective pension and health schemes) and COFOG counts spending gross of the fees that finance part of it; the evidence panels show both.

Calculation

Computed as
Social protection × Pensions ÷ Insee items in COFOG 10, social protection
From
Result
€370.0 billion

Why believe this?

Social protection

€657.9bnObserved2023

Definition

What it counts
Old age, survivors, sickness and disability, family, unemployment, housing and social exclusion.

Where it comes from

Source
Eurostat, dataset gov_10a_exp (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=MIO_EUR sector=S13 na_item=TE cofog99=GF10 time=2023 · query this cell
As published
€657,931.3 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

Pensions

€397.9bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 31 “Pensions de retraite”, column B (Ensemble)
Published
16 April 2026
As published
€397.9 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Social care and housing aid

€115.8bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Care for dependent elderly and disabled people, childcare and other social action, housing benefits and the energy cheque, and the running costs of social security, received in kind.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 42 “Action sociale (dépendance, handicap, petite enfance, etc.)”; 44 “Aides au logement et chèque énergie”; 45 “Frais de fonctionnement de la Sécurité sociale”, column B (Ensemble), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 42, Ensemble: 80.8; row 44, Ensemble: 16.1; row 45, Ensemble: 18.9
As published
€115.8 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

80 and over, share of Pensions by age profile

24.4%EstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
The group's part of the item: the age profile times the population at each of its ages, over the same for all ages.
Caveat
Pension per person at each age at the end of 2022 (direct pensions by single age, survivors' pensions by DREES's age pyramid of survivors, under 50 and over 90 spread by population), applied to the population of the year.

Calculation

Computed as
Σ over ages 80 to 100 of profile × population ÷ Σ over all ages × 100, allocation year 2023: the rows year = 2023, profile = pensions of data/income/nta_allocation.csv summed over these ages. Profile: Direct pensions by single age (retirees × average pension), and survivors' pensions by five-year band. Sources: DREES, Les effectifs de retraités, montants des pensions et âges de départ à la retraite, fin 2022 (2022).
From
Result
24.4%

Why believe this?

Survivors' pension recipients resident in France, end 2022

3,826.9Estimated2022

Definition

What it counts
Recipients of a survivor's pension, alone or with a direct pension, resident in France, thousands.

Where it comes from

Source
DREES, Les effectifs de retraités, montants des pensions et âges de départ à la retraite, fin 2022
Where
Sheet “1.4-a”, row 23 “2022”, column F
Published
30 October 2024
As published
3,827
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

80 and over, share of Exclusion sociale by age profile

0.4%EstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
The group's part of the item: the age profile times the population at each of its ages, over the same for all ages.
Caveat
Minimum incomes paid by CNAF, at the age of the claimant; the old-age minimum (ASPA), paid by pension funds, is not in this table, so the 65 and over are underweighted.

Calculation

Computed as
Σ over ages 80 to 100 of profile × population ÷ Σ over all ages × 100, allocation year 2023: the rows year = 2023, profile = minimum of data/income/nta_allocation.csv summed over these ages. Profile: RSA and prime d'activité by age of the claimant. Sources: CNAF, Toutes prestations - Répartition des allocataires selon la prestation et l'âge [National] (2023 for 2023, 2024 for 2024).
From
Result
0.4%

Why believe this?

80 and over, share of Health care by age profile

20.4%EstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
The group's part of the item: the age profile times the population at each of its ages, over the same for all ages.
Caveat
DREES publishes ten-year bands; within them the amount per person is interpolated linearly between the bands' midpoints, keeping each band's mean. Hospitals' funding outside reimbursements is spread the same way.

Calculation

Computed as
Σ over ages 80 to 100 of profile × population ÷ Σ over all ages × 100, allocation year 2023: the rows year = 2023, profile = health of data/income/nta_allocation.csv summed over these ages. Profile: Reimbursements by public health insurance per person. Sources: DREES, Dépenses de santé et restes à charge (2023).
From
Result
20.4%

Why believe this?

Education

€141.6bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.
Caveat
Estimated for this page: both years are put on the general-government perimeter (Eurostat S13). Each Insee item is scaled to Eurostat's total of its category for the year, split between the items of the category and between groups as Insee's 2023 accounts split it. Insee's own 2023 levels are wider in places (firms' collective pension and health schemes) and COFOG counts spending gross of the fees that finance part of it; the evidence panels show both.

Calculation

Computed as
Education × Education ÷ Education
From
Result
€141.6 billion

Why believe this?

Spending per pupil or student, upper secondary

€13,074Observed2023

Definition

What it counts
Expenditure on public and private educational institutions per full-time-equivalent pupil or student, in euros.

Where it comes from

Source
Eurostat, dataset educ_uoe_fini04 (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=EUR sector=TOT_SEC isced11=ED3_4 time=2023 · query this cell
As published
€13,074
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-15, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

80 and over, share of Social care and housing aid by age profile

15.2%EstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
The group's part of the item: the age profile times the population at each of its ages, over the same for all ages.

Calculation

Computed as
Σ over Insee's rows of (the row's 2023 amount × its share by age) ÷ Σ of the rows' amounts
From
  • Everyone, Action sociale (dépendance, handicap, petite enfance, etc.), Insee €80.8bn, estimated
  • 80 and over, share of Action sociale (dépendance, handicap, petite enfance, etc.) by age profile 19.8%, estimated
  • Everyone, Aides au logement et chèque énergie, Insee €16.1bn, estimated
  • 80 and over, share of Aides au logement et chèque énergie by age profile 2.8%, estimated
  • Everyone, Frais de fonctionnement de la Sécurité sociale, Insee €18.9bn, estimated
  • 80 and over, share of Frais de fonctionnement de la Sécurité sociale by age profile 6%, estimated
Result
15.2%

Why believe this?

80 and over, share of Culture and leisure by age profile

6%EstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
The group's part of the item: the age profile times the population at each of its ages, over the same for all ages.
Caveat
Spread equally over residents: the National Transfer Accounts convention for public goods that no one consumes by age.

Calculation

Computed as
Σ over ages 80 to 100 of profile × population ÷ Σ over all ages × 100, allocation year 2023: the rows year = 2023, profile = per_capita of data/income/nta_allocation.csv summed over these ages. Profile: The same amount per person at every age. Sources: Eurostat, Population on 1 January by age and sex (the year of the view).
From
Result
6.0%

Why believe this?

80 and over, Collective services

€20bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
Defence, police, justice, general administration and other collective spending, spread over people, net of other transfers and of balances with the rest of the world, which are small and negative overall.
Caveat
A synthetic allocation by the National Transfer Accounts method; it is not a measurement. The item's national total for the year is split between ages in proportion to an age profile times the population of each age, so the ages add up to the total exactly. Profiles come from other years and other perimeters, only their shape is used, and several rest on conventions; the view's ranges vary them one at a time.

Calculation

Computed as
Collective services × 80 and over, share of Collective services by age profile ÷ 100
From
Result
€20.0 billion

Why believe this?

80 and over, share of Collective services by age profile

6%EstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
The group's part of the item: the age profile times the population at each of its ages, over the same for all ages.
Caveat
Spread equally over residents: the National Transfer Accounts convention for public goods that no one consumes by age.

Calculation

Computed as
Σ over ages 80 to 100 of profile × population ÷ Σ over all ages × 100, allocation year 2023: the rows year = 2023, profile = per_capita of data/income/nta_allocation.csv summed over these ages. Profile: The same amount per person at every age. Sources: Eurostat, Population on 1 January by age and sex (the year of the view).
From
Result
6.0%

Why believe this?

Taxes on production

€128bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 20 “Taxes sur la production (taxes patronales, TF, etc.)”, column B (Ensemble)
Published
16 April 2026
As published
€128.0 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

80 and over, Corporate tax

€6.5bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
Caveat
Insee attributes the whole amount to residents; the part falling outside France is taken out of every group in proportion.

Calculation

Computed as
80 and over, Corporate tax × (1 − Share of French companies' equity held outside France ÷ 100)
From
Result
€6.5 billion

Why believe this?

Corporate tax

€79.3bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
Caveat
Estimated for this page: both years are put on the general-government perimeter (Eurostat S13). Each Insee item is scaled to Eurostat's total of its category for the year, split between the items of the category and between groups as Insee's 2023 accounts split it. Insee's own 2023 levels are wider in places (firms' collective pension and health schemes) and COFOG counts spending gross of the fees that finance part of it; the evidence panels show both.

Calculation

Computed as
Taxes on income and wealth × Corporate tax ÷ Insee items in ESA D5, taxes on income and wealth
From
Result
€79.3 billion

Why believe this?

Professional wealth share, ages 30 to 39, start of 2024, %

7.7%Estimated2024

Definition

What it counts
Share of this kind of wealth in households' mean gross wealth, by age of the reference person.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Patrimoine et endettement des ménages en 2024
Where
Sheet “AGE”, row 6 “De 30 à 39 ans”, column E
Published
26 February 2026
As published
7.7%
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Mean gross wealth, ages 40 to 49, start of 2024

€367,600Estimated2024

Definition

What it counts
Mean gross wealth of households by age of the reference person, euros.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Patrimoine et endettement des ménages en 2024
Where
Sheet “AGE”, row 7 “De 40 à 49 ans”, column B
Published
26 February 2026
As published
€367,600
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Mean gross wealth, ages 50 to 59, start of 2024

€464,800Estimated2024

Definition

What it counts
Mean gross wealth of households by age of the reference person, euros.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Patrimoine et endettement des ménages en 2024
Where
Sheet “AGE”, row 8 “De 50 à 59 ans”, column B
Published
26 February 2026
As published
€464,800
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Financial and professional wealth, weight of ages 60 to 69

27,264.8EstimatedCalculated by this site2024

Definition

What it counts
The band's wealth relative to the others: mean wealth times the parts kept times the share of households; spread over the band's ages by population.

Calculation

Computed as
Mean gross wealth, ages 60 to 69, start of 2024 × (Financial wealth share, ages 60 to 69, start of 2024, % + Professional wealth share, ages 60 to 69, start of 2024, %) ÷ 100 × Households, ages 60 to 69, start of 2024, % ÷ 100
From
Result
27,265

Why believe this?

Professional wealth share, ages 60 to 69, start of 2024, %

12.4%Estimated2024

Definition

What it counts
Share of this kind of wealth in households' mean gross wealth, by age of the reference person.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Patrimoine et endettement des ménages en 2024
Where
Sheet “AGE”, row 9 “De 60 à 69 ans”, column E
Published
26 February 2026
As published
12.4%
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Financial wealth share, ages 70 to 100, start of 2024, %

28%Estimated2024

Definition

What it counts
Share of this kind of wealth in households' mean gross wealth, by age of the reference person.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Patrimoine et endettement des ménages en 2024
Where
Sheet “AGE”, row 10 “70 ans ou plus”, column D
Published
26 February 2026
As published
28.0%
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Gross wealth, weight of ages 30 to 39

39,220EstimatedCalculated by this site2024

Definition

What it counts
The band's wealth relative to the others: mean wealth times the parts kept times the share of households; spread over the band's ages by population.

Calculation

Computed as
Mean gross wealth, ages 30 to 39, start of 2024 × Households, ages 30 to 39, start of 2024, % ÷ 100
From
Result
39,220

Why believe this?

80 and over, share of CSG on capital income by age profile

10.2%EstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
The group's part of the item: the age profile times the population at each of its ages, over the same for all ages.
Caveat
Insee publishes wealth by age of the household's reference person; it is put on the residents of that age band, spouses taken as the same age, children holding none. Any allocation that keeps a household's wealth within its reference person's band gives the same total to each band; ownership across bands, by a spouse or an adult child of another age, is untested, for want of households' composition by age. Which ages inside a band hold it is the assumption varied: here the amount per person is flat within each band.

Calculation

Computed as
Σ over ages 80 to 100 of profile × population ÷ Σ over all ages × 100, allocation year 2023: the rows year = 2023, profile = wealth of data/income/nta_allocation.csv summed over these ages. Profile: Gross wealth by age of the reference person. Sources: Insee, Patrimoine et endettement des ménages en 2024 (start of 2024).
From
Result
10.2%

Why believe this?

Direct taxes, share of disposable income, ages 75 to 100, 2023

14.9%Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Share of the mean disposable income of households of this age of reference person, percent (ERFS 2023, T03); direct taxes are income tax, CSG, CRDS and residence tax.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenu, niveau de vie et pauvreté en 2023
Where
Sheet “ERFS_T03”, row 15 “Impôts directs”, column G
Published
17 February 2026
As published
14.9%
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Activity, share of disposable income, ages 40 to 49, 2023

100%Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Share of the mean disposable income of households of this age of reference person, percent (ERFS 2023, T03); direct taxes are income tax, CSG, CRDS and residence tax.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenu, niveau de vie et pauvreté en 2023
Where
Sheet “ERFS_T03”, row 5 “Revenus d'activité”, column D
Published
17 February 2026
As published
100.0%
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Social contributions

€462.8bnObserved2023

Definition

What it counts
Contributions paid by employers, employees and the self-employed to social security, pensions and unemployment insurance, imputed contributions included.

Where it comes from

Source
Eurostat, dataset gov_10a_main (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=MIO_EUR sector=S13 na_item=D61REC time=2023 · query this cell
As published
€462,828.0 million
Dataset version
updated 2026-07-21, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

80 and over, share of Autres cotisations sociales (maladie, invalidité, ATMP)1 by age profile

0.2%EstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
The group's part of the item: the age profile times the population at each of its ages, over the same for all ages.
Caveat
Employees' pay is their total annual net pay, from Insee's base Tous salariés of 2023 (private and public employers, salariés file, a sample of 1/12): it counts part-year and part-time work once. The file over-represents employees born in an even year, so single ages alternate; ages are taken in pairs, one born in an even year and one in an odd one, and the pay per person is smoothed within each pair, keeping its mean. The file's weights give counts of the file, not volumes: only the shape across ages is used. Pay is in bands; the central case values each closed band at its midpoint and the open band, 50,000 euros and over, at the mean of one Pareto tail fitted on the two top bands of all ages. Variants value the open band by age group and the closed bands at their bounds. Other alternatives price the Enquête emploi's employees by age (PEMP01 scaled to CSS08's employees by broad band) by Insee's revenu salarial, by the full-time-equivalent salary, or by their geometric mean, an arbitrary midpoint. Self-employment income is a separate part, 7.4% of salaries as in ERFS 2023, by age of the household's reference person (T03 × TRD04 × households), so the self-employed of 65 and over are counted there.

Calculation

Computed as
Σ over ages 80 to 100 of profile × population ÷ Σ over all ages × 100, allocation year 2023: the rows year = 2023, profile = earnings of data/income/nta_allocation.csv summed over these ages. Profile: Earnings by age: employees × their total annual net pay (base Tous salariés), and self-employment income by age of the household's reference person. Sources: Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail (2023); Insee, Patrimoine et endettement des ménages en 2024 (start of 2024); Insee, Revenu, niveau de vie et pauvreté en 2023 (2023); Insee, Revenus et niveau de vie, séries longues (ERFS 2023): TRD04 (2023).
From
Result
0.2%

Why believe this?

40–49, net received a month per person

€−1,290EstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
What the group receives less what it pays, a month per person.

Calculation

Computed as
40–49, received a month per person − 40–49, paid a month per person
From
Result
€−1,290

Why believe this?

40–49, Unemployment benefits

€9.5bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.
Caveat
A synthetic allocation by the National Transfer Accounts method; it is not a measurement. The item's national total for the year is split between ages in proportion to an age profile times the population of each age, so the ages add up to the total exactly. Profiles come from other years and other perimeters, only their shape is used, and several rest on conventions; the view's ranges vary them one at a time.

Calculation

Computed as
Unemployment benefits × 40–49, share of Unemployment benefits by age profile ÷ 100
From
Result
€9.5 billion

Why believe this?

40–49, Other cash benefits

€23.4bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.
Caveat
A synthetic allocation by the National Transfer Accounts method; it is not a measurement. The item's national total for the year is split between ages in proportion to an age profile times the population of each age, so the ages add up to the total exactly. Profiles come from other years and other perimeters, only their shape is used, and several rest on conventions; the view's ranges vary them one at a time.

Calculation

Computed as
Other cash benefits × 40–49, share of Other cash benefits by age profile ÷ 100
From
Result
€23.4 billion

Why believe this?

40–49, share of Famille by age profile

0%EstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
The group's part of the item: the age profile times the population at each of its ages, over the same for all ages.
Caveat
Following the NTA convention, family benefits go to the children they are paid for: each benefit's national amount (CNAF, the year's twelve months) is spread over the ages its rules cover, in proportion to population: birth grant at birth, PAJE basic allowance and PreParE under 3, childminding supplement under 6, family allowances and family support allowance under 20, family supplement 3 to 20, back-to-school allowance 6 to 18.

Calculation

Computed as
Σ over ages 40 to 49 of profile × population ÷ Σ over all ages × 100, allocation year 2023: the rows year = 2023, profile = family_children of data/income/nta_allocation.csv summed over these ages. Profile: Family benefits by the age of the children they are paid for (NTA convention). Sources: CNAF, Toutes prestations - Répartition des allocataires selon la prestation et l'âge [National] (2023 for 2023, 2024 for 2024).
From
Result
0.0%

Why believe this?

40–49, share of Action sociale (dépendance, handicap, petite enfance, etc.) by age profile

4.7%EstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
The group's part of the item: the age profile times the population at each of its ages, over the same for all ages.
Caveat
Each part of departmental social spending (DREES) goes to its beneficiaries' ages: help to the elderly at home and in care homes as APA recipients, help to the disabled as PCH recipients and residents of care homes, child welfare as children placed (end of 2024 for both years); CNAF's early-childhood spending goes to ages 0 to 2. Early-childhood spending also funds places up to 6; state childcare and other social action follow the same weights.

Calculation

Computed as
Σ over ages 40 to 49 of profile × population ÷ Σ over all ages × 100, allocation year 2023: the rows year = 2023, profile = social_care of data/income/nta_allocation.csv summed over these ages. Profile: Help to the elderly, the disabled and children by beneficiaries' age, weighted by spending. Sources: DREES, Les dépenses d'aide sociale départementale, séries longues 1999-2024 (2023 for 2023, 2024 for 2024); DREES, Caractéristiques des bénéficiaires d'aides aux personnes âgées (December 2023 and December 2024); DREES, Caractéristiques des bénéficiaires d'aides aux personnes handicapées (end of 2023 and end of 2024); DREES, Les bénéficiaires de l'aide sociale à l'enfance en 2024 (end of 2024); CNAF, Dépenses d'action sociale [National] (2023 for 2023, 2024 for 2024).
From
Result
4.7%

Why believe this?

40–49, Taxes on products

€42.7bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
Caveat
Insee attributes the whole amount to residents; the part falling outside France is taken out of every group in proportion.

Calculation

Computed as
40–49, Taxes on products × (1 − Share of consumption by visitors ÷ 100)
From
Result
€42.7 billion

Why believe this?

40–49, Taxes on production

€33.2bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
Caveat
A synthetic allocation by the National Transfer Accounts method; it is not a measurement. The item's national total for the year is split between ages in proportion to an age profile times the population of each age, so the ages add up to the total exactly. Profiles come from other years and other perimeters, only their shape is used, and several rest on conventions; the view's ranges vary them one at a time.

Calculation

Computed as
Taxes on production × 40–49, share of Taxes on production by age profile ÷ 100
From
Result
€33.2 billion

Why believe this?

40–49, share of Taxes on production by age profile

25.9%EstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
The group's part of the item: the age profile times the population at each of its ages, over the same for all ages.
Caveat
Employees' pay is their total annual net pay, from Insee's base Tous salariés of 2023 (private and public employers, salariés file, a sample of 1/12): it counts part-year and part-time work once. The file over-represents employees born in an even year, so single ages alternate; ages are taken in pairs, one born in an even year and one in an odd one, and the pay per person is smoothed within each pair, keeping its mean. The file's weights give counts of the file, not volumes: only the shape across ages is used. Pay is in bands; the central case values each closed band at its midpoint and the open band, 50,000 euros and over, at the mean of one Pareto tail fitted on the two top bands of all ages. Variants value the open band by age group and the closed bands at their bounds. Other alternatives price the Enquête emploi's employees by age (PEMP01 scaled to CSS08's employees by broad band) by Insee's revenu salarial, by the full-time-equivalent salary, or by their geometric mean, an arbitrary midpoint. Self-employment income is a separate part, 7.4% of salaries as in ERFS 2023, by age of the household's reference person (T03 × TRD04 × households), so the self-employed of 65 and over are counted there.

Calculation

Computed as
Σ over ages 40 to 49 of profile × population ÷ Σ over all ages × 100, allocation year 2023: the rows year = 2023, profile = earnings of data/income/nta_allocation.csv summed over these ages. Profile: Earnings by age: employees × their total annual net pay (base Tous salariés), and self-employment income by age of the household's reference person. Sources: Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail (2023); Insee, Patrimoine et endettement des ménages en 2024 (start of 2024); Insee, Revenu, niveau de vie et pauvreté en 2023 (2023); Insee, Revenus et niveau de vie, séries longues (ERFS 2023): TRD04 (2023).
From
Result
25.9%

Why believe this?

40–49, share of Other taxes on income and wealth by age profile

20.2%EstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
The group's part of the item: the age profile times the population at each of its ages, over the same for all ages.
Caveat
The CSG's three bases (CCSS) each spread by its own profile: earnings, pensions for all replacement income, gross wealth for capital income.

Calculation

Computed as
Σ over ages 40 to 49 of profile × population ÷ Σ over all ages × 100, allocation year 2023: the rows year = 2023, profile = csg of data/income/nta_allocation.csv summed over these ages. Profile: CSG yields by base (CCSS), each spread by age: earnings, replacement income and capital. Sources: Commission des comptes de la Sécurité sociale, Les comptes de la Sécurité sociale, juin 2025 (2023 and 2024); DREES, Les effectifs de retraités, montants des pensions et âges de départ à la retraite, fin 2022 (2022); Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail (2023); Insee, Patrimoine et endettement des ménages en 2024 (start of 2024); Insee, Revenu, niveau de vie et pauvreté en 2023 (2023); Insee, Revenus et niveau de vie, séries longues (ERFS 2023): TRD04 (2023).
From
Result
20.2%

Why believe this?

40–49, share of Other contributions by age profile

25.9%EstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
The group's part of the item: the age profile times the population at each of its ages, over the same for all ages.

Calculation

Computed as
Σ over Insee's rows of (the row's 2023 amount × its share by age) ÷ Σ of the rows' amounts
From
Result
25.9%

Why believe this?

Bottom 10%, Taxes on products

€19.3bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 18 “Taxes sur les produits (TVA, TICPE, accises, DMTO, etc.)”, columns C and D (V1 + V2), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 18, V1: -8.2; row 18, V2: -11.1
As published
€19.3 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 20–30%, Taxes on products

€37.5bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 18 “Taxes sur les produits (TVA, TICPE, accises, DMTO, etc.)”, columns Q and R (V15 + V16), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 18, V15: -18.1; row 18, V16: -19.4
As published
€37.5 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 30–40%, Taxes on production

€8.2bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 20 “Taxes sur la production (taxes patronales, TF, etc.)”, columns I and J (V7 + V8), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 20, V7: -3.9; row 20, V8: -4.3
As published
€8.2 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 40–50%, Corporate tax

€1.4bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 22 “Impôt sur les sociétés”, columns M and N (V11 + V12), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 22, V11: -0.6; row 22, V12: -0.8
As published
€1.4 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 10%, CSG

€44.7bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 23 “Contribution sociale généralisée (CSG)”, columns U and V (V19 + V20), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 23, V19: -15.4; row 23, V20: -29.3
As published
€44.7 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 20–30%, CSG

€6.5bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 23 “Contribution sociale généralisée (CSG)”, columns G and H (V5 + V6), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 23, V5: -2.8; row 23, V6: -3.7
As published
€6.5 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 20–30%, CSG

€18.7bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 23 “Contribution sociale généralisée (CSG)”, columns Q and R (V15 + V16), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 23, V15: -8.9; row 23, V16: -9.8
As published
€18.7 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

All groups, Net financial income

€133.9bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.

Calculation

Computed as
Bottom 10%, Net financial income + Bottom 10–20%, Net financial income + Bottom 20–30%, Net financial income + Bottom 30–40%, Net financial income + Bottom 40–50%, Net financial income + Top 40–50%, Net financial income + Top 30–40%, Net financial income + Top 20–30%, Net financial income + Top 10–20%, Net financial income + Top 10%, Net financial income
From
Result
€133.9 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 10%, Net financial income

€1.9bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Interest, dividends and other property income households receive, less the interest they pay.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 8 “Revenus financiers nets (intérêts, dividendes, etc.)”, columns C and D (V1 + V2), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 8, V1: 1; row 8, V2: 0.9
As published
€1.9 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 40–50%, Net financial income

€5.9bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Interest, dividends and other property income households receive, less the interest they pay.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 8 “Revenus financiers nets (intérêts, dividendes, etc.)”, columns M and N (V11 + V12), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 8, V11: 2.6; row 8, V12: 3.3
As published
€5.9 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 20–30%, Net financial income

€10.5bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Interest, dividends and other property income households receive, less the interest they pay.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 8 “Revenus financiers nets (intérêts, dividendes, etc.)”, columns Q and R (V15 + V16), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 8, V15: 4.9; row 8, V16: 5.6
As published
€10.5 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 10%, Rents, actual and imputed

€6.9bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Rents landlords receive and the rent owner-occupiers are deemed to pay themselves, net of costs.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 9 “Loyers réels et imputés aux propriétaires”, columns C and D (V1 + V2), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 9, V1: 3.3; row 9, V2: 3.6
As published
€6.9 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 40–50%, Rents, actual and imputed

€16bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Rents landlords receive and the rent owner-occupiers are deemed to pay themselves, net of costs.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 9 “Loyers réels et imputés aux propriétaires”, columns M and N (V11 + V12), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 9, V11: 7.6; row 9, V12: 8.4
As published
€16.0 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 10%, Income tax

€66.5bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.

Calculation

Computed as
Income tax × Top 10%, Income tax ÷ All groups, Income tax
From
Result
€66.5 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 40–50%, Income tax

€1.2bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 24 “Impôt sur le revenu (IR)”, columns K and L (V9 + V10), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 24, V9: -0.5; row 24, V10: -0.7
As published
€1.2 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 10%, Pension contributions

€3.9bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 26 “Cotisations sociales retraite1”, columns C and D (V1 + V2), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 26, V1: -1.4; row 26, V2: -2.5
As published
€3.9 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 10%, Other contributions

€71.1bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 27 “Cotisations sociales chômage1”; 28 “Cotisations sociales famille1”; 29 “Autres cotisations sociales (maladie, invalidité, ATMP)1”, columns U and V (V19 + V20), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 29, V19: -18.2; row 29, V20: -32.3; row 27, V19: -3.7; row 27, V20: -5.1; row 28, V19: -4.1; row 28, V20: -7.7
As published
€71.1 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 20–30%, Other contributions

€7.7bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 27 “Cotisations sociales chômage1”; 28 “Cotisations sociales famille1”; 29 “Autres cotisations sociales (maladie, invalidité, ATMP)1”, columns G and H (V5 + V6), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 29, V5: -2.1; row 29, V6: -2.4; row 27, V5: -0.7; row 27, V6: -0.8; row 28, V5: -0.8; row 28, V6: -0.9
As published
€7.7 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 30–40%, Other contributions

€10.8bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 27 “Cotisations sociales chômage1”; 28 “Cotisations sociales famille1”; 29 “Autres cotisations sociales (maladie, invalidité, ATMP)1”, columns I and J (V7 + V8), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 29, V7: -2.8; row 29, V8: -3.6; row 27, V7: -0.9; row 27, V8: -1.1; row 28, V7: -1.1; row 28, V8: -1.3
As published
€10.8 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 10%, transfers received

€175.6bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
Every transfer attributed to the group, subsidies included.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 10%, Subsidies on products + Top 10%, Subsidies on production + Top 10%, Pensions + Top 10%, Unemployment benefits + Top 10%, Other cash benefits + Top 10%, Health care + Top 10%, Education + Top 10%, Social care and housing aid + Top 10%, Culture and leisure + Top 10%, Collective services
From
Result
€175.6 billion

Why believe this?

Top 40–50%, Subsidies on products

€3.1bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 19 “Subventions sur les produits (transports, etc.)”, columns M and N (V11 + V12), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 19, V11: 1.5; row 19, V12: 1.6
As published
€3.1 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 20–30%, Subsidies on products

€3.4bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 19 “Subventions sur les produits (transports, etc.)”, columns Q and R (V15 + V16), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 19, V15: 1.7; row 19, V16: 1.7
As published
€3.4 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 10%, Subsidies on production

€16.4bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.

Calculation

Computed as
Subsidies on production × Top 10%, Subsidies on production ÷ All groups, Subsidies on production
From
Result
€16.4 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 40–50%, Subsidies on production

€2.7bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 21 “Subventions sur la production (aides à l'apprentissage, aides sectorielles, etc.)”, columns K and L (V9 + V10), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 21, V9: 1.3; row 21, V10: 1.4
As published
€2.7 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 30–40%, Pensions

€44.7bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 31 “Pensions de retraite”, columns O and P (V13 + V14), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 31, V13: 20.9; row 31, V14: 23.8
As published
€44.7 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 40–50%, Unemployment benefits

€4.6bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 32 “Allocations chômage”, columns K and L (V9 + V10), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 32, V9: 2.6; row 32, V10: 2
As published
€4.6 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 40–50%, Other cash benefits

€12bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 33 “Autres revenus de remplacement (IJ, ATMP)”; 34 “Famille”; 35 “Exclusion sociale”; 36 “Invalidité”; 37 “Remboursements des contrats collectifs de complémentaires santé”, columns M and N (V11 + V12), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 33, V11: 1.7; row 33, V12: 1.8; row 34, V11: 1.5; row 34, V12: 1.2; row 35, V11: 0.8; row 35, V12: 0.8; row 36, V11: 1.3; row 36, V12: 0.9; row 37, V11: 1; row 37, V12: 1
As published
€12.0 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 10–20%, Other cash benefits

€12bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 33 “Autres revenus de remplacement (IJ, ATMP)”; 34 “Famille”; 35 “Exclusion sociale”; 36 “Invalidité”; 37 “Remboursements des contrats collectifs de complémentaires santé”, columns S and T (V17 + V18), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 33, V17: 2.8; row 33, V18: 3.2; row 34, V17: 0.6; row 34, V18: 0.4; row 35, V17: 0.4; row 35, V18: 0.4; row 36, V17: 0.9; row 36, V18: 1.1; row 37, V17: 1.1; row 37, V18: 1.1
As published
€12.0 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 30–40%, Health care

€21.6bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 40 “Santé”, columns O and P (V13 + V14), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 40, V13: 10.8; row 40, V14: 10.8
As published
€21.6 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 10–20%, Health care

€18.5bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 40 “Santé”, columns S and T (V17 + V18), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 40, V17: 9.1; row 40, V18: 9.4
As published
€18.5 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

All groups, Education

€128.1bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.

Calculation

Computed as
Bottom 10%, Education + Bottom 10–20%, Education + Bottom 20–30%, Education + Bottom 30–40%, Education + Bottom 40–50%, Education + Top 40–50%, Education + Top 30–40%, Education + Top 20–30%, Education + Top 10–20%, Education + Top 10%, Education
From
Result
€128.1 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 40–50%, Education

€12.3bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 41 “Enseignement2”, columns K and L (V9 + V10), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 41, V9: 6; row 41, V10: 6.3
As published
€12.3 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 10–20%, Education

€10.4bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 41 “Enseignement2”, columns S and T (V17 + V18), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 41, V17: 5.4; row 41, V18: 5
As published
€10.4 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 10%, Social care and housing aid

€5.5bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Care for dependent elderly and disabled people, childcare and other social action, housing benefits and the energy cheque, and the running costs of social security, received in kind.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 42 “Action sociale (dépendance, handicap, petite enfance, etc.)”; 44 “Aides au logement et chèque énergie”; 45 “Frais de fonctionnement de la Sécurité sociale”, columns U and V (V19 + V20), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 42, V19: 1.7; row 42, V20: 1.5; row 44, V19: 0.1; row 44, V20: 0.1; row 45, V19: 1; row 45, V20: 1.1
As published
€5.5 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

All groups, Social care and housing aid

€116.3bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.

Calculation

Computed as
Bottom 10%, Social care and housing aid + Bottom 10–20%, Social care and housing aid + Bottom 20–30%, Social care and housing aid + Bottom 30–40%, Social care and housing aid + Bottom 40–50%, Social care and housing aid + Top 40–50%, Social care and housing aid + Top 30–40%, Social care and housing aid + Top 20–30%, Social care and housing aid + Top 10–20%, Social care and housing aid + Top 10%, Social care and housing aid
From
Result
€116.3 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 10%, Social care and housing aid

€20.7bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Care for dependent elderly and disabled people, childcare and other social action, housing benefits and the energy cheque, and the running costs of social security, received in kind.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 42 “Action sociale (dépendance, handicap, petite enfance, etc.)”; 44 “Aides au logement et chèque énergie”; 45 “Frais de fonctionnement de la Sécurité sociale”, columns C and D (V1 + V2), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 42, V1: 4.9; row 42, V2: 6.5; row 44, V1: 4.4; row 44, V2: 3.2; row 45, V1: 0.8; row 45, V2: 0.9
As published
€20.7 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 40–50%, Social care and housing aid

€9.3bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Care for dependent elderly and disabled people, childcare and other social action, housing benefits and the energy cheque, and the running costs of social security, received in kind.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 42 “Action sociale (dépendance, handicap, petite enfance, etc.)”; 44 “Aides au logement et chèque énergie”; 45 “Frais de fonctionnement de la Sécurité sociale”, columns M and N (V11 + V12), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 42, V11: 3.7; row 42, V12: 3.4; row 44, V11: 0.2; row 44, V12: 0.2; row 45, V11: 0.9; row 45, V12: 0.9
As published
€9.3 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 20–30%, Social care and housing aid

€6.6bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Care for dependent elderly and disabled people, childcare and other social action, housing benefits and the energy cheque, and the running costs of social security, received in kind.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 42 “Action sociale (dépendance, handicap, petite enfance, etc.)”; 44 “Aides au logement et chèque énergie”; 45 “Frais de fonctionnement de la Sécurité sociale”, columns Q and R (V15 + V16), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 42, V15: 2.5; row 42, V16: 2.1; row 44, V15: 0.1; row 44, V16: 0.1; row 45, V15: 0.9; row 45, V16: 0.9
As published
€6.6 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 10%, Culture and leisure

€5.2bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 43 “Culture et loisirs”, columns U and V (V19 + V20), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 43, V19: 2.6; row 43, V20: 2.6
As published
€5.2 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

All groups, Culture and leisure

€52bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.

Calculation

Computed as
Bottom 10%, Culture and leisure + Bottom 10–20%, Culture and leisure + Bottom 20–30%, Culture and leisure + Bottom 30–40%, Culture and leisure + Bottom 40–50%, Culture and leisure + Top 40–50%, Culture and leisure + Top 30–40%, Culture and leisure + Top 20–30%, Culture and leisure + Top 10–20%, Culture and leisure + Top 10%, Culture and leisure
From
Result
€52.0 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 10–20%, Culture and leisure

€5.2bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 43 “Culture et loisirs”, columns E and F (V3 + V4), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 43, V3: 2.6; row 43, V4: 2.6
As published
€5.2 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 10%, Collective services

€23.8bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Defence, police, justice, general administration and other collective spending, spread over people, net of other transfers and of balances with the rest of the world, which are small and negative overall.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 46 “Autres transferts non monétaires”, columns U and V (V19 + V20), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 46, V19: 12.3; row 46, V20: 11.5
As published
€23.8 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 10–20%, Collective services

€23.2bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Defence, police, justice, general administration and other collective spending, spread over people, net of other transfers and of balances with the rest of the world, which are small and negative overall.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 46 “Autres transferts non monétaires”, columns S and T (V17 + V18), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 46, V17: 11.2; row 46, V18: 12
As published
€23.2 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 10%, paid a month per person

€380EstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
The group's amount over its people, a month per person.

Calculation

Computed as
Bottom 10%, levies paid × 10⁹ ÷ Bottom 10%, people ÷ 12
From
Result
€380

Why believe this?

Bottom 10%, Taxes on products

€19.3bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.

Calculation

Computed as
Taxes on products × Bottom 10%, Taxes on products ÷ All groups, Taxes on products
From
Result
€19.3 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 10%, CSG on earnings and benefits

€988mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
The CSG on earnings, pensions and other replacement income, and on gaming: the CSG less its part on capital income.

Calculation

Computed as
Bottom 10%, CSG − Bottom 10%, CSG on capital income
From
Result
€1.0 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 10%, share of the CSG on capital income

2.6%EstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
The group's part of the CSG on capital income: of the CSG on investment income, its share of net financial income; of the CSG on property income, its share of rents, actual and imputed (an allocation scenario).
Caveat
An allocation scenario: Insee attributes the whole CSG to each group but does not split it by base, and no source found gives the bases of the CSG on capital income by group. The CSG on investment income (interest, dividends, life insurance) is shared as Insee's net financial income. The CSG on property income is levied on rents landlords receive, capital gains and annuities; Insee's only row near it adds owner-occupiers' imputed rents, which pay no CSG, and holds no capital gains, so sharing it as that row is a convention. The alternatives share all of it as net financial income, or as the group's whole capital income.

Calculation

Computed as
(CSG on income from investments, 2023 × Bottom 10%, Net financial income ÷ All groups, Net financial income + CSG on income from property, 2023 × Bottom 10%, Rents, actual and imputed ÷ All groups, Rents, actual and imputed) ÷ (CSG on income from investments, 2023 + CSG on income from property, 2023) × 100
From
Result
2.6%