Official figures and this site's calculations

Why believe this?

Figures of one view and year of the diagram, with their sources and how they were computed, each under its own anchor. Back to Home.

7 parts: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Why believe this?

Social protection, France less Germany, 2024

3.3 ptsObservedCalculated by this site2024

Definition

What it counts
France's public spending on social protection as a share of its GDP less Germany's as a share of its GDP, 2024.

Calculation

Computed as
France: Social protection, % of GDP − Germany: Social protection, % of GDP
From
  • France: Social protection, % of GDP 23.7%
  • Germany: Social protection, % of GDP 20.4%
Result
3.3 percentage points

Why believe this?

Germany: Old age, % of GDP

9.9%Observed2024

Definition

What it counts
Old age of general government in Germany, 2024, as a share of GDP.

Where it comes from

Source
Eurostat, Eurostat gov_10a_exp (General government expenditure by function, COFOG), S13, na_item TE, MIO_EUR, updated 2026-09-16, 2024 flagged provisional
Where
GF1002, DE, 2024
Published
2026
It says
GF1002: 427228 million EUR, 9.869% of GDP
As published
9.9% of GDP
Read
2026-10-03

Why believe this?

Public debt transactions

€58.9bnObserved2024

Definition

What it counts
General government total expenditure on this function (COFOG level 2), France.

Where it comes from

Source
Eurostat, dataset gov_10a_exp (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=MIO_EUR sector=S13 na_item=TE cofog99=GF0107 time=2024 · query this cell
As published
€58,870.2 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-03

Calculation

Transformation
Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

Defence n.e.c.

€2.6bnObserved2024

Definition

What it counts
General government total expenditure on this function (COFOG level 2), France.

Where it comes from

Source
Eurostat, dataset gov_10a_exp (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=MIO_EUR sector=S13 na_item=TE cofog99=GF0205 time=2024 · query this cell
As published
€2,580.0 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-03

Calculation

Transformation
Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

Law courts

€8.3bnObserved2024

Definition

What it counts
General government total expenditure on this function (COFOG level 2), France.

Where it comes from

Source
Eurostat, dataset gov_10a_exp (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=MIO_EUR sector=S13 na_item=TE cofog99=GF0303 time=2024 · query this cell
As published
€8,295.0 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-03

Calculation

Transformation
Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

Mining, manufacturing and construction

€1.6bnObserved2024

Definition

What it counts
General government total expenditure on this function (COFOG level 2), France.

Where it comes from

Source
Eurostat, dataset gov_10a_exp (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=MIO_EUR sector=S13 na_item=TE cofog99=GF0404 time=2024 · query this cell
As published
€1,625.4 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-03

Calculation

Transformation
Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

Water supply

€2.8bnObserved2024

Definition

What it counts
General government total expenditure on this function (COFOG level 2), France.

Where it comes from

Source
Eurostat, dataset gov_10a_exp (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=MIO_EUR sector=S13 na_item=TE cofog99=GF0603 time=2024 · query this cell
As published
€2,847.8 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-03

Calculation

Transformation
Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

Outpatient services

€91.8bnObserved2024

Definition

What it counts
General government total expenditure on this function (COFOG level 2), France.

Where it comes from

Source
Eurostat, dataset gov_10a_exp (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=MIO_EUR sector=S13 na_item=TE cofog99=GF0702 time=2024 · query this cell
As published
€91,789.0 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-03

Calculation

Transformation
Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

R&D Recreation, culture and religion

€0mObserved2024

Definition

What it counts
General government total expenditure on this function (COFOG level 2), France.

Where it comes from

Source
Eurostat, dataset gov_10a_exp (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=MIO_EUR sector=S13 na_item=TE cofog99=GF0805 time=2024 · query this cell
As published
€0.0 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-03

Calculation

Transformation
Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

Post-secondary non-tertiary education

€1.2bnObserved2024

Definition

What it counts
General government total expenditure on this function (COFOG level 2), France.

Where it comes from

Source
Eurostat, dataset gov_10a_exp (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=MIO_EUR sector=S13 na_item=TE cofog99=GF0903 time=2024 · query this cell
As published
€1,156.4 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-03

Calculation

Transformation
Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

Family and children

€66.7bnObserved2024

Definition

What it counts
General government total expenditure on this function (COFOG level 2), France.

Where it comes from

Source
Eurostat, dataset gov_10a_exp (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=MIO_EUR sector=S13 na_item=TE cofog99=GF1004 time=2024 · query this cell
As published
€66,711.4 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-03

Calculation

Transformation
Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

Demi-part supplémentaire pour les contribuables invalides

€523mObserved2024

Definition

What it counts
Cost of the tax expenditure in 2024 (réalisé), as estimated by the Ministry of Finance.

Where it comes from

Source
Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
Where
Measure 110104
Published
October 2025
As published
€523.0 million
Read
2026-10-03

Why believe this?

Crédit d'impôt pour frais de garde des enfants âgés de moins de 6 ans

€1.7bnObserved2024

Definition

What it counts
Cost of the tax expenditure in 2024 (réalisé), as estimated by the Ministry of Finance. A payable tax credit: the national accounts record it as general government spending, so it is already inside the spending lines and is not added to public money a second time.

Where it comes from

Source
Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
Where
Measure 110203
Published
October 2025
As published
€1,737.0 million
Read
2026-10-03

Why believe this?

Réductions d'impôt sur le revenu en faveur de l'investissement locatif intermédiaire (dispositifs Duflot et Pinel)

€1.5bnObserved2024

Definition

What it counts
Cost of the tax expenditure in 2024 (réalisé), as estimated by the Ministry of Finance.

Where it comes from

Source
Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
Where
Measure 110261
Published
October 2025
As published
€1,469.0 million
Read
2026-10-03

Why believe this?

Exonération temporaire des suppléments de rémunération versés aux salariés et mandataires sociaux au titre de l'exercice d'une activité professionnelle en France (primes d'impatriation), de la fraction de leur rémunération correspondant à l'activité exercée à l'étranger et de la rémunération des salariés et dirigeants de la Chambre de commerce internationale

€388mObserved2024

Definition

What it counts
Cost of the tax expenditure in 2024 (réalisé), as estimated by the Ministry of Finance.

Where it comes from

Source
Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
Where
Measure 120131
Published
October 2025
As published
€388.0 million
Read
2026-10-03

Why believe this?

Exonération sous plafond des indemnités reçues par les salariés en cas de rupture conventionnelle du contrat de travail (ou dispositifs assimilés)

€284mObserved2024

Definition

What it counts
Cost of the tax expenditure in 2024 (réalisé), as estimated by the Ministry of Finance.

Where it comes from

Source
Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
Where
Measure 120138
Published
October 2025
As published
€284.0 million
Read
2026-10-03

Why believe this?

Abattement de 10 % sur le montant des pensions (y compris les pensions alimentaires) et des retraites

€4.8bnObserved2024

Definition

What it counts
Cost of the tax expenditure in 2024 (réalisé), as estimated by the Ministry of Finance.

Where it comes from

Source
Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
Where
Measure 120401
Published
October 2025
As published
€4,803.0 million
Read
2026-10-03

Why believe this?

Déduction des dépenses de réparations et d'amélioration

€2bnObserved2024

Definition

What it counts
Cost of the tax expenditure in 2024 (réalisé), as estimated by the Ministry of Finance.

Where it comes from

Source
Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
Where
Measure 130201
Published
October 2025
As published
€1,990.0 million
Read
2026-10-03

Why believe this?

Exonération des intérêts des livrets de développement durable

€384mObserved2024

Definition

What it counts
Cost of the tax expenditure in 2024 (réalisé), as estimated by the Ministry of Finance.

Where it comes from

Source
Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
Where
Measure 140104
Published
October 2025
As published
€384.0 million
Read
2026-10-03

Why believe this?

Exonération des organismes d'HLM et des offices publics d'aménagement et de construction (OPAC)

€400mObserved2024

Definition

What it counts
Cost of the tax expenditure in 2024 (réalisé), as estimated by the Ministry of Finance.

Where it comes from

Source
Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
Where
Measure 300102
Published
October 2025
As published
€400.0 million
Read
2026-10-03

Why believe this?

Exonération des sociétés de placement à prépondérance immobilière à capital variable (SPPICAV)

€600mObserved2024

Definition

What it counts
Cost of the tax expenditure in 2024 (réalisé), as estimated by the Ministry of Finance.

Where it comes from

Source
Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
Where
Measure 300210
Published
October 2025
As published
€600.0 million
Read
2026-10-03

Why believe this?

Tarif réduit (remboursement) pour les gazoles utilisés comme carburant par les véhicules routiers de transport de marchandises d'au moins 7,5 tonnes

€1.2bnObserved2024

Definition

What it counts
Cost of the tax expenditure in 2024 (réalisé), as estimated by the Ministry of Finance.

Where it comes from

Source
Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
Where
Measure 800221
Published
October 2025
As published
€1,178.0 million
Read
2026-10-03

Why believe this?

Exonération pour les véhicules dont la source d’énergie est exclusivement l'électricité, l'hydrogène ou une combinaison des deux

€1.1bnObserved2024

Definition

What it counts
Cost of the tax expenditure in 2024 (réalisé), as estimated by the Ministry of Finance.

Where it comes from

Source
Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
Where
Measure 940102
Published
October 2025
As published
€1,091.0 million
Read
2026-10-03

Why believe this?

Overseas exemptions (LODEOM)

€1.5bnObserved2024

Definition

What it counts
Cost of the social-contribution exemptions or reductions in 2024, all schemes.

Where it comes from

Source
Direction de la Sécurité sociale, PLFSS 2026, annexe 4, Mesures de réduction et d'exonération
Where
Tableaux 9, 13, 14 and 21
Published
October 2025
As published
€1,517.0 million
Read
2026-10-03

Why believe this?

DETR cap, jump in equipment spending, each commune against its own three previous years, over the first year

€50EstimatedCalculated by this site2020

Definition

What it counts
The jump at the threshold, from the ineligible side to the eligible one, in euros per inhabitant of the commune's Insee population summed over the window: local linear regressions with a triangular kernel on each side, 1,103 observations on the ineligible side and 3,650 on the eligible one within the bandwidth (allocation years 2018 to 2020, criteria of t - 1).
Caveat
95% interval 13.91 to 86.08, standard errors clustered by commune: distinguishable from zero at 95%. Smallest jump the design detects four times in five at 5%, computed before any estimate: 51.73.

Where it comes from

Source
This site, The State's grants at their thresholds (analysis/grants.ml)
Where
estimand=reduced_form, threshold=detr_cap, outcome=equipment_vs_pre, window=1
Published
2026
As published
€50
Read
2026-10-16

Why believe this?

Support to companies, Senate broad estimate

€211bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
State subsidies, Bpifrance loans, guarantees and equity at face value, every tax expenditure benefiting firms (VAT and reclassified ones included), and social-contribution reductions. Regional, local and EU aid are excluded.
Caveat
The commission calls it an order of magnitude and a floor. The Bpifrance part is the face value of loans and guarantees, not their cost to the State. It covers all firms: the commission states that no figure exists for large firms alone.

Where it comes from

Source
Sénat, commission d'enquête sur l'utilisation des aides publiques aux grandes entreprises, Rapport n° 808 (2024-2025), tome I
Where
Part I.C.4, pp. 183-188; chart p. 186
Published
8 July 2025
It says
Cette estimation des aides publiques aux entreprises au sens large aboutit à un montant annuel de 211 milliards d'euros en 2023, ce qui constitue un ordre de grandeur cohérent avec les estimations produites par France Stratégie et par le Clersé.
As published
€211.0 billion
Read
2026-10-02

Why believe this?

Public debt held by the rest of the world, end 2025

€1,880bnObserved2025

Definition

What it counts
Gross consolidated debt of general government at the end of the year, at face value, by the sector that holds it.

Where it comes from

Source
Eurostat, dataset gov_10dd_ggd (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=MIO_EUR sector=S13 na_item=GD maturity=TOTAL sector2=S2 time=2025 · query this cell
As published
€1,880,162.1 million
Dataset version
updated 2026-06-05, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

Top 0.001% by wealth: mean net wealth

€1,525,804,411EstimatedCalculated by this site2024

Definition

What it counts
The group's wealth divided by its adults.

Calculation

Computed as
share of the total × WID's total ÷ adults
From
Result
€1,525,804,411

Why believe this?

80 and over, Subsidies on products

€2.7bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.
Caveat
A synthetic allocation by the National Transfer Accounts method; it is not a measurement. The item's national total for the year is split between ages in proportion to an age profile times the population of each age, so the ages add up to the total exactly. Profiles come from other years and other perimeters, only their shape is used, and several rest on conventions; the view's ranges vary them one at a time.

Calculation

Computed as
Subsidies on products × 80 and over, share of Subsidies on products by age profile ÷ 100
From
Result
€2.7 billion

Why believe this?

General public services

€174.8bnObserved2023

Definition

What it counts
Executive and legislative bodies, financial and fiscal affairs, external affairs and debt interest.

Where it comes from

Source
Eurostat, dataset gov_10a_exp (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=MIO_EUR sector=S13 na_item=TE cofog99=GF01 time=2023 · query this cell
As published
€174,763.5 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

Capital transfers to the rest of the world

€373mObserved2023

Definition

What it counts
A transfer between French general government and the rest of the world, as Eurostat records it in the government accounts.

Where it comes from

Source
Eurostat, dataset gov_10a_main (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=MIO_EUR sector=S13 na_item=D9PAY_S2 time=2023 · query this cell
As published
€373.0 million
Dataset version
updated 2026-07-21, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

Subsidies on production

€38.1bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 21 “Subventions sur la production (aides à l'apprentissage, aides sectorielles, etc.)”, column B (Ensemble)
Published
16 April 2026
As published
€38.1 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Consumption per consumption unit, 2017

€22,220Estimated2017

Definition

What it counts
Mean household consumption per consumption unit, euros, recalibrated on the national accounts.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Insee Première n° 1749, “En 2017, les ménages consomment autant qu'en 2011 mais leur structure de consommation évolue”
Where
Figure 1
Published
17 April 2019
It says
Âge de la personne de référence, consommation par UC 2017: Moins de 35 ans 2; De 35 à 64 ans 3; 65 ans ou plus – 7 (écart à la moyenne en %); moyenne 22 220 euros
As published
€22,220
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2023, 80 years

402,370Observed2023

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Where it comes from

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y80 time=2023 · query this cell
As published
402,370 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2024, 83 years

337,301Observed2024

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Where it comes from

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y83 time=2024 · query this cell
As published
337,301 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2023, 87 years

267,310Observed2023

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Where it comes from

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y87 time=2023 · query this cell
As published
267,310 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2023, 91 years

168,227Observed2023

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Where it comes from

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y91 time=2023 · query this cell
As published
168,227 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2024, 92 years

148,566Observed2024

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Where it comes from

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y92 time=2024 · query this cell
As published
148,566 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2023, 1 year

697,960Observed2023

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Where it comes from

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y1 time=2023 · query this cell
As published
697,960 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2024, 4 years

731,234Observed2024

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Where it comes from

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y4 time=2024 · query this cell
As published
731,234 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2023, 8 years

817,168Observed2023

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Where it comes from

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y8 time=2023 · query this cell
As published
817,168 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2023, 12 years

869,831Observed2023

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Where it comes from

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y12 time=2023 · query this cell
As published
869,831 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2024, 15 years

872,680Observed2024

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Where it comes from

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y15 time=2024 · query this cell
As published
872,680 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2023, 19 years

802,837Observed2023

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Where it comes from

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y19 time=2023 · query this cell
As published
802,837 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2024, 21 years

788,021Observed2024

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Where it comes from

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y21 time=2024 · query this cell
As published
788,021 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2023, 22 years

813,762Observed2023

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Where it comes from

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y22 time=2023 · query this cell
As published
813,762 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2023, 25 years

757,967Observed2023

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Where it comes from

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y25 time=2023 · query this cell
As published
757,967 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2023, 31 years

807,966Observed2023

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Where it comes from

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y31 time=2023 · query this cell
As published
807,966 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2024, 33 years

847,135Observed2024

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Where it comes from

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y33 time=2024 · query this cell
As published
847,135 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2024, 34 years

847,774Observed2024

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Where it comes from

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y34 time=2024 · query this cell
As published
847,774 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2023, 40 years

880,645Observed2023

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Where it comes from

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y40 time=2023 · query this cell
As published
880,645 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2024, 47 years

808,524Observed2024

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Where it comes from

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y47 time=2024 · query this cell
As published
808,524 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2024, 51 years

930,389Observed2024

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Where it comes from

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y51 time=2024 · query this cell
As published
930,389 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2023, 54 years

878,238Observed2023

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Where it comes from

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y54 time=2023 · query this cell
As published
878,238 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2024, 58 years

894,639Observed2024

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Where it comes from

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y58 time=2024 · query this cell
As published
894,639 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2023, 61 years

851,312Observed2023

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Where it comes from

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y61 time=2023 · query this cell
As published
851,312 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2023, 66 years

792,884Observed2023

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Where it comes from

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y66 time=2023 · query this cell
As published
792,884 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2024, 67 years

787,480Observed2024

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Where it comes from

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y67 time=2024 · query this cell
As published
787,480 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2023, 74 years

724,966Observed2023

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Where it comes from

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y74 time=2023 · query this cell
As published
724,966 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2024, 75 years

712,777Observed2024

Definition

What it counts
Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Where it comes from

Source
Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y75 time=2024 · query this cell
As published
712,777 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Employees aged 14 to 29 paid 500 to 1,000 euros, 2023, file weights

62,700Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
Where
data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 14 to 29, band 02, weight summed over sectors
Published
24 March 2026
As published
62,700
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Employees aged 14 to 29 paid 2,000 to 3,000 euros, 2023, file weights

470,028Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
Where
data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 14 to 29, band 05, weight summed over sectors
Published
24 March 2026
As published
470,028
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Employees aged 14 to 29 paid 16,000 to 18,000 euros, 2023, file weights

504,672Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
Where
data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 14 to 29, band 13, weight summed over sectors
Published
24 March 2026
As published
504,672
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Employees aged 14 to 29 paid 26,000 to 28,000 euros, 2023, file weights

264,252Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
Where
data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 14 to 29, band 18, weight summed over sectors
Published
24 March 2026
As published
264,252
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Employees aged 30 to 39 paid 1,000 to 1,500 euros, 2023, file weights

34,644Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
Where
data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 30 to 39, band 03, weight summed over sectors
Published
24 March 2026
As published
34,644
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Employees aged 30 to 39 paid 1,500 to 2,000 euros, 2023, file weights

57,288Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
Where
data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 30 to 39, band 04, weight summed over sectors
Published
24 March 2026
As published
57,288
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Employees aged 30 to 39 paid 12,000 to 14,000 euros, 2023, file weights

237,516Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
Where
data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 30 to 39, band 11, weight summed over sectors
Published
24 March 2026
As published
237,516
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Employees aged 30 to 39 paid 26,000 to 28,000 euros, 2023, file weights

417,012Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
Where
data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 30 to 39, band 18, weight summed over sectors
Published
24 March 2026
As published
417,012
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Employees aged 40 to 49 paid 3,000 to 4,000 euros, 2023, file weights

82,704Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
Where
data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 40 to 49, band 06, weight summed over sectors
Published
24 March 2026
As published
82,704
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Employees aged 40 to 49 paid 16,000 to 18,000 euros, 2023, file weights

284,844Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
Where
data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 40 to 49, band 13, weight summed over sectors
Published
24 March 2026
As published
284,844
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Employees aged 50 to 59 paid 1,500 to 2,000 euros, 2023, file weights

36,492Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
Where
data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 50 to 59, band 04, weight summed over sectors
Published
24 March 2026
As published
36,492
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Employees aged 50 to 59 paid 10,000 to 12,000 euros, 2023, file weights

191,448Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
Where
data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 50 to 59, band 10, weight summed over sectors
Published
24 March 2026
As published
191,448
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Employees aged 50 to 59 paid 30,000 to 35,000 euros, 2023, file weights

662,040Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
Where
data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 50 to 59, band 20, weight summed over sectors
Published
24 March 2026
As published
662,040
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Employees aged 60 to 100 paid 4,000 to 6,000 euros, 2023, file weights

131,328Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
Where
data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 60 to 100, band 07, weight summed over sectors
Published
24 March 2026
As published
131,328
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Employees aged 60 to 100 paid 8,000 to 10,000 euros, 2023, file weights

103,176Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
Where
data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 60 to 100, band 09, weight summed over sectors
Published
24 March 2026
As published
103,176
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Employees aged 60 to 100 paid 20,000 to 22,000 euros, 2023, file weights

105,468Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
Where
data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 60 to 100, band 15, weight summed over sectors
Published
24 March 2026
As published
105,468
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Mean disposable income of households, ages 18 to 29, 2023

€32,900Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Mean annual disposable income of households by age of the reference person, constant 2023 euros (ERFS, TRD04).

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus et niveau de vie, séries longues (ERFS 2023): TRD04
Where
Sheet “ERFS_TRD04”, row 5 “Moins de 30 ans”, column AF
Published
17 February 2026
As published
€32,900
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Self-employment income, share of disposable income, ages 30 to 39, 2023

7%Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Share of the mean disposable income of households of this age of reference person, percent (ERFS 2023, T03).

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenu, niveau de vie et pauvreté en 2023
Where
Sheet “ERFS_T03”, row 7 “Revenus d'indépendants (2)”, column C
Published
17 February 2026
As published
7.0%
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Mean disposable income of households, ages 30 to 39, 2023

€46,230Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Mean annual disposable income of households by age of the reference person, constant 2023 euros (ERFS, TRD04).

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus et niveau de vie, séries longues (ERFS 2023): TRD04
Where
Sheet “ERFS_TRD04”, row 6 “De 30 à 39 ans”, column AF
Published
17 February 2026
As published
€46,230
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Mean disposable income of households, ages 40 to 49, 2023

€52,530Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Mean annual disposable income of households by age of the reference person, constant 2023 euros (ERFS, TRD04).

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus et niveau de vie, séries longues (ERFS 2023): TRD04
Where
Sheet “ERFS_TRD04”, row 7 “De 40 à 49 ans”, column AF
Published
17 February 2026
As published
€52,530
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Self-employment income per household, ages 75 to 100, 2023

€827EstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
Mean amount per household of this age of reference person: the share of disposable income times the mean disposable income. Each single age weighs it by its households, Insee's share of households of its band (HVP 2024) spread by population.

Calculation

Computed as
Self-employment income, share of disposable income, ages 75 to 100, 2023 × Mean disposable income of households, ages 75 to 100, 2023 ÷ 100
From
Result
€827

Why believe this?

Unemployment benefits

€46.1bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 32 “Allocations chômage”, column B (Ensemble)
Published
16 April 2026
As published
€46.1 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Average survivor's pension, residents, end 2022

€739Estimated2022

Definition

What it counts
Gross monthly survivor's pension, euros.

Where it comes from

Source
DREES, Les effectifs de retraités, montants des pensions et âges de départ à la retraite, fin 2022
Where
Sheet “2.4-a”, row 23 “2022”, column F
Published
30 October 2024
As published
€739
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Unemployment benefits

€42.9bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.
Caveat
Estimated for this page: both years are put on the general-government perimeter (Eurostat S13). Each Insee item is scaled to Eurostat's total of its category for the year, split between the items of the category and between groups as Insee's 2023 accounts split it. Insee's own 2023 levels are wider in places (firms' collective pension and health schemes) and COFOG counts spending gross of the fees that finance part of it; the evidence panels show both.

Calculation

Computed as
Social protection × Unemployment benefits ÷ Insee items in COFOG 10, social protection
From
Result
€42.9 billion

Why believe this?

Everyone, Famille, Insee

€33.6bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
A row of Insee's distributional accounts, read as published.
Caveat
Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 34 “Famille”, column B (Ensemble)
Published
16 April 2026
As published
€33.6 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Everyone, Invalidité, Insee

€22.9bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
A row of Insee's distributional accounts, read as published.
Caveat
Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 36 “Invalidité”, column B (Ensemble)
Published
16 April 2026
As published
€22.9 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Spending per pupil or student, primary

€8,352Observed2023

Definition

What it counts
Expenditure on public and private educational institutions per full-time-equivalent pupil or student, in euros.

Where it comes from

Source
Eurostat, dataset educ_uoe_fini04 (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=EUR sector=TOT_SEC isced11=ED1 time=2023 · query this cell
As published
€8,352
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-15, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Spending per pupil or student, tertiary

€15,856Observed2023

Definition

What it counts
Expenditure on public and private educational institutions per full-time-equivalent pupil or student, in euros.

Where it comes from

Source
Eurostat, dataset educ_uoe_fini04 (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=EUR sector=TOT_SEC isced11=ED5-8 time=2023 · query this cell
As published
€15,856
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-15, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Departments' help to the elderly in care homes, 2023, € thousands

3.9 millionEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Gross departmental social spending, thousands of euros.

Where it comes from

Source
DREES, Les dépenses d'aide sociale départementale, séries longues 1999-2024
Where
Sheet “Données nationales”, row 63 “Aide à l’accueil, dont :”, column AB
Published
17 April 2026
As published
3,916,553
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

CNAF, housing benefits (ALF, ALS, APL) paid in 2023

€14,995,071,158Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Amounts paid by the family allowance funds in the year, summed over the months, euros: housing benefits (ALF, ALS, APL).

Where it comes from

Source
CNAF, Toutes prestations - Répartition des allocataires selon la prestation et l'âge [National]
Where
All ages, all months of the year
Published
9 October 2026
As published
€14,995,071,158
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Culture and leisure

€41.4bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.
Caveat
Estimated for this page: both years are put on the general-government perimeter (Eurostat S13). Each Insee item is scaled to Eurostat's total of its category for the year, split between the items of the category and between groups as Insee's 2023 accounts split it. Insee's own 2023 levels are wider in places (firms' collective pension and health schemes) and COFOG counts spending gross of the fees that finance part of it; the evidence panels show both.

Calculation

Computed as
Recreation, culture and religion × Culture and leisure ÷ Culture and leisure
From
Result
€41.4 billion

Why believe this?

Taxes on production and imports

€446.9bnObserved2023

Definition

What it counts
VAT, excise duties on energy, tobacco and alcohol, and taxes on payroll and on business property, as received by general government.

Where it comes from

Source
Eurostat, dataset gov_10a_main (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=MIO_EUR sector=S13 na_item=D2REC time=2023 · query this cell
As published
€446,907.0 million
Dataset version
updated 2026-07-21, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

Insee items in ESA D2, taxes on production and imports

€446.6bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
The sum of Insee's 2023 items mapped to this category.

Calculation

Computed as
Taxes on products + Taxes on production
From
Result
€446.6 billion

Why believe this?

Taxes on income and wealth

€357.2bnObserved2023

Definition

What it counts
Personal income tax, CSG and CRDS, corporate income tax, and the property wealth tax (IFI).

Where it comes from

Source
Eurostat, dataset gov_10a_main (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=MIO_EUR sector=S13 na_item=D5REC time=2023 · query this cell
As published
€357,244.0 million
Dataset version
updated 2026-07-21, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

Corporate tax

€78bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 22 “Impôt sur les sociétés”, column B (Ensemble)
Published
16 April 2026
As published
€78.0 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Income tax

€101.6bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 24 “Impôt sur le revenu (IR)”, column B (Ensemble)
Published
16 April 2026
As published
€101.6 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Financial wealth share, ages 30 to 39, start of 2024, %

16%Estimated2024

Definition

What it counts
Share of this kind of wealth in households' mean gross wealth, by age of the reference person.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Patrimoine et endettement des ménages en 2024
Where
Sheet “AGE”, row 6 “De 30 à 39 ans”, column D
Published
26 February 2026
As published
16.0%
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Professional wealth share, ages 50 to 59, start of 2024, %

13.5%Estimated2024

Definition

What it counts
Share of this kind of wealth in households' mean gross wealth, by age of the reference person.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Patrimoine et endettement des ménages en 2024
Where
Sheet “AGE”, row 8 “De 50 à 59 ans”, column E
Published
26 February 2026
As published
13.5%
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Gross wealth, weight of ages 18 to 29

9,604.8EstimatedCalculated by this site2024

Definition

What it counts
The band's wealth relative to the others: mean wealth times the parts kept times the share of households; spread over the band's ages by population.

Calculation

Computed as
Mean gross wealth, ages 18 to 29, start of 2024 × Households, ages 18 to 29, start of 2024, % ÷ 100
From
Result
9,605

Why believe this?

Capital income's share of the CSG, 2023

11.3%EstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
The CSG's yield on capital income over its yield on earnings, replacement income and capital income (CCSS); the CSG on gaming is left out.

Calculation

Computed as
CSG on capital income, 2023 ÷ (CSG on earnings, 2023 + CSG on replacement income, 2023 + CSG on capital income, 2023) × 100
From
Result
11.3%

Why believe this?

80 and over, share of Income tax by age profile

4.9%EstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
The group's part of the item: the age profile times the population at each of its ages, over the same for all ages.
Caveat
No source publishes income tax by age of the declarant: DGFiP's statistics are by decile, rate band, commune or kind of income, and DGFiP Analyses n° 10 counts tax households by age without amounts; ERFS T03 gives direct taxes (income tax, CSG, CRDS and residence tax together) by age of the household's reference person. Each profile is therefore an allocation scenario, and the view shows the range of three: the CSG yields by age times T03's direct taxes over earnings, pensions and property income by age (central); T03's direct taxes times TRD04's mean disposable income, per household of each age; and the CSG yields alone, income tax in proportion to them. All three rest on direct taxes or the CSG; no independent source of income tax by age was found, so the range is narrower than the uncertainty.

Calculation

Computed as
Σ over ages 80 to 100 of profile × population ÷ Σ over all ages × 100, allocation year 2023: the rows year = 2023, profile = income_tax of data/income/nta_allocation.csv summed over these ages. Profile: CSG yields by age × Insee's ratio of direct taxes to income by age (allocation scenario). Sources: Insee, Revenu, niveau de vie et pauvreté en 2023 (2023); Commission des comptes de la Sécurité sociale, Les comptes de la Sécurité sociale, juin 2025 (2023 and 2024); DREES, Les effectifs de retraités, montants des pensions et âges de départ à la retraite, fin 2022 (2022); Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail (2023); Insee, Patrimoine et endettement des ménages en 2024 (start of 2024); Insee, Revenu, niveau de vie et pauvreté en 2023 (2023); Insee, Revenus et niveau de vie, séries longues (ERFS 2023): TRD04 (2023).
From
Result
4.9%

Why believe this?

Activity, share of disposable income, ages 50 to 64, 2023

91.5%Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Share of the mean disposable income of households of this age of reference person, percent (ERFS 2023, T03); direct taxes are income tax, CSG, CRDS and residence tax.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenu, niveau de vie et pauvreté en 2023
Where
Sheet “ERFS_T03”, row 5 “Revenus d'activité”, column E
Published
17 February 2026
As published
91.5%
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Property income, share of disposable income, ages 65 to 74, 2023

18.2%Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Share of the mean disposable income of households of this age of reference person, percent (ERFS 2023, T03); direct taxes are income tax, CSG, CRDS and residence tax.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenu, niveau de vie et pauvreté en 2023
Where
Sheet “ERFS_T03”, row 9 “Revenus du patrimoine”, column F
Published
17 February 2026
As published
18.2%
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

80 and over, Pension contributions

€692mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
Caveat
A synthetic allocation by the National Transfer Accounts method; it is not a measurement. The item's national total for the year is split between ages in proportion to an age profile times the population of each age, so the ages add up to the total exactly. Profiles come from other years and other perimeters, only their shape is used, and several rest on conventions; the view's ranges vary them one at a time.

Calculation

Computed as
Pension contributions × 80 and over, share of Pension contributions by age profile ÷ 100
From
Result
€0.7 billion

Why believe this?

Insee items in ESA D61, social contributions

€542.9bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
The sum of Insee's 2023 items mapped to this category.

Calculation

Computed as
Pension contributions + Other contributions
From
Result
€542.9 billion

Why believe this?

80 and over, share of Cotisations sociales chômage1 by age profile

0.2%EstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
The group's part of the item: the age profile times the population at each of its ages, over the same for all ages.
Caveat
Employees' pay is their total annual net pay, from Insee's base Tous salariés of 2023 (private and public employers, salariés file, a sample of 1/12): it counts part-year and part-time work once. The file over-represents employees born in an even year, so single ages alternate; ages are taken in pairs, one born in an even year and one in an odd one, and the pay per person is smoothed within each pair, keeping its mean. The file's weights give counts of the file, not volumes: only the shape across ages is used. Pay is in bands; the central case values each closed band at its midpoint and the open band, 50,000 euros and over, at the mean of one Pareto tail fitted on the two top bands of all ages. Variants value the open band by age group and the closed bands at their bounds. Other alternatives price the Enquête emploi's employees by age (PEMP01 scaled to CSS08's employees by broad band) by Insee's revenu salarial, by the full-time-equivalent salary, or by their geometric mean, an arbitrary midpoint. Self-employment income is a separate part, 7.4% of salaries as in ERFS 2023, by age of the household's reference person (T03 × TRD04 × households), so the self-employed of 65 and over are counted there.

Calculation

Computed as
Σ over ages 80 to 100 of profile × population ÷ Σ over all ages × 100, allocation year 2023: the rows year = 2023, profile = earnings of data/income/nta_allocation.csv summed over these ages. Profile: Earnings by age: employees × their total annual net pay (base Tous salariés), and self-employment income by age of the household's reference person. Sources: Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail (2023); Insee, Patrimoine et endettement des ménages en 2024 (start of 2024); Insee, Revenu, niveau de vie et pauvreté en 2023 (2023); Insee, Revenus et niveau de vie, séries longues (ERFS 2023): TRD04 (2023).
From
Result
0.2%

Why believe this?

40–49, share of Subsidies on products by age profile

14%EstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
The group's part of the item: the age profile times the population at each of its ages, over the same for all ages.
Caveat
The one profile from 2017 (Budget de famille). Each person consumes by the NTA equivalence scale (0.4 for a child under 5, rising to 1 at 20) times the consumption per consumption unit of households of their age band; children at the level of the 35 to 64. The NTA regression of household consumption on its members' ages needs households' composition by age, which Insee does not publish: Budget de famille's table cad01 counts households by age of the reference person and, separately, by type of household, never the two crossed, and holds no consumption.

Calculation

Computed as
Σ over ages 40 to 49 of profile × population ÷ Σ over all ages × 100, allocation year 2023: the rows year = 2023, profile = consumption of data/income/nta_allocation.csv summed over these ages. Profile: Consumption per adult equivalent (NTA scale) at the level per consumption unit of the age. Sources: Insee, Insee Première n° 1749, “En 2017, les ménages consomment autant qu'en 2011 mais leur structure de consommation évolue” (2017); United Nations, National Transfer Accounts Manual (convention).
From
Result
14.0%

Why believe this?

40–49, people, 2023

8.6 millionObservedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
Residents of these ages, the mean of 1 January of the year and of the next (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Calculation

Computed as
Σ over ages 40 to 49 of (population on 1 January 2023 + on 1 January 2024) ÷ 2
From
  • Population on 1 January 2023, 40 years 880,645
  • Population on 1 January 2024, 40 years 842,081
  • Population on 1 January 2023, 41 years 885,362
  • Population on 1 January 2024, 41 years 887,853
  • Population on 1 January 2023, 42 years 898,493
  • Population on 1 January 2024, 42 years 887,177
  • Population on 1 January 2023, 43 years 845,237
  • Population on 1 January 2024, 43 years 905,206
  • Population on 1 January 2023, 44 years 828,897
  • Population on 1 January 2024, 44 years 850,755
  • Population on 1 January 2023, 45 years 828,762
  • Population on 1 January 2024, 45 years 832,575
  • Population on 1 January 2023, 46 years 804,801
  • Population on 1 January 2024, 46 years 833,918
  • Population on 1 January 2023, 47 years 828,913
  • Population on 1 January 2024, 47 years 808,524
  • Population on 1 January 2023, 48 years 869,878
  • Population on 1 January 2024, 48 years 830,531
  • Population on 1 January 2023, 49 years 909,491
  • Population on 1 January 2024, 49 years 871,476
Result
8,565,288

Why believe this?

40–49, share of Pensions by age profile

0.1%EstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
The group's part of the item: the age profile times the population at each of its ages, over the same for all ages.
Caveat
Pension per person at each age at the end of 2022 (direct pensions by single age, survivors' pensions by DREES's age pyramid of survivors, under 50 and over 90 spread by population), applied to the population of the year.

Calculation

Computed as
Σ over ages 40 to 49 of profile × population ÷ Σ over all ages × 100, allocation year 2023: the rows year = 2023, profile = pensions of data/income/nta_allocation.csv summed over these ages. Profile: Direct pensions by single age (retirees × average pension), and survivors' pensions by five-year band. Sources: DREES, Les effectifs de retraités, montants des pensions et âges de départ à la retraite, fin 2022 (2022).
From
Result
0.1%

Why believe this?

40–49, share of Aides au logement et chèque énergie by age profile

20.2%EstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
The group's part of the item: the age profile times the population at each of its ages, over the same for all ages.
Caveat
Housing benefits are counted at the age of the claimant, not shared among the household's members.

Calculation

Computed as
Σ over ages 40 to 49 of profile × population ÷ Σ over all ages × 100, allocation year 2023: the rows year = 2023, profile = housing of data/income/nta_allocation.csv summed over these ages. Profile: Housing benefits by age of the claimant. Sources: CNAF, Toutes prestations - Répartition des allocataires selon la prestation et l'âge [National] (2023 for 2023, 2024 for 2024).
From
Result
20.2%

Why believe this?

40–49, Corporate tax

€12.9bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
Caveat
A synthetic allocation by the National Transfer Accounts method; it is not a measurement. The item's national total for the year is split between ages in proportion to an age profile times the population of each age, so the ages add up to the total exactly. Profiles come from other years and other perimeters, only their shape is used, and several rest on conventions; the view's ranges vary them one at a time.

Calculation

Computed as
Corporate tax × 40–49, share of Corporate tax by age profile ÷ 100
From
Result
€12.9 billion

Why believe this?

40–49, Income tax

€21.3bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
Caveat
A synthetic allocation by the National Transfer Accounts method; it is not a measurement. The item's national total for the year is split between ages in proportion to an age profile times the population of each age, so the ages add up to the total exactly. Profiles come from other years and other perimeters, only their shape is used, and several rest on conventions; the view's ranges vary them one at a time.

Calculation

Computed as
Income tax × 40–49, share of Income tax by age profile ÷ 100
From
Result
€21.3 billion

Why believe this?

40–49, share of Cotisations sociales chômage1 by age profile

25.9%EstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
The group's part of the item: the age profile times the population at each of its ages, over the same for all ages.
Caveat
Employees' pay is their total annual net pay, from Insee's base Tous salariés of 2023 (private and public employers, salariés file, a sample of 1/12): it counts part-year and part-time work once. The file over-represents employees born in an even year, so single ages alternate; ages are taken in pairs, one born in an even year and one in an odd one, and the pay per person is smoothed within each pair, keeping its mean. The file's weights give counts of the file, not volumes: only the shape across ages is used. Pay is in bands; the central case values each closed band at its midpoint and the open band, 50,000 euros and over, at the mean of one Pareto tail fitted on the two top bands of all ages. Variants value the open band by age group and the closed bands at their bounds. Other alternatives price the Enquête emploi's employees by age (PEMP01 scaled to CSS08's employees by broad band) by Insee's revenu salarial, by the full-time-equivalent salary, or by their geometric mean, an arbitrary midpoint. Self-employment income is a separate part, 7.4% of salaries as in ERFS 2023, by age of the household's reference person (T03 × TRD04 × households), so the self-employed of 65 and over are counted there.

Calculation

Computed as
Σ over ages 40 to 49 of profile × population ÷ Σ over all ages × 100, allocation year 2023: the rows year = 2023, profile = earnings of data/income/nta_allocation.csv summed over these ages. Profile: Earnings by age: employees × their total annual net pay (base Tous salariés), and self-employment income by age of the household's reference person. Sources: Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail (2023); Insee, Patrimoine et endettement des ménages en 2024 (start of 2024); Insee, Revenu, niveau de vie et pauvreté en 2023 (2023); Insee, Revenus et niveau de vie, séries longues (ERFS 2023): TRD04 (2023).
From
Result
25.9%

Why believe this?

Bottom 30–40%, Taxes on products

€27bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 18 “Taxes sur les produits (TVA, TICPE, accises, DMTO, etc.)”, columns I and J (V7 + V8), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 18, V7: -13.2; row 18, V8: -13.8
As published
€27.0 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

All groups, Taxes on production

€127.9bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.

Calculation

Computed as
Bottom 10%, Taxes on production + Bottom 10–20%, Taxes on production + Bottom 20–30%, Taxes on production + Bottom 30–40%, Taxes on production + Bottom 40–50%, Taxes on production + Top 40–50%, Taxes on production + Top 30–40%, Taxes on production + Top 20–30%, Taxes on production + Top 10–20%, Taxes on production + Top 10%, Taxes on production
From
Result
€127.9 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 10%, Taxes on production

€2.2bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 20 “Taxes sur la production (taxes patronales, TF, etc.)”, columns C and D (V1 + V2), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 20, V1: -0.9; row 20, V2: -1.3
As published
€2.2 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 20–30%, Taxes on production

€16.5bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 20 “Taxes sur la production (taxes patronales, TF, etc.)”, columns Q and R (V15 + V16), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 20, V15: -7.9; row 20, V16: -8.6
As published
€16.5 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 10%, Corporate tax

€64.1bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 22 “Impôt sur les sociétés”, columns U and V (V19 + V20), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 22, V19: -6.7; row 22, V20: -57.4
As published
€64.1 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 10–20%, Corporate tax

€600mEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 22 “Impôt sur les sociétés”, columns E and F (V3 + V4), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 22, V3: -0.3; row 22, V4: -0.3
As published
€0.6 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 10–20%, Corporate tax

€4.6bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 22 “Impôt sur les sociétés”, columns S and T (V17 + V18), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 22, V17: -2; row 22, V18: -2.6
As published
€4.6 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 30–40%, CSG

€15.7bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 23 “Contribution sociale généralisée (CSG)”, columns O and P (V13 + V14), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 23, V13: -7.6; row 23, V14: -8.1
As published
€15.7 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 10–20%, Net financial income

€2.1bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Interest, dividends and other property income households receive, less the interest they pay.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 8 “Revenus financiers nets (intérêts, dividendes, etc.)”, columns E and F (V3 + V4), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 8, V3: 1; row 8, V4: 1.1
As published
€2.1 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 10%, Rents, actual and imputed

€36.3bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Rents landlords receive and the rent owner-occupiers are deemed to pay themselves, net of costs.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 9 “Loyers réels et imputés aux propriétaires”, columns U and V (V19 + V20), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 9, V19: 14.9; row 9, V20: 21.4
As published
€36.3 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 40–50%, Rents, actual and imputed

€13.9bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Rents landlords receive and the rent owner-occupiers are deemed to pay themselves, net of costs.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 9 “Loyers réels et imputés aux propriétaires”, columns K and L (V9 + V10), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 9, V9: 6.8; row 9, V10: 7.1
As published
€13.9 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

All groups, Income tax

€101.5bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.

Calculation

Computed as
Bottom 10%, Income tax + Bottom 10–20%, Income tax + Bottom 20–30%, Income tax + Bottom 30–40%, Income tax + Bottom 40–50%, Income tax + Top 40–50%, Income tax + Top 30–40%, Income tax + Top 20–30%, Income tax + Top 10–20%, Income tax + Top 10%, Income tax
From
Result
€101.5 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 10–20%, Income tax

€100mEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 24 “Impôt sur le revenu (IR)”, columns E and F (V3 + V4), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 24, V3: 0; row 24, V4: -0.1
As published
€0.1 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 10%, Other taxes on income and wealth

€400mEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 25 “Autres impôts sur les revenus et le patrimoine (TH, ISF/IFI, CRDS, etc.)”, columns C and D (V1 + V2), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 25, V1: -0.2; row 25, V2: -0.2
As published
€0.4 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 40–50%, Other taxes on income and wealth

€1.5bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 25 “Autres impôts sur les revenus et le patrimoine (TH, ISF/IFI, CRDS, etc.)”, columns M and N (V11 + V12), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 25, V11: -0.7; row 25, V12: -0.8
As published
€1.5 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 10%, Pension contributions

€79.3bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.

Calculation

Computed as
Pension contributions × Top 10%, Pension contributions ÷ All groups, Pension contributions
From
Result
€79.3 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 40–50%, Pension contributions

€24.9bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 26 “Cotisations sociales retraite1”, columns K and L (V9 + V10), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 26, V9: -12; row 26, V10: -12.9
As published
€24.9 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

All groups, Other contributions

€214bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.

Calculation

Computed as
Bottom 10%, Other contributions + Bottom 10–20%, Other contributions + Bottom 20–30%, Other contributions + Bottom 30–40%, Other contributions + Bottom 40–50%, Other contributions + Top 40–50%, Other contributions + Top 30–40%, Other contributions + Top 20–30%, Other contributions + Top 10–20%, Other contributions + Top 10%, Other contributions
From
Result
€214.0 billion

Why believe this?

All groups, Subsidies on products

€32bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.

Calculation

Computed as
Bottom 10%, Subsidies on products + Bottom 10–20%, Subsidies on products + Bottom 20–30%, Subsidies on products + Bottom 30–40%, Subsidies on products + Bottom 40–50%, Subsidies on products + Top 40–50%, Subsidies on products + Top 30–40%, Subsidies on products + Top 20–30%, Subsidies on products + Top 10–20%, Subsidies on products + Top 10%, Subsidies on products
From
Result
€32.0 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 10–20%, Subsidies on products

€2.8bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 19 “Subventions sur les produits (transports, etc.)”, columns E and F (V3 + V4), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 19, V3: 1.4; row 19, V4: 1.4
As published
€2.8 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 10–20%, Subsidies on production

€1.1bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 21 “Subventions sur la production (aides à l'apprentissage, aides sectorielles, etc.)”, columns E and F (V3 + V4), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 21, V3: 0.5; row 21, V4: 0.6
As published
€1.1 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 20–30%, Pensions

€34.2bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 31 “Pensions de retraite”, columns G and H (V5 + V6), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 31, V5: 15.3; row 31, V6: 18.9
As published
€34.2 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 20–30%, Pensions

€47.8bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 31 “Pensions de retraite”, columns Q and R (V15 + V16), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 31, V15: 23.1; row 31, V16: 24.7
As published
€47.8 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 10%, Unemployment benefits

€5.1bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.

Calculation

Computed as
Unemployment benefits × Top 10%, Unemployment benefits ÷ All groups, Unemployment benefits
From
Result
€5.1 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 10%, Unemployment benefits

€5.8bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 32 “Allocations chômage”, columns C and D (V1 + V2), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 32, V1: 2.5; row 32, V2: 3.3
As published
€5.8 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 20–30%, Unemployment benefits

€3.4bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 32 “Allocations chômage”, columns Q and R (V15 + V16), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 32, V15: 1.8; row 32, V16: 1.6
As published
€3.4 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

All groups, Other cash benefits

€147.6bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.

Calculation

Computed as
Bottom 10%, Other cash benefits + Bottom 10–20%, Other cash benefits + Bottom 20–30%, Other cash benefits + Bottom 30–40%, Other cash benefits + Bottom 40–50%, Other cash benefits + Top 40–50%, Other cash benefits + Top 30–40%, Other cash benefits + Top 20–30%, Other cash benefits + Top 10–20%, Other cash benefits + Top 10%, Other cash benefits
From
Result
€147.6 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 10–20%, Other cash benefits

€21.1bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 33 “Autres revenus de remplacement (IJ, ATMP)”; 34 “Famille”; 35 “Exclusion sociale”; 36 “Invalidité”; 37 “Remboursements des contrats collectifs de complémentaires santé”, columns E and F (V3 + V4), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 33, V3: 0.6; row 33, V4: 0.7; row 34, V3: 3.2; row 34, V4: 3; row 35, V3: 4.1; row 35, V4: 4.3; row 36, V3: 2.1; row 36, V4: 1.5; row 37, V3: 0.8; row 37, V4: 0.8
As published
€21.1 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 40–50%, Other cash benefits

€13bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 33 “Autres revenus de remplacement (IJ, ATMP)”; 34 “Famille”; 35 “Exclusion sociale”; 36 “Invalidité”; 37 “Remboursements des contrats collectifs de complémentaires santé”, columns K and L (V9 + V10), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 33, V9: 1.5; row 33, V10: 1.6; row 34, V9: 1.7; row 34, V10: 1.7; row 35, V9: 1.4; row 35, V10: 0.9; row 36, V9: 1.1; row 36, V10: 1.1; row 37, V9: 1; row 37, V10: 1
As published
€13.0 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 20–30%, Health care

€24bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 40 “Santé”, columns G and H (V5 + V6), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 40, V5: 11.8; row 40, V6: 12.2
As published
€24.0 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 10%, Education

€11.5bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.

Calculation

Computed as
Education × Top 10%, Education ÷ All groups, Education
From
Result
€11.5 billion

Why believe this?

Top 10%, Education

€10.4bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 41 “Enseignement2”, columns U and V (V19 + V20), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 41, V19: 5.1; row 41, V20: 5.3
As published
€10.4 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 10%, Education

€18.7bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 41 “Enseignement2”, columns C and D (V1 + V2), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 41, V1: 9.8; row 41, V2: 8.9
As published
€18.7 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 10–20%, Social care and housing aid

€22.4bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Care for dependent elderly and disabled people, childcare and other social action, housing benefits and the energy cheque, and the running costs of social security, received in kind.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 42 “Action sociale (dépendance, handicap, petite enfance, etc.)”; 44 “Aides au logement et chèque énergie”; 45 “Frais de fonctionnement de la Sécurité sociale”, columns E and F (V3 + V4), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 42, V3: 7; row 42, V4: 8.8; row 44, V3: 2.6; row 44, V4: 1.9; row 45, V3: 1; row 45, V4: 1.1
As published
€22.4 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 40–50%, Culture and leisure

€5.2bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 43 “Culture et loisirs”, columns M and N (V11 + V12), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 43, V11: 2.6; row 43, V12: 2.6
As published
€5.2 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 40–50%, Collective services

€23.4bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Defence, police, justice, general administration and other collective spending, spread over people, net of other transfers and of balances with the rest of the world, which are small and negative overall.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 46 “Autres transferts non monétaires”, columns K and L (V9 + V10), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 46, V9: 11.8; row 46, V10: 11.6
As published
€23.4 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 10%, people

6.8 millionEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
Individuals of all ages, as Insee counts them in its distributional accounts.

Calculation

Computed as
(V1, Individuals, millions, Insee + V2, Individuals, millions, Insee) × 1,000,000
From
Result
6,800,000

Why believe this?

V1, Individuals, millions, Insee

3.4Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Number of individuals, in millions.
Caveat
Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 59 “Nombre d'individus (en millions)”, column C (V1)
Published
16 April 2026
As published
3
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 10%, received a month per person

€1,730EstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
The group's amount over its people, a month per person.

Calculation

Computed as
Bottom 10%, transfers received × 10⁹ ÷ Bottom 10%, people ÷ 12
From
Result
€1,730

Why believe this?

Bottom 10%, Pensions

€9.9bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.

Calculation

Computed as
Pensions × Bottom 10%, Pensions ÷ All groups, Pensions
From
Result
€9.9 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 10%, Other cash benefits

€19.4bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.

Calculation

Computed as
Other cash benefits × Bottom 10%, Other cash benefits ÷ All groups, Other cash benefits
From
Result
€19.4 billion