Official figures and this site's calculations

Why believe this?

Figures of one view and year of the diagram, with their sources and how they were computed, each under its own anchor. Back to Home.

7 parts: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Why believe this?

Germany: Social protection, % of GDP

20.4%Observed2024

Definition

What it counts: Social protection of general government in Germany, 2024, as a share of GDP.

Where it comes from

Source: Eurostat, Eurostat gov_10a_exp (General government expenditure by function, COFOG), S13, na_item TE, MIO_EUR, updated 2026-09-16, 2024 flagged provisional
Where: GF10, DE, 2024
Published: 2026
It says: GF10: 883179 million EUR, 20.402% of GDP
As published: 20.4% of GDP
Read: 2026-10-03

Why believe this?

General contribution reductions

€77.6bnObserved2024

Definition

What it counts: Cost of the social-contribution exemptions or reductions in 2024, all schemes.

Where it comes from

Source: Direction de la Sécurité sociale, PLFSS 2026, annexe 4, Mesures de réduction et d'exonération
Where: Tableaux 9, 13, 14 and 21
Published: October 2025
As published: €77,599.0 million
Read: 2026-10-03

Why believe this?

82.3%ObservedCalculated by this site2024

Definition

What it counts: Share of 2024 public money: general government spending by COFOG category (Eurostat), plus the tax expenditures (Voies et moyens, tome II) and the exemptions from social contributions (PLFSS, annex 4) that pursue public aims through the tax system. Payable tax credits, which the national accounts record as spending, are counted once, inside spending. Tax expenditures are each costed with the others unchanged, so their sum is an order of magnitude, not an exact total. Here, the share in lines with this status. A spending line is a broad category, such as old-age pensions or primary education, and it counts in full as soon as one measure or rule inside it has a causal study: for studied lines this is an upper bound, not the share of public money that has been evaluated.
Caveat: Status is per line: a line counts as studied when at least one causal study is tied to it, even if the study covers one rule or one measure of the line, or an outcome other than its official goals. The spending line that holds each payable tax credit is not identified, so a credit's own studies count among the single measures, not here.

Calculation

Computed as

sum of the lines with this status / sum of all lines, payable tax credits left out as already inside spending, × 100

From

Executive and legislative organs, financial and fiscal affairs, external affairs €42.8bn
Foreign economic aid €4.9bn
General services €53.8bn
Basic research €19.9bn
R&D General public services €6.1m
General public services n.e.c. €867m
Public debt transactions €58.9bn
Transfers of a general character between different levels of government €0.1m
Military defence €47.7bn
Civil defence €229m
Foreign military aid €2bn
R&D Defence €1.7bn
Defence n.e.c. €2.6bn
Police services €28.9bn
Fire-protection services €7.9bn
Law courts €8.3bn
Prisons €5.1bn
R&D Public order and safety €0m
Public order and safety n.e.c. €1.9bn
General economic, commercial and labour affairs €45.3bn
Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting €6.2bn
Fuel and energy €15.5bn
Mining, manufacturing and construction €1.6bn
Transport €60.7bn
Communication €1.6bn
Other industries €11.2bn
R&D Economic affairs €21.4bn
Economic affairs n.e.c. €2.6bn
Waste management €15.9bn
Waste water management €5.2bn
Pollution abatement €4.3bn
Protection of biodiversity and landscape €1.7bn
R&D Environmental protection €1.8bn
Environmental protection n.e.c. €1.5bn
Housing development €8.4bn
Community development €27.2bn
Water supply €2.8bn
Street lighting €1.8bn
R&D Housing and community amenities €0m
Housing and community amenities n.e.c. €1.8bn
Medical products, appliances and equipment €43.7bn
Outpatient services €91.8bn
Hospital services €109.3bn
Public health services €8bn
R&D Health €6.7bn
Health n.e.c. €1.6bn
Recreational and sporting services €15.6bn
Cultural services €19bn
Broadcasting and publishing services €7.6bn
Religious and other community services €744m
R&D Recreation, culture and religion €0m
Recreation, culture and religion n.e.c. €232m
Pre-primary and primary education €42.2bn
Secondary education €63.8bn
Post-secondary non-tertiary education €1.2bn
Tertiary education €12.3bn
Education not definable by level €8.6bn
Subsidiary services to education €20bn
R&D Education €0m
Education n.e.c. €575m
Sickness and disability €83.9bn
Old age €392bn
Survivors €40.6bn
Family and children €66.7bn
Unemployment €48.5bn
Housing €21.1bn
Social exclusion n.e.c. €36.5bn
R&D Social protection €0m
Social protection n.e.c. €3.7bn
Abattement en faveur des personnes âgées ou invalides de condition modeste €390m
Demi-part supplémentaire pour les contribuables vivant seuls ayant eu à titre exclusif ou principal, en vivant seuls, la charge d'enfants pendant au moins cinq ans €674m
Demi-part supplémentaire pour les contribuables (et leurs conjoints survivants) de plus de 74 ans titulaires de la carte du combattant et pour les conjoints survivants de plus de 74 ans de personnes titulaires de la carte du combattant au moment de leur décès €493m
Demi-part supplémentaire pour les contribuables invalides €523m
Demi-part supplémentaire, ou quart de part supplémentaire en cas de résidence alternée des enfants à charge, accordée aux parents isolés €849m
Réduction d'impôt au titre des dons €2bn
Crédit d'impôt pour frais de garde des enfants âgés de moins de 6 ans €1.7bn
Réduction d'impôt au titre des frais de dépendance et d'hébergement pour les personnes dépendantes accueillies en établissement spécialisé €270m
Réduction d'impôt pour frais de scolarité dans l'enseignement secondaire €221m
Réduction d'impôt sur le revenu à raison des investissements productifs réalisés dans les départements et collectivités d'outre-mer €775m
Réduction d'impôt pour frais de scolarité dans l'enseignement supérieur €217m
Crédit d'impôt au titre de l'emploi d'un salarié à domicile €6.4bn
Réductions d'impôt sur le revenu en faveur de l'investissement locatif intermédiaire (dispositifs Duflot et Pinel) €1.5bn
Réduction, dans la limite d’un certain montant, pour les contribuables des départements d’outre-mer de la cotisation résultant du barème (30 % en Guadeloupe, Martinique et Réunion ; 40 % en Guyane et à Mayotte) €426m
Exonération des sommes versées au titre de la participation, de l'intéressement, de l'abondement, d'un partage de plus-value, des primes de partage de la valeur, d’un plan de partage de la valorisation de l’entreprise, aux plans d'épargne salariale et aux plans d'épargne retraite d'entreprise collectifs ou obligatoires €2.9bn
Exonération du salaire des apprentis et des gratifications versées aux stagiaires versées à compter du 12 juillet 2014 €424m
Exonération de la participation des employeurs au financement des titres-restaurant €519m
Exonération partielle de la prise en charge par l'employeur, une collectivité territoriale ou l’opérateur France Travail, des frais de transport entre le domicile et le lieu de travail €217m
Exonération totale pour les prestations et rentes viagères servies aux victimes d'accidents du travail et de maladies professionnelles et à hauteur de 50 % pour les indemnités temporaires €521m
Exonération totale ou partielle des sommes versées aux salariés détachés à l'étranger €369m
Exonération temporaire des suppléments de rémunération versés aux salariés et mandataires sociaux au titre de l'exercice d'une activité professionnelle en France (primes d'impatriation), de la fraction de leur rémunération correspondant à l'activité exercée à l'étranger et de la rémunération des salariés et dirigeants de la Chambre de commerce internationale €388m
Exonération d'impôt sur le revenu (sur option) des salaires perçus par les jeunes au titre d'une activité exercée pendant leurs études secondaires ou supérieures ou leurs congés scolaires ou universitaires €312m
Exonération sous plafond des indemnités reçues par les salariés en cas de rupture conventionnelle du contrat de travail (ou dispositifs assimilés) €284m
Exonération de l’impôt sur le revenu, sous certaines conditions et limites, des rémunérations versées à raison des heures supplémentaires et complémentaires réalisées à compter du 1er janvier 2019 €2.1bn
Exonération des prestations familiales et de l'allocation aux adultes handicapés €1.5bn
Exonération des indemnités journalières de sécurité sociale servies au titre des maladies "longues et coûteuses" €597m
Abattement de 10 % sur le montant des pensions (y compris les pensions alimentaires) et des retraites €4.8bn
Régime spécial d'imposition des assistants maternels et des assistants familiaux régis par les articles L. 421-1 et suivants et L. 423-1 et suivants du code de l'action sociale et des familles €427m
Imposition au taux forfaitaire des prestations de retraite versées sous forme de capital : 12,8 % pour la part correspondant aux produits provenant d'un plan d'épargne retraite ; 7,5 % pour les autres prestations de retraite servies sous forme de capital €328m
Déduction des dépenses de réparations et d'amélioration €2bn
Exonération des intérêts et primes versés dans le cadre de l'épargne logement €426m
Exonération des intérêts des livrets A €950m
Exonération des intérêts des livrets de développement durable €384m
Exonération des revenus provenant de l'épargne salariale (participation, plan d'épargne salariale et compartiment épargne salariale des plans d'épargne retraite) €652m
Exonération des dividendes capitalisés sur un plan d'épargne en actions €428m
Exonération ou imposition réduite des produits attachés aux bons ou contrats de capitalisation et d'assurance-vie €582m
Déduction de précaution €301m
Crédit d'impôt en faveur de la recherche €7.8bn
Crédit d'impôt en faveur de l'innovation €330m
Déduction exceptionnelle de 40% du prix de revient de certains biens limitativement énumérés, pratiquée sur la durée normale d'utilisation du bien €289m
Crédit d'impôt famille €209m
Réduction d'impôt au titre des dons faits par les entreprises à des œuvres ou organismes d'intérêt général €1.6bn
Crédits d'impôt "Prêt à taux zéro" et "Prêt à taux zéro renforcé PTZ+" €652m
Crédit d'impôt à raison des investissements productifs réalisés dans les départements d'outre-mer €295m
Taxation au taux de 10% des revenus issus de certains actifs de propriété industrielle €1.2bn
Exonération d’impôt sur les bénéfices pour les entreprises créées ou reprises dans les ZRR €411m
Exonération des organismes d'HLM et des offices publics d'aménagement et de construction (OPAC) €400m
Exonérations des produits retirés par les sociétés d'investissements immobiliers cotées, ainsi que par leurs filiales ou des filiales de sociétés de placement à prépondérance immobilière à capital variable ou des filiales conjointes de ces dernières sociétés, et provenant de la location d'immeubles, de la sous-location des immeubles pris en crédit bail ou dont la jouissance a été conférée à titre temporaire par l'Etat, une collectivité territoriale ou leurs établissements publics, de certains droits réels immobiliers et de certaines plus-values de cession €648m
Exonération des sociétés de placement à prépondérance immobilière à capital variable (SPPICAV) €600m
Détermination du résultat imposable des entreprises de transport maritime en fonction du tonnage de leurs navires €625m
Crédit d'impôt pour dépenses de production d'œuvres audiovisuelles €224m
Crédit d’impôt à raison des investissements effectués dans le secteur du logement social dans les départements d’outre-mer €258m
Crédit d'impôt pour dépenses de production exécutive d'œuvres cinématographiques et audiovisuelles étrangères €212m
Exonération partielle, sous certaines conditions, de droits de mutation à titre gratuit lors de la transmission d'entreprises exploitées sous la forme individuelle ou détenues sous forme sociale €5bn
Niveau des taux en Guadeloupe, en Martinique et à La Réunion (8,5 % pour le taux normal et 2,1 % pour le taux réduit) €1.2bn
Exonération des services rendus aux personnes physiques par les associations agréées en application de l'article L. 7232-1 du code du travail €245m
Taux de 10 % pour les prestations d’hébergement fournies dans le cadre du secteur hôtelier ou de secteurs ayant une fonction similaire et pour les locations de logements meublés à usage résidentiel assorties de prestations annexes €695m
Taux de 10 % dans le secteur du logement locatif social pour les opérations qui ne sont pas éligibles au taux réduit de 5,5 % €560m
Taux de 10 % pour les travaux d’amélioration, de transformation, d’aménagement et d’entretien, autres que les travaux de rénovation énergétiques soumis au taux de 5,5 % en application de l’article 278-0 bis A, portant sur les logements achevés depuis plus de deux ans €2.2bn
Taux de 5,5 % dans le secteur de l’accession sociale à la propriété et dans le secteur du logement locatif social pour les logements financés par un prêt locatif aidé d’intégration (PLAI), pour les logements financés par un prêt locatif à usage social (PLUS) lorsqu’ils relèvent de la politique de renouvellement urbain, ainsi que pour certains travaux portant sur ces logements ou participant au renouvellement urbain €505m
Taux de 10% pour la restauration commerciale (consommation sur place et vente à emporter en vue d'une consommation immédiate) €2bn
Taux de 10 % pour les ventes et livraisons à soi-même, à des investisseurs dotés de la personnalité morale, de logements locatifs intermédiaires situés dans des zones caractérisées par un déséquilibre important entre l’offre et la demande de logement ou en cours de revitalisation et de réindustrialisation, lorsqu’ils répondent à des critères de mixité avec des logements locatifs sociaux, ainsi que pour les livraisons de logements locatifs intermédiaires à l’association foncière logement, ou aux sociétés qu’elle contrôle, lorsqu’ils sont situés dans des quartiers ciblés de la politique de la ville ou à leur proximité €225m
Taux de 5,5% pour les travaux d'amélioration de la qualité énergétique des locaux à usage d'habitation achevés depuis plus de deux ans ainsi que sur les travaux induits qui leur sont indissociablement liés €935m
Taux de 10 % applicable aux droits d’admission aux expositions, sites et installations à caractère culturel, ludique, éducatif et professionnel ainsi qu’aux loteries foraines €225m
Taux de 5,5 % applicable aux droits d’entrée dans les théâtres, les cirques, les concerts, les spectacles de variété, les salles de cinéma, les parcs zoologiques et les compétitions de jeux vidéos €315m
Taux particuliers applicables à divers produits et services consommés ou utilisés en Corse €219m
Tarif réduit des gazoles non routiers autres que celui utilisé pour les usages agricoles €713m
Tarif particulier pour le superéthanol E85, carburant essence comprenant au moins 65 % d'éthanol €501m
Tarif réduit (remboursement) pour les gazoles utilisés comme carburant par les véhicules routiers de transport de marchandises d'au moins 7,5 tonnes €1.2bn
Tarif réduit (remboursement ou application dès la facturation) pour les gazoles, les fiouls lourds et les gaz de pétrole liquéfiés utilisés pour les travaux agricoles et forestiers €1.8bn
Réduction du champ de l'accise sur les produits énergétiques à usage carburants, dans les collectivités régies par l'article 73 de la Constitution, aux seuls essences et gazoles et faculté pour ces collectivités de minorer les tarifs €1.5bn
Tarif réduit pour l’électricité consommée par les entreprises électro-intensives pour les besoins des activités industrielles €428m
Tarif réduit pour les gaz naturels consommés comme combustible dans les installations grandes consommatrices d’énergie et soumises au régime des quotas d’émission de gaz à effet de serre du dispositif ETS pour les installations fixes (niveau d'intensité énergétique au moins égal à 3 % en valeur de production ou 0,5 % en valeur ajoutée) €673m
Exonération pour les véhicules dont la source d’énergie est exclusivement l'électricité, l'hydrogène ou une combinaison des deux €1.1bn
Exonération pour les véhicules de tourisme pour les véhicules hybrides électriques présentant une autonomie en mode tout électrique supérieure à 50 km €1.2bn
Réduction des émissions, ou de la puissance administrative, prises en compte dans le barème du malus à hauteur de 80 grammes par kilomètre, ou de 4 CV, pour les véhicules comportant au moins 8 places assises dont disposent les personnes morales €700m
Dépenses pour faciliter l'accessibilité pour personnes handicapées €248m
Pertes de récoltes ou de bétail €284m
Exonération de la cotisation minimum de CFE des redevables réalisant un très faible chiffre d'affaires €306m
Smaller tax expenditures, under EUR 200m each €9.4bn
Smaller payable tax credits, under EUR 200m each €1.3bn
Smaller payable tax credits with a causal study €158m
General contribution reductions €77.6bn
Overseas exemptions (LODEOM) €1.5bn
Other targeted exemptions €9.4bn
Exemptions from the contribution base €14.9bn

Result

82.3%

Why believe this?

Executive and legislative organs, financial and fiscal affairs, external affairs

€42.8bnObserved2024

Definition

What it counts: General government total expenditure on this function (COFOG level 2), France.

Where it comes from

Source: Eurostat, dataset gov_10a_exp (browse the table)
Exact cell: geo=FR unit=MIO_EUR sector=S13 na_item=TE cofog99=GF0101 time=2024 · query this cell
As published: €42,818.4 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version: updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-03

Calculation

Transformation: Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

Foreign military aid

€2bnObserved2024

Definition

What it counts: General government total expenditure on this function (COFOG level 2), France.

Where it comes from

Source: Eurostat, dataset gov_10a_exp (browse the table)
Exact cell: geo=FR unit=MIO_EUR sector=S13 na_item=TE cofog99=GF0203 time=2024 · query this cell
As published: €2,006.6 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version: updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-03

Calculation

Transformation: Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

R&D Defence

€1.7bnObserved2024

Definition

What it counts: General government total expenditure on this function (COFOG level 2), France.

Where it comes from

Source: Eurostat, dataset gov_10a_exp (browse the table)
Exact cell: geo=FR unit=MIO_EUR sector=S13 na_item=TE cofog99=GF0204 time=2024 · query this cell
As published: €1,682.0 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version: updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-03

Calculation

Transformation: Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

Other industries

€11.2bnObserved2024

Definition

What it counts: General government total expenditure on this function (COFOG level 2), France.

Where it comes from

Source: Eurostat, dataset gov_10a_exp (browse the table)
Exact cell: geo=FR unit=MIO_EUR sector=S13 na_item=TE cofog99=GF0407 time=2024 · query this cell
As published: €11,183.0 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version: updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-03

Calculation

Transformation: Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

Waste management

€15.9bnObserved2024

Definition

What it counts: General government total expenditure on this function (COFOG level 2), France.

Where it comes from

Source: Eurostat, dataset gov_10a_exp (browse the table)
Exact cell: geo=FR unit=MIO_EUR sector=S13 na_item=TE cofog99=GF0501 time=2024 · query this cell
As published: €15,862.4 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version: updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-03

Calculation

Transformation: Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

Community development

€27.2bnObserved2024

Definition

What it counts: General government total expenditure on this function (COFOG level 2), France.

Where it comes from

Source: Eurostat, dataset gov_10a_exp (browse the table)
Exact cell: geo=FR unit=MIO_EUR sector=S13 na_item=TE cofog99=GF0602 time=2024 · query this cell
As published: €27,229.9 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version: updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-03

Calculation

Transformation: Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

Hospital services

€109.3bnObserved2024

Definition

What it counts: General government total expenditure on this function (COFOG level 2), France.

Where it comes from

Source: Eurostat, dataset gov_10a_exp (browse the table)
Exact cell: geo=FR unit=MIO_EUR sector=S13 na_item=TE cofog99=GF0703 time=2024 · query this cell
As published: €109,338.1 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version: updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-03

Calculation

Transformation: Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

Religious and other community services

€744mObserved2024

Definition

What it counts: General government total expenditure on this function (COFOG level 2), France.

Where it comes from

Source: Eurostat, dataset gov_10a_exp (browse the table)
Exact cell: geo=FR unit=MIO_EUR sector=S13 na_item=TE cofog99=GF0804 time=2024 · query this cell
As published: €744.2 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version: updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-03

Calculation

Transformation: Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

Tertiary education

€12.3bnObserved2024

Definition

What it counts: General government total expenditure on this function (COFOG level 2), France.

Where it comes from

Source: Eurostat, dataset gov_10a_exp (browse the table)
Exact cell: geo=FR unit=MIO_EUR sector=S13 na_item=TE cofog99=GF0904 time=2024 · query this cell
As published: €12,307.9 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version: updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-03

Calculation

Transformation: Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

Unemployment

€48.5bnObserved2024

Definition

What it counts: General government total expenditure on this function (COFOG level 2), France.

Where it comes from

Source: Eurostat, dataset gov_10a_exp (browse the table)
Exact cell: geo=FR unit=MIO_EUR sector=S13 na_item=TE cofog99=GF1005 time=2024 · query this cell
As published: €48,520.9 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version: updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-03

Calculation

Transformation: Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

Réduction d'impôt au titre des frais de dépendance et d'hébergement pour les personnes dépendantes accueillies en établissement spécialisé

€270mObserved2024

Definition

What it counts: Cost of the tax expenditure in 2024 (réalisé), as estimated by the Ministry of Finance.

Where it comes from

Source: Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
Where: Measure 110213
Published: October 2025
As published: €270.0 million
Read: 2026-10-03

Why believe this?

Exonération partielle de la prise en charge par l'employeur, une collectivité territoriale ou l’opérateur France Travail, des frais de transport entre le domicile et le lieu de travail

€217mObserved2024

Definition

What it counts: Cost of the tax expenditure in 2024 (réalisé), as estimated by the Ministry of Finance.

Where it comes from

Source: Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
Where: Measure 120113
Published: October 2025
As published: €217.0 million
Read: 2026-10-03

Why believe this?

Exonération totale ou partielle des sommes versées aux salariés détachés à l'étranger

€369mObserved2024

Definition

What it counts: Cost of the tax expenditure in 2024 (réalisé), as estimated by the Ministry of Finance.

Where it comes from

Source: Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
Where: Measure 120124
Published: October 2025
As published: €369.0 million
Read: 2026-10-03

Why believe this?

Exonération des dividendes capitalisés sur un plan d'épargne en actions

€428mObserved2024

Definition

What it counts: Cost of the tax expenditure in 2024 (réalisé), as estimated by the Ministry of Finance.

Where it comes from

Source: Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
Where: Measure 140117
Published: October 2025
As published: €428.0 million
Read: 2026-10-03

Why believe this?

Exonération ou imposition réduite des produits attachés aux bons ou contrats de capitalisation et d'assurance-vie

€582mObserved2024

Definition

What it counts: Cost of the tax expenditure in 2024 (réalisé), as estimated by the Ministry of Finance.

Where it comes from

Source: Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
Where: Measure 140119
Published: October 2025
As published: €582.0 million
Read: 2026-10-03

Why believe this?

Crédit d'impôt en faveur de l'innovation

€330mObserved2024

Definition

What it counts: Cost of the tax expenditure in 2024 (réalisé), as estimated by the Ministry of Finance. A payable tax credit: the national accounts record it as general government spending, so it is already inside the spending lines and is not added to public money a second time.

Where it comes from

Source: Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
Where: Measure 200310
Published: October 2025
As published: €330.0 million
Read: 2026-10-03

Why believe this?

Déduction exceptionnelle de 40% du prix de revient de certains biens limitativement énumérés, pratiquée sur la durée normale d'utilisation du bien

€289mObserved2024

Definition

What it counts: Cost of the tax expenditure in 2024 (réalisé), as estimated by the Ministry of Finance.

Where it comes from

Source: Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
Where: Measure 200401
Published: October 2025
As published: €289.0 million
Read: 2026-10-03

Why believe this?

Crédit d'impôt pour dépenses de production exécutive d'œuvres cinématographiques et audiovisuelles étrangères

€212mObserved2024

Definition

What it counts: Cost of the tax expenditure in 2024 (réalisé), as estimated by the Ministry of Finance. A payable tax credit: the national accounts record it as general government spending, so it is already inside the spending lines and is not added to public money a second time.

Where it comes from

Source: Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
Where: Measure 320140
Published: October 2025
As published: €212.0 million
Read: 2026-10-03

Why believe this?

Tarif réduit des gazoles non routiers autres que celui utilisé pour les usages agricoles

€713mObserved2024

Definition

What it counts: Cost of the tax expenditure in 2024 (réalisé), as estimated by the Ministry of Finance.

Where it comes from

Source: Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
Where: Measure 800201
Published: October 2025
As published: €713.0 million
Read: 2026-10-03

Why believe this?

Tarif réduit (remboursement ou application dès la facturation) pour les gazoles, les fiouls lourds et les gaz de pétrole liquéfiés utilisés pour les travaux agricoles et forestiers

€1.8bnObserved2024

Definition

What it counts: Cost of the tax expenditure in 2024 (réalisé), as estimated by the Ministry of Finance.

Where it comes from

Source: Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
Where: Measure 800229
Published: October 2025
As published: €1,754.0 million
Read: 2026-10-03

Why believe this?

Tarif réduit pour les gaz naturels consommés comme combustible dans les installations grandes consommatrices d’énergie et soumises au régime des quotas d’émission de gaz à effet de serre du dispositif ETS pour les installations fixes (niveau d'intensité énergétique au moins égal à 3 % en valeur de production ou 0,5 % en valeur ajoutée)

€673mObserved2024

Definition

What it counts: Cost of the tax expenditure in 2024 (réalisé), as estimated by the Ministry of Finance.

Where it comes from

Source: Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
Where: Measure 830201
Published: October 2025
As published: €673.0 million
Read: 2026-10-03

Why believe this?

Exonération pour les véhicules de tourisme pour les véhicules hybrides électriques présentant une autonomie en mode tout électrique supérieure à 50 km

€1.2bnObserved2024

Definition

What it counts: Cost of the tax expenditure in 2024 (réalisé), as estimated by the Ministry of Finance.

Where it comes from

Source: Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
Where: Measure 940103
Published: October 2025
As published: €1,199.0 million
Read: 2026-10-03

Why believe this?

Other targeted exemptions

€9.4bnObserved2024

Definition

What it counts: Cost of the social-contribution exemptions or reductions in 2024, all schemes.

Where it comes from

Source: Direction de la Sécurité sociale, PLFSS 2026, annexe 4, Mesures de réduction et d'exonération
Where: Tableaux 9, 13, 14 and 21
Published: October 2025
As published: €9,372.0 million
Read: 2026-10-03

Why believe this?

Exemptions from the contribution base

€14.9bnObserved2024

Definition

What it counts: Cost of the social-contribution exemptions or reductions in 2024, all schemes.

Where it comes from

Source: Direction de la Sécurité sociale, PLFSS 2026, annexe 4, Mesures de réduction et d'exonération
Where: Tableaux 9, 13, 14 and 21
Published: October 2025
As published: €14,900.0 million
Read: 2026-10-03

Why believe this?

Evaluations carried out, of 35 planned for 2020-2023

4Observed2023

Definition

What it counts: Evaluations of tax expenditures actually carried out under the programmes the government set itself for 2020 to 2023.

Where it comes from

Source: Cour des comptes, Analyse de l'exécution budgétaire 2025, Dépenses fiscales
Where: Annex, p. 67
Published: April 2026
It says: aucune évaluation sur les onze prévues dans le programme de travail pour 2022 n'a été réalisée et seules quatre ont été réalisées sur les 35 prévues au cours de la période 2020-2023.
As published: 4
Read: 2026-10-03

Why believe this?

Cost of tax expenditures with no end date

€79.6bnObserved2024

Definition

What it counts: 2024 cost of the measures with no end date.
Caveat: Computed by this site from the 465 fiches (pp. 47-212), published as tax-expenditures.csv; the parsed 2024 costs add up to the official €89,406 million. Measures costed “nc”, “ε” or “-” count as zero.

Where it comes from

Source: Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
Where: Fiches, fields “Fin du fait générateur” and “Chiffrage 2024”
Published: October 2025
As published: €79,641.0 million
Read: 2026-10-03

Why believe this?

Public debt held by the rest of the world, end 2024

€1,738bnObserved2024

Definition

What it counts: Gross consolidated debt of general government at the end of the year, at face value, by the sector that holds it.

Where it comes from

Source: Eurostat, dataset gov_10dd_ggd (browse the table)
Exact cell: geo=FR unit=MIO_EUR sector=S13 na_item=GD maturity=TOTAL sector2=S2 time=2024 · query this cell
As published: €1,738,485.7 million
Dataset version: updated 2026-06-05, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation: Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

Inherited and given each year

€300bnEstimated2021

Definition

What it counts: Wealth passed on each year by inheritance and gifts, estimated from the national-accounts stock, mortality, and the wealth of the dead relative to the living.
Caveat: France Stratégie (2017) estimated €250bn in 2015, 19% of household disposable income, against 8.5% in 1980.

Where it comes from

Source: Conseil d'analyse économique, Repenser l'héritage, note n° 69 (Dherbécourt, Fack, Landais, Stantcheva)
Where: p. 5
Published: December 2021
It says: Le flux total des transmissions patrimoniales annuel représente désormais plus de 15 % du PIB, soit 300 milliards d'euros.
As published: €300.0 billion
Read: 2026-10-04

Why believe this?

Adults, WID

53.0 millionEstimated2024

Definition

What it counts: Adults (aged 20 or more) living in France, WID's count.
Caveat: WID's series for France follow Garbinti, Goupille-Lebret and Piketty to 2014 and are extended with distributional financial accounts since. WID publishes amounts in euros at constant prices of 2025, the year its national income price index is 1; the page converts them to current 2024 euros with that index for 2024.

Where it comes from

Source: World Inequality Database, WID bulk data, France (WID_data_FR.csv in wid_all_data.zip)
Where: variable npopuli992, percentile p0p100, year 2024
Published: 9 September 2026
It says: FR;npopuli992;p0p100;2024;52956956
As published: 52,956,956
Read: 2026-10-15

Why believe this?

WID price index, 2024 (2025 = 1)

1Estimated2024

Definition

What it counts: WID's national income price index for France in 2024, equal to 1 in 2025, the year whose prices WID's euros are expressed in.
Caveat: WID's series for France follow Garbinti, Goupille-Lebret and Piketty to 2014 and are extended with distributional financial accounts since. WID publishes amounts in euros at constant prices of 2025, the year its national income price index is 1; the page converts them to current 2024 euros with that index for 2024.

Where it comes from

Source: World Inequality Database, WID bulk data, France (WID_data_FR.csv in wid_all_data.zip)
Where: variable inyixxi999, percentile p0p100, year 2024
Published: 9 September 2026
It says: FR;inyixxi999;p0p100;2024;0.988388299942
As published: 1
Read: 2026-10-15

Why believe this?

Richest to poorest tenth, income before transfers

26Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Mean extended income before public transfers per consumption unit of the richest tenth over that of the poorest, pensions counted as transfers.

Where it comes from

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Text
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: Après redistribution, le niveau de vie élargi moyen par UC des 10 % les plus aisés est 3,5 fois plus élevé que celui des 10 % les plus modestes, contre 26 fois avant transferts publics.
As published: 26
Read: 2026-10-16

Why believe this?

EU contribution (VAT and GNI own resources)

€23.9bnObserved2023

Definition

What it counts: A transfer between French general government and the rest of the world, as Eurostat records it in the government accounts.

Where it comes from

Source: Eurostat, dataset gov_10a_main (browse the table)
Exact cell: geo=FR unit=MIO_EUR sector=S13 na_item=D76PAY time=2023 · query this cell
As published: €23,876.0 million
Dataset version: updated 2026-07-21, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation: Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

80 and over, people, 2023

4.1 millionObservedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts: Residents of these ages, the mean of 1 January of the year and of the next (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Calculation

Computed as

Σ over ages 80 to 100 of (population on 1 January 2023 + on 1 January 2024) ÷ 2

From

Population on 1 January 2023, 80 years 402,370
Population on 1 January 2024, 80 years 431,640
Population on 1 January 2023, 81 years 348,046
Population on 1 January 2024, 81 years 389,750
Population on 1 January 2023, 82 years 351,223
Population on 1 January 2024, 82 years 337,317
Population on 1 January 2023, 83 years 355,316
Population on 1 January 2024, 83 years 337,301
Population on 1 January 2023, 84 years 334,528
Population on 1 January 2024, 84 years 338,904
Population on 1 January 2023, 85 years 312,268
Population on 1 January 2024, 85 years 315,950
Population on 1 January 2023, 86 years 294,601
Population on 1 January 2024, 86 years 293,467
Population on 1 January 2023, 87 years 267,310
Population on 1 January 2024, 87 years 277,246
Population on 1 January 2023, 88 years 248,255
Population on 1 January 2024, 88 years 248,051
Population on 1 January 2023, 89 years 216,078
Population on 1 January 2024, 89 years 229,054
Population on 1 January 2023, 90 years 197,489
Population on 1 January 2024, 90 years 196,799
Population on 1 January 2023, 91 years 168,227
Population on 1 January 2024, 91 years 177,323
Population on 1 January 2023, 92 years 139,940
Population on 1 January 2024, 92 years 148,566
Population on 1 January 2023, 93 years 108,708
Population on 1 January 2024, 93 years 120,839
Population on 1 January 2023, 94 years 87,754
Population on 1 January 2024, 94 years 91,884
Population on 1 January 2023, 95 years 66,223
Population on 1 January 2024, 95 years 72,440
Population on 1 January 2023, 96 years 51,268
Population on 1 January 2024, 96 years 53,392
Population on 1 January 2023, 97 years 37,218
Population on 1 January 2024, 97 years 40,085
Population on 1 January 2023, 98 years 25,770
Population on 1 January 2024, 98 years 28,314
Population on 1 January 2023, 99 years 18,553
Population on 1 January 2024, 99 years 19,114
Population on 1 January 2023, 100 and over 29,956
Population on 1 January 2024, 100 and over 33,215

Result

4,120,876

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2023, 81 years

348,046Observed2023

Definition

What it counts: Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Where it comes from

Source: Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell: geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y81 time=2023 · query this cell
As published: 348,046 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version: updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation: None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2024, 82 years

337,317Observed2024

Definition

What it counts: Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Where it comes from

Source: Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell: geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y82 time=2024 · query this cell
As published: 337,317 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version: updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation: None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2023, 88 years

248,255Observed2023

Definition

What it counts: Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Where it comes from

Source: Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell: geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y88 time=2023 · query this cell
As published: 248,255 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version: updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation: None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2023, 90 years

197,489Observed2023

Definition

What it counts: Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Where it comes from

Source: Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell: geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y90 time=2023 · query this cell
As published: 197,489 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version: updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation: None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2024, 93 years

120,839Observed2024

Definition

What it counts: Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Where it comes from

Source: Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell: geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y93 time=2024 · query this cell
As published: 120,839 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version: updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation: None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2023, 99 years

18,553Observed2023

Definition

What it counts: Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Where it comes from

Source: Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell: geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y99 time=2023 · query this cell
As published: 18,553 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version: updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation: None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Everyone, people, 2023

68.5 millionObservedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts: Residents of these ages, the mean of 1 January of the year and of the next (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Calculation

Computed as

Σ over ages 0 to 100 of (population on 1 January 2023 + on 1 January 2024) ÷ 2

From

Population on 1 January 2023, 0 years 676,815
Population on 1 January 2024, 0 years 629,245
Population on 1 January 2023, 1 year 697,960
Population on 1 January 2024, 1 year 678,552
Population on 1 January 2023, 2 years 695,805
Population on 1 January 2024, 2 years 701,058
Population on 1 January 2023, 3 years 720,314
Population on 1 January 2024, 3 years 703,926
Population on 1 January 2023, 4 years 731,562
Population on 1 January 2024, 4 years 731,234
Population on 1 January 2023, 5 years 748,093
Population on 1 January 2024, 5 years 740,149
Population on 1 January 2023, 6 years 770,847
Population on 1 January 2024, 6 years 755,350
Population on 1 January 2023, 7 years 794,483
Population on 1 January 2024, 7 years 778,061
Population on 1 January 2023, 8 years 817,168
Population on 1 January 2024, 8 years 800,309
Population on 1 January 2023, 9 years 824,642
Population on 1 January 2024, 9 years 823,626
Population on 1 January 2023, 10 years 839,941
Population on 1 January 2024, 10 years 829,697
Population on 1 January 2023, 11 years 845,458
Population on 1 January 2024, 11 years 846,155
Population on 1 January 2023, 12 years 869,831
Population on 1 January 2024, 12 years 849,030
Population on 1 January 2023, 13 years 858,304
Population on 1 January 2024, 13 years 871,784
Population on 1 January 2023, 14 years 866,043
Population on 1 January 2024, 14 years 863,403
Population on 1 January 2023, 15 years 861,451
Population on 1 January 2024, 15 years 872,680
Population on 1 January 2023, 16 years 870,883
Population on 1 January 2024, 16 years 859,104
Population on 1 January 2023, 17 years 847,256
Population on 1 January 2024, 17 years 861,729
Population on 1 January 2023, 18 years 828,943
Population on 1 January 2024, 18 years 827,859
Population on 1 January 2023, 19 years 802,837
Population on 1 January 2024, 19 years 810,270
Population on 1 January 2023, 20 years 799,696
Population on 1 January 2024, 20 years 787,905
Population on 1 January 2023, 21 years 803,765
Population on 1 January 2024, 21 years 788,021
Population on 1 January 2023, 22 years 813,762
Population on 1 January 2024, 22 years 797,408
Population on 1 January 2023, 23 years 771,101
Population on 1 January 2024, 23 years 812,904
Population on 1 January 2023, 24 years 768,835
Population on 1 January 2024, 24 years 779,281
Population on 1 January 2023, 25 years 757,967
Population on 1 January 2024, 25 years 778,675
Population on 1 January 2023, 26 years 762,565
Population on 1 January 2024, 26 years 768,044
Population on 1 January 2023, 27 years 763,976
Population on 1 January 2024, 27 years 776,109
Population on 1 January 2023, 28 years 752,726
Population on 1 January 2024, 28 years 777,205
Population on 1 January 2023, 29 years 759,155
Population on 1 January 2024, 29 years 767,461
Population on 1 January 2023, 30 years 797,192
Population on 1 January 2024, 30 years 774,015
Population on 1 January 2023, 31 years 807,966
Population on 1 January 2024, 31 years 809,852
Population on 1 January 2023, 32 years 835,055
Population on 1 January 2024, 32 years 822,155
Population on 1 January 2023, 33 years 834,288
Population on 1 January 2024, 33 years 847,135
Population on 1 January 2023, 34 years 848,728
Population on 1 January 2024, 34 years 847,774
Population on 1 January 2023, 35 years 847,592
Population on 1 January 2024, 35 years 858,037
Population on 1 January 2023, 36 years 856,454
Population on 1 January 2024, 36 years 858,026
Population on 1 January 2023, 37 years 857,654
Population on 1 January 2024, 37 years 867,485
Population on 1 January 2023, 38 years 845,024
Population on 1 January 2024, 38 years 865,304
Population on 1 January 2023, 39 years 835,899
Population on 1 January 2024, 39 years 853,522
Population on 1 January 2023, 40 years 880,645
Population on 1 January 2024, 40 years 842,081
Population on 1 January 2023, 41 years 885,362
Population on 1 January 2024, 41 years 887,853
Population on 1 January 2023, 42 years 898,493
Population on 1 January 2024, 42 years 887,177
Population on 1 January 2023, 43 years 845,237
Population on 1 January 2024, 43 years 905,206
Population on 1 January 2023, 44 years 828,897
Population on 1 January 2024, 44 years 850,755
Population on 1 January 2023, 45 years 828,762
Population on 1 January 2024, 45 years 832,575
Population on 1 January 2023, 46 years 804,801
Population on 1 January 2024, 46 years 833,918
Population on 1 January 2023, 47 years 828,913
Population on 1 January 2024, 47 years 808,524
Population on 1 January 2023, 48 years 869,878
Population on 1 January 2024, 48 years 830,531
Population on 1 January 2023, 49 years 909,491
Population on 1 January 2024, 49 years 871,476
Population on 1 January 2023, 50 years 930,714
Population on 1 January 2024, 50 years 911,989
Population on 1 January 2023, 51 years 923,166
Population on 1 January 2024, 51 years 930,389
Population on 1 January 2023, 52 years 902,734
Population on 1 January 2024, 52 years 922,352
Population on 1 January 2023, 53 years 888,920
Population on 1 January 2024, 53 years 906,451
Population on 1 January 2023, 54 years 878,238
Population on 1 January 2024, 54 years 888,739
Population on 1 January 2023, 55 years 874,956
Population on 1 January 2024, 55 years 878,302
Population on 1 January 2023, 56 years 894,712
Population on 1 January 2024, 56 years 876,917
Population on 1 January 2023, 57 years 894,880
Population on 1 January 2024, 57 years 894,961
Population on 1 January 2023, 58 years 903,103
Population on 1 January 2024, 58 years 894,639
Population on 1 January 2023, 59 years 888,421
Population on 1 January 2024, 59 years 903,347
Population on 1 January 2023, 60 years 855,922
Population on 1 January 2024, 60 years 888,456
Population on 1 January 2023, 61 years 851,312
Population on 1 January 2024, 61 years 853,660
Population on 1 January 2023, 62 years 846,191
Population on 1 January 2024, 62 years 849,425
Population on 1 January 2023, 63 years 835,418
Population on 1 January 2024, 63 years 841,499
Population on 1 January 2023, 64 years 813,237
Population on 1 January 2024, 64 years 831,367
Population on 1 January 2023, 65 years 804,594
Population on 1 January 2024, 65 years 807,837
Population on 1 January 2023, 66 years 792,884
Population on 1 January 2024, 66 years 798,459
Population on 1 January 2023, 67 years 781,549
Population on 1 January 2024, 67 years 787,480
Population on 1 January 2023, 68 years 772,724
Population on 1 January 2024, 68 years 773,783
Population on 1 January 2023, 69 years 752,562
Population on 1 January 2024, 69 years 765,695
Population on 1 January 2023, 70 years 759,498
Population on 1 January 2024, 70 years 744,790
Population on 1 January 2023, 71 years 735,263
Population on 1 January 2024, 71 years 750,658
Population on 1 January 2023, 72 years 755,423
Population on 1 January 2024, 72 years 725,620
Population on 1 January 2023, 73 years 740,407
Population on 1 January 2024, 73 years 743,170
Population on 1 January 2023, 74 years 724,966
Population on 1 January 2024, 74 years 731,087
Population on 1 January 2023, 75 years 702,086
Population on 1 January 2024, 75 years 712,777
Population on 1 January 2023, 76 years 653,579
Population on 1 January 2024, 76 years 688,202
Population on 1 January 2023, 77 years 483,621
Population on 1 January 2024, 77 years 639,044
Population on 1 January 2023, 78 years 463,072
Population on 1 January 2024, 78 years 474,701
Population on 1 January 2023, 79 years 443,442
Population on 1 January 2024, 79 years 453,221
Population on 1 January 2023, 80 years 402,370
Population on 1 January 2024, 80 years 431,640
Population on 1 January 2023, 81 years 348,046
Population on 1 January 2024, 81 years 389,750
Population on 1 January 2023, 82 years 351,223
Population on 1 January 2024, 82 years 337,317
Population on 1 January 2023, 83 years 355,316
Population on 1 January 2024, 83 years 337,301
Population on 1 January 2023, 84 years 334,528
Population on 1 January 2024, 84 years 338,904
Population on 1 January 2023, 85 years 312,268
Population on 1 January 2024, 85 years 315,950
Population on 1 January 2023, 86 years 294,601
Population on 1 January 2024, 86 years 293,467
Population on 1 January 2023, 87 years 267,310
Population on 1 January 2024, 87 years 277,246
Population on 1 January 2023, 88 years 248,255
Population on 1 January 2024, 88 years 248,051
Population on 1 January 2023, 89 years 216,078
Population on 1 January 2024, 89 years 229,054
Population on 1 January 2023, 90 years 197,489
Population on 1 January 2024, 90 years 196,799
Population on 1 January 2023, 91 years 168,227
Population on 1 January 2024, 91 years 177,323
Population on 1 January 2023, 92 years 139,940
Population on 1 January 2024, 92 years 148,566
Population on 1 January 2023, 93 years 108,708
Population on 1 January 2024, 93 years 120,839
Population on 1 January 2023, 94 years 87,754
Population on 1 January 2024, 94 years 91,884
Population on 1 January 2023, 95 years 66,223
Population on 1 January 2024, 95 years 72,440
Population on 1 January 2023, 96 years 51,268
Population on 1 January 2024, 96 years 53,392
Population on 1 January 2023, 97 years 37,218
Population on 1 January 2024, 97 years 40,085
Population on 1 January 2023, 98 years 25,770
Population on 1 January 2024, 98 years 28,314
Population on 1 January 2023, 99 years 18,553
Population on 1 January 2024, 99 years 19,114
Population on 1 January 2023, 100 and over 29,956
Population on 1 January 2024, 100 and over 33,215

Result

68,473,257

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2023, 6 years

770,847Observed2023

Definition

What it counts: Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Where it comes from

Source: Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell: geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y6 time=2023 · query this cell
As published: 770,847 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version: updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation: None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2024, 7 years

778,061Observed2024

Definition

What it counts: Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Where it comes from

Source: Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell: geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y7 time=2024 · query this cell
As published: 778,061 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version: updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation: None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2023, 9 years

824,642Observed2023

Definition

What it counts: Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Where it comes from

Source: Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell: geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y9 time=2023 · query this cell
As published: 824,642 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version: updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation: None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2023, 11 years

845,458Observed2023

Definition

What it counts: Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Where it comes from

Source: Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell: geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y11 time=2023 · query this cell
As published: 845,458 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version: updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation: None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2024, 12 years

849,030Observed2024

Definition

What it counts: Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Where it comes from

Source: Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell: geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y12 time=2024 · query this cell
As published: 849,030 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version: updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation: None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2023, 18 years

828,943Observed2023

Definition

What it counts: Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Where it comes from

Source: Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell: geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y18 time=2023 · query this cell
As published: 828,943 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version: updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation: None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2024, 20 years

787,905Observed2024

Definition

What it counts: Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Where it comes from

Source: Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell: geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y20 time=2024 · query this cell
As published: 787,905 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version: updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation: None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2023, 23 years

771,101Observed2023

Definition

What it counts: Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Where it comes from

Source: Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell: geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y23 time=2023 · query this cell
As published: 771,101 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version: updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation: None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2024, 27 years

776,109Observed2024

Definition

What it counts: Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Where it comes from

Source: Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell: geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y27 time=2024 · query this cell
As published: 776,109 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version: updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation: None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2024, 29 years

767,461Observed2024

Definition

What it counts: Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Where it comes from

Source: Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell: geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y29 time=2024 · query this cell
As published: 767,461 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version: updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation: None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2023, 30 years

797,192Observed2023

Definition

What it counts: Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Where it comes from

Source: Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell: geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y30 time=2023 · query this cell
As published: 797,192 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version: updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation: None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2024, 35 years

858,037Observed2024

Definition

What it counts: Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Where it comes from

Source: Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell: geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y35 time=2024 · query this cell
As published: 858,037 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version: updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation: None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2023, 39 years

835,899Observed2023

Definition

What it counts: Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Where it comes from

Source: Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell: geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y39 time=2023 · query this cell
As published: 835,899 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version: updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation: None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2023, 41 years

885,362Observed2023

Definition

What it counts: Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Where it comes from

Source: Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell: geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y41 time=2023 · query this cell
As published: 885,362 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version: updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation: None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2024, 46 years

833,918Observed2024

Definition

What it counts: Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Where it comes from

Source: Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell: geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y46 time=2024 · query this cell
As published: 833,918 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version: updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation: None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2023, 48 years

869,878Observed2023

Definition

What it counts: Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Where it comes from

Source: Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell: geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y48 time=2023 · query this cell
As published: 869,878 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version: updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation: None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2023, 53 years

888,920Observed2023

Definition

What it counts: Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Where it comes from

Source: Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell: geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y53 time=2023 · query this cell
As published: 888,920 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version: updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation: None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2024, 56 years

876,917Observed2024

Definition

What it counts: Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Where it comes from

Source: Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell: geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y56 time=2024 · query this cell
As published: 876,917 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version: updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation: None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2024, 59 years

903,347Observed2024

Definition

What it counts: Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Where it comes from

Source: Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell: geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y59 time=2024 · query this cell
As published: 903,347 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version: updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation: None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2024, 66 years

798,459Observed2024

Definition

What it counts: Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Where it comes from

Source: Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell: geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y66 time=2024 · query this cell
As published: 798,459 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version: updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation: None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2023, 67 years

781,549Observed2023

Definition

What it counts: Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Where it comes from

Source: Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell: geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y67 time=2023 · query this cell
As published: 781,549 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version: updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation: None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2024, 76 years

688,202Observed2024

Definition

What it counts: Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Where it comes from

Source: Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell: geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y76 time=2024 · query this cell
As published: 688,202 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version: updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation: None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2023, 77 years

483,621Observed2023

Definition

What it counts: Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Where it comes from

Source: Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell: geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y77 time=2023 · query this cell
As published: 483,621 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version: updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation: None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

Population on 1 January 2024, 78 years

474,701Observed2024

Definition

What it counts: Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).

Where it comes from

Source: Eurostat, dataset demo_pjan (browse the table)
Exact cell: geo=FR unit=NR sex=T age=Y78 time=2024 · query this cell
As published: 474,701 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version: updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation: None: shown as published, rounded.

Why believe this?

80 and over, Subsidies on production

€131mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts: Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.
Caveat: A synthetic allocation by the National Transfer Accounts method; it is not a measurement. The item's national total for the year is split between ages in proportion to an age profile times the population of each age, so the ages add up to the total exactly. Profiles come from other years and other perimeters, only their shape is used, and several rest on conventions; the view's ranges vary them one at a time.

Calculation

Computed as

Subsidies on production × 80 and over, share of Subsidies on production by age profile ÷ 100

From

Subsidies on production €53bn, estimated
80 and over, share of Subsidies on production by age profile 0.2%, estimated

Result

€0.1 billion

Why believe this?

Employees aged 14 to 29 paid 1,500 to 2,000 euros, 2023, file weights

270,588Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.

Where it comes from

Source: Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
Where: data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 14 to 29, band 04, weight summed over sectors
Published: 24 March 2026
As published: 270,588
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Employees aged 14 to 29 paid 10,000 to 12,000 euros, 2023, file weights

491,028Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.

Where it comes from

Source: Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
Where: data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 14 to 29, band 10, weight summed over sectors
Published: 24 March 2026
As published: 491,028
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Employees aged 14 to 29 paid 28,000 to 30,000 euros, 2023, file weights

207,024Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.

Where it comes from

Source: Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
Where: data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 14 to 29, band 19, weight summed over sectors
Published: 24 March 2026
As published: 207,024
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Employees' total net pay, ages 30 to 39, 2023, file weights, € billion

€171.4bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts: Sum over the bands of total annual net pay of the employees in the band times its value: the closed bands at the stated value, the open band at its Pareto mean. A sum on the reduced file's weights, not a volume: only its shape across ages is used.

Calculation

Computed as

Σ over bands of employees × band value ÷ 10⁹; band values in euros 00: 100, 01: 350, 02: 750, 03: 1250, 04: 1750, 05: 2500, 06: 3500, 07: 5000, 08: 7000, 09: 9000, 10: 11000, 11: 13000, 12: 15000, 13: 17000, 14: 19000, 15: 21000, 16: 23000, 17: 25000, 18: 27000, 19: 29000, 20: 32500, 21: 37500, 22: 45000; band 23 at Mean total net pay of employees aged 0 to 100 paid 50,000 euros or more, 2023

From

Mean total net pay of employees aged 0 to 100 paid 50,000 euros or more, 2023 €78,018, estimated
Employees aged 30 to 39 paid 0 to 200 euros, 2023, file weights 4,620, estimated
Employees aged 30 to 39 paid 200 to 500 euros, 2023, file weights 4,944, estimated
Employees aged 30 to 39 paid 500 to 1,000 euros, 2023, file weights 9,852, estimated
Employees aged 30 to 39 paid 1,000 to 1,500 euros, 2023, file weights 34,644, estimated
Employees aged 30 to 39 paid 1,500 to 2,000 euros, 2023, file weights 57,288, estimated
Employees aged 30 to 39 paid 2,000 to 3,000 euros, 2023, file weights 113,568, estimated
Employees aged 30 to 39 paid 3,000 to 4,000 euros, 2023, file weights 110,424, estimated
Employees aged 30 to 39 paid 4,000 to 6,000 euros, 2023, file weights 222,600, estimated
Employees aged 30 to 39 paid 6,000 to 8,000 euros, 2023, file weights 213,084, estimated
Employees aged 30 to 39 paid 8,000 to 10,000 euros, 2023, file weights 228,936, estimated
Employees aged 30 to 39 paid 10,000 to 12,000 euros, 2023, file weights 228,636, estimated
Employees aged 30 to 39 paid 12,000 to 14,000 euros, 2023, file weights 237,516, estimated
Employees aged 30 to 39 paid 14,000 to 16,000 euros, 2023, file weights 257,784, estimated
Employees aged 30 to 39 paid 16,000 to 18,000 euros, 2023, file weights 356,688, estimated
Employees aged 30 to 39 paid 18,000 to 20,000 euros, 2023, file weights 441,684, estimated
Employees aged 30 to 39 paid 20,000 to 22,000 euros, 2023, file weights 507,036, estimated
Employees aged 30 to 39 paid 22,000 to 24,000 euros, 2023, file weights 510,924, estimated
Employees aged 30 to 39 paid 24,000 to 26,000 euros, 2023, file weights 464,832, estimated
Employees aged 30 to 39 paid 26,000 to 28,000 euros, 2023, file weights 417,012, estimated
Employees aged 30 to 39 paid 28,000 to 30,000 euros, 2023, file weights 358,728, estimated
Employees aged 30 to 39 paid 30,000 to 35,000 euros, 2023, file weights 652,260, estimated
Employees aged 30 to 39 paid 35,000 to 40,000 euros, 2023, file weights 397,644, estimated
Employees aged 30 to 39 paid 40,000 to 50,000 euros, 2023, file weights 419,772, estimated
Employees aged 30 to 39 paid 50,000 euros or more, 2023, file weights 401,388, estimated

Result

€171.4 billion

Why believe this?

Employees aged 30 to 39 paid 500 to 1,000 euros, 2023, file weights

9,852Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.

Where it comes from

Source: Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
Where: data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 30 to 39, band 02, weight summed over sectors
Published: 24 March 2026
As published: 9,852
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Employees aged 30 to 39 paid 14,000 to 16,000 euros, 2023, file weights

257,784Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.

Where it comes from

Source: Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
Where: data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 30 to 39, band 12, weight summed over sectors
Published: 24 March 2026
As published: 257,784
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Employees aged 30 to 39 paid 28,000 to 30,000 euros, 2023, file weights

358,728Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.

Where it comes from

Source: Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
Where: data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 30 to 39, band 19, weight summed over sectors
Published: 24 March 2026
As published: 358,728
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Employees aged 30 to 39 paid 35,000 to 40,000 euros, 2023, file weights

397,644Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.

Where it comes from

Source: Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
Where: data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 30 to 39, band 21, weight summed over sectors
Published: 24 March 2026
As published: 397,644
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Employees aged 40 to 49 paid 4,000 to 6,000 euros, 2023, file weights

165,384Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.

Where it comes from

Source: Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
Where: data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 40 to 49, band 07, weight summed over sectors
Published: 24 March 2026
As published: 165,384
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Employees aged 40 to 49 paid 14,000 to 16,000 euros, 2023, file weights

210,072Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.

Where it comes from

Source: Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
Where: data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 40 to 49, band 12, weight summed over sectors
Published: 24 March 2026
As published: 210,072
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Employees aged 50 to 59 paid 4,000 to 6,000 euros, 2023, file weights

151,764Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.

Where it comes from

Source: Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
Where: data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 50 to 59, band 07, weight summed over sectors
Published: 24 March 2026
As published: 151,764
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Employees aged 50 to 59 paid 12,000 to 14,000 euros, 2023, file weights

190,320Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.

Where it comes from

Source: Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
Where: data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 50 to 59, band 11, weight summed over sectors
Published: 24 March 2026
As published: 190,320
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Employees aged 50 to 59 paid 26,000 to 28,000 euros, 2023, file weights

389,544Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.

Where it comes from

Source: Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
Where: data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 50 to 59, band 18, weight summed over sectors
Published: 24 March 2026
As published: 389,544
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Employees aged 60 to 100 paid 1,500 to 2,000 euros, 2023, file weights

42,948Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.

Where it comes from

Source: Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
Where: data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 60 to 100, band 04, weight summed over sectors
Published: 24 March 2026
As published: 42,948
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Employees aged 60 to 100 paid 18,000 to 20,000 euros, 2023, file weights

98,304Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.

Where it comes from

Source: Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
Where: data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 60 to 100, band 14, weight summed over sectors
Published: 24 March 2026
As published: 98,304
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Employees aged 60 to 100 paid 30,000 to 35,000 euros, 2023, file weights

143,736Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.

Where it comes from

Source: Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
Where: data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 60 to 100, band 20, weight summed over sectors
Published: 24 March 2026
As published: 143,736
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Self-employment income per household, ages 40 to 49, 2023

€2,889EstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts: Mean amount per household of this age of reference person: the share of disposable income times the mean disposable income. Each single age weighs it by its households, Insee's share of households of its band (HVP 2024) spread by population.

Calculation

Computed as

Self-employment income, share of disposable income, ages 40 to 49, 2023 × Mean disposable income of households, ages 40 to 49, 2023 ÷ 100

From

Self-employment income, share of disposable income, ages 40 to 49, 2023 5.5%, estimated
Mean disposable income of households, ages 40 to 49, 2023 €52,530, estimated

Result

€2,889

Why believe this?

Self-employment income, share of disposable income, ages 40 to 49, 2023

5.5%Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Share of the mean disposable income of households of this age of reference person, percent (ERFS 2023, T03).

Where it comes from

Source: Insee, Revenu, niveau de vie et pauvreté en 2023
Where: Sheet “ERFS_T03”, row 7 “Revenus d'indépendants (2)”, column D
Published: 17 February 2026
As published: 5.5%
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Self-employment income, share of disposable income, ages 75 to 100, 2023

2.3%Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Share of the mean disposable income of households of this age of reference person, percent (ERFS 2023, T03).

Where it comes from

Source: Insee, Revenu, niveau de vie et pauvreté en 2023
Where: Sheet “ERFS_T03”, row 7 “Revenus d'indépendants (2)”, column G
Published: 17 February 2026
As published: 2.3%
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

80 and over, Unemployment benefits

€0mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts: Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.
Caveat: A synthetic allocation by the National Transfer Accounts method; it is not a measurement. The item's national total for the year is split between ages in proportion to an age profile times the population of each age, so the ages add up to the total exactly. Profiles come from other years and other perimeters, only their shape is used, and several rest on conventions; the view's ranges vary them one at a time.

Calculation

Computed as

Unemployment benefits × 80 and over, share of Unemployment benefits by age profile ÷ 100

From

Unemployment benefits €42.9bn, estimated
80 and over, share of Unemployment benefits by age profile 0%, estimated

Result

€0.0 billion

Why believe this?

Unemployment benefit recipients, December 2023

3.1 millionEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Jobseekers paid an unemployment benefit in the month, all schemes, France.

Where it comes from

Source: France Travail, Allocataires indemnisés, and montant moyen de l'allocation d'assurance chômage, par sexe et âge
Where: Sheet “Indemnisés France sexe age”, men and women summed
Published: 2026
As published: 3,108,570
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

80 and over, Other cash benefits

€4.1bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts: Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.
Caveat: A synthetic allocation by the National Transfer Accounts method; it is not a measurement. The item's national total for the year is split between ages in proportion to an age profile times the population of each age, so the ages add up to the total exactly. Profiles come from other years and other perimeters, only their shape is used, and several rest on conventions; the view's ranges vary them one at a time.

Calculation

Computed as

Other cash benefits × 80 and over, share of Other cash benefits by age profile ÷ 100

From

Other cash benefits €137.4bn, estimated
80 and over, share of Other cash benefits by age profile 3%, estimated

Result

€4.1 billion

Why believe this?

Everyone, Remboursements des contrats collectifs de complémentaires santé, Insee

€19.3bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: A row of Insee's distributional accounts, read as published.
Caveat: Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.

Where it comes from

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 37 “Remboursements des contrats collectifs de complémentaires santé”, column B (Ensemble)
Published: 16 April 2026
As published: €19.3 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Education

€141.6bnObserved2023

Definition

What it counts: Schools and universities.

Where it comes from

Source: Eurostat, dataset gov_10a_exp (browse the table)
Exact cell: geo=FR unit=MIO_EUR sector=S13 na_item=TE cofog99=GF09 time=2023 · query this cell
As published: €141,554.8 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version: updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation: Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

Social care and housing aid

€107.7bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts: Care for dependent elderly and disabled people, childcare and other social action, housing benefits and the energy cheque, and the running costs of social security, received in kind.
Caveat: Estimated for this page: both years are put on the general-government perimeter (Eurostat S13). Each Insee item is scaled to Eurostat's total of its category for the year, split between the items of the category and between groups as Insee's 2023 accounts split it. Insee's own 2023 levels are wider in places (firms' collective pension and health schemes) and COFOG counts spending gross of the fees that finance part of it; the evidence panels show both.

Calculation

Computed as

Social protection × Social care and housing aid ÷ Insee items in COFOG 10, social protection

From

Social protection €657.9bn
Social care and housing aid €115.8bn, estimated
Insee items in COFOG 10, social protection €707.5bn, estimated

Result

€107.7 billion

Why believe this?

Departments' help at home to the elderly, 2023, € thousands

4.4 millionEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Gross departmental social spending, thousands of euros.

Where it comes from

Source: DREES, Les dépenses d'aide sociale départementale, séries longues 1999-2024
Where: Sheet “Données nationales”, row 60 “Aide à domicile, dont :”, column AB
Published: 17 April 2026
As published: 4,361,359
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Departments' help to the disabled in care homes, 2023, € thousands

6.5 millionEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Gross departmental social spending, thousands of euros.

Where it comes from

Source: DREES, Les dépenses d'aide sociale départementale, séries longues 1999-2024
Where: Sheet “Données nationales”, row 52 “Aide à l’accueil, dont :”, column AB
Published: 17 April 2026
As published: 6,452,497
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Culture and leisure

€52.6bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.

Where it comes from

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 43 “Culture et loisirs”, column B (Ensemble)
Published: 16 April 2026
As published: €52.6 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Household consumption on the territory

€1,497bnObserved2023

Definition

What it counts: Final consumption of households on the economic territory, domestic concept (ESA P31, S14), current prices.

Where it comes from

Source: Eurostat, dataset nama_10_fcs (browse the table)
Exact cell: geo=FR unit=CP_MEUR na_item=P31_S14_DC time=2023 · query this cell
As published: €1,496,572.9 million
Dataset version: updated 2026-10-13, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation: Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

Taxes on production

€128.1bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts: Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
Caveat: Estimated for this page: both years are put on the general-government perimeter (Eurostat S13). Each Insee item is scaled to Eurostat's total of its category for the year, split between the items of the category and between groups as Insee's 2023 accounts split it. Insee's own 2023 levels are wider in places (firms' collective pension and health schemes) and COFOG counts spending gross of the fees that finance part of it; the evidence panels show both.

Calculation

Computed as

Taxes on production and imports × Taxes on production ÷ Insee items in ESA D2, taxes on production and imports

From

Taxes on production and imports €446.9bn
Taxes on production €128bn, estimated
Insee items in ESA D2, taxes on production and imports €446.6bn, estimated

Result

€128.1 billion

Why believe this?

Financial wealth share, ages 40 to 49, start of 2024, %

16.7%Estimated2024

Definition

What it counts: Share of this kind of wealth in households' mean gross wealth, by age of the reference person.

Where it comes from

Source: Insee, Patrimoine et endettement des ménages en 2024
Where: Sheet “AGE”, row 7 “De 40 à 49 ans”, column D
Published: 26 February 2026
As published: 16.7%
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Professional wealth share, ages 40 to 49, start of 2024, %

15.6%Estimated2024

Definition

What it counts: Share of this kind of wealth in households' mean gross wealth, by age of the reference person.

Where it comes from

Source: Insee, Patrimoine et endettement des ménages en 2024
Where: Sheet “AGE”, row 7 “De 40 à 49 ans”, column E
Published: 26 February 2026
As published: 15.6%
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Mean gross wealth, ages 60 to 69, start of 2024

€462,500Estimated2024

Definition

What it counts: Mean gross wealth of households by age of the reference person, euros.

Where it comes from

Source: Insee, Patrimoine et endettement des ménages en 2024
Where: Sheet “AGE”, row 9 “De 60 à 69 ans”, column B
Published: 26 February 2026
As published: €462,500
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Financial and professional wealth, weight of ages 70 to 100

32,237EstimatedCalculated by this site2024

Definition

What it counts: The band's wealth relative to the others: mean wealth times the parts kept times the share of households; spread over the band's ages by population.

Calculation

Computed as

Mean gross wealth, ages 70 to 100, start of 2024 × (Financial wealth share, ages 70 to 100, start of 2024, % + Professional wealth share, ages 70 to 100, start of 2024, %) ÷ 100 × Households, ages 70 to 100, start of 2024, % ÷ 100

From

Mean gross wealth, ages 70 to 100, start of 2024 €420,300, estimated
Financial wealth share, ages 70 to 100, start of 2024, % 28%, estimated
Professional wealth share, ages 70 to 100, start of 2024, % 4.5%, estimated
Households, ages 70 to 100, start of 2024, % 23.6%, estimated

Result

32,237

Why believe this?

Professional wealth share, ages 70 to 100, start of 2024, %

4.5%Estimated2024

Definition

What it counts: Share of this kind of wealth in households' mean gross wealth, by age of the reference person.

Where it comes from

Source: Insee, Patrimoine et endettement des ménages en 2024
Where: Sheet “AGE”, row 10 “70 ans ou plus”, column E
Published: 26 February 2026
As published: 4.5%
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

CSG

€149.8bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts: The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.
Caveat: Estimated for this page: both years are put on the general-government perimeter (Eurostat S13). Each Insee item is scaled to Eurostat's total of its category for the year, split between the items of the category and between groups as Insee's 2023 accounts split it. Insee's own 2023 levels are wider in places (firms' collective pension and health schemes) and COFOG counts spending gross of the fees that finance part of it; the evidence panels show both.

Calculation

Computed as

Taxes on income and wealth × CSG ÷ Insee items in ESA D5, taxes on income and wealth

From

Taxes on income and wealth €357.2bn
CSG €147.3bn, estimated
Insee items in ESA D5, taxes on income and wealth €351.2bn, estimated

Result

€149.8 billion

Why believe this?

Income tax

€103.3bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts: Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
Caveat: Estimated for this page: both years are put on the general-government perimeter (Eurostat S13). Each Insee item is scaled to Eurostat's total of its category for the year, split between the items of the category and between groups as Insee's 2023 accounts split it. Insee's own 2023 levels are wider in places (firms' collective pension and health schemes) and COFOG counts spending gross of the fees that finance part of it; the evidence panels show both.

Calculation

Computed as

Taxes on income and wealth × Income tax ÷ Insee items in ESA D5, taxes on income and wealth

From

Taxes on income and wealth €357.2bn
Income tax €101.6bn, estimated
Insee items in ESA D5, taxes on income and wealth €351.2bn, estimated

Result

€103.3 billion

Why believe this?

Direct taxes, share of disposable income, ages 30 to 39, 2023

15.6%Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Share of the mean disposable income of households of this age of reference person, percent (ERFS 2023, T03); direct taxes are income tax, CSG, CRDS and residence tax.

Where it comes from

Source: Insee, Revenu, niveau de vie et pauvreté en 2023
Where: Sheet “ERFS_T03”, row 15 “Impôts directs”, column C
Published: 17 February 2026
As published: 15.6%
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Direct taxes, share of disposable income, ages 65 to 74, 2023

15.9%Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Share of the mean disposable income of households of this age of reference person, percent (ERFS 2023, T03); direct taxes are income tax, CSG, CRDS and residence tax.

Where it comes from

Source: Insee, Revenu, niveau de vie et pauvreté en 2023
Where: Sheet “ERFS_T03”, row 15 “Impôts directs”, column F
Published: 17 February 2026
As published: 15.9%
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Pensions, share of disposable income, ages 75 to 100, 2023

88.8%Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Share of the mean disposable income of households of this age of reference person, percent (ERFS 2023, T03); direct taxes are income tax, CSG, CRDS and residence tax.

Where it comes from

Source: Insee, Revenu, niveau de vie et pauvreté en 2023
Where: Sheet “ERFS_T03”, row 8 “Pensions et retraites”, column G
Published: 17 February 2026
As published: 88.8%
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

80 and over, Other taxes on income and wealth

€1.4bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts: Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
Caveat: A synthetic allocation by the National Transfer Accounts method; it is not a measurement. The item's national total for the year is split between ages in proportion to an age profile times the population of each age, so the ages add up to the total exactly. Profiles come from other years and other perimeters, only their shape is used, and several rest on conventions; the view's ranges vary them one at a time.

Calculation

Computed as

Other taxes on income and wealth × 80 and over, share of Other taxes on income and wealth by age profile ÷ 100

From

Other taxes on income and wealth €24.7bn, estimated
80 and over, share of Other taxes on income and wealth by age profile 5.6%, estimated

Result

€1.4 billion

Why believe this?

Other taxes on income and wealth

€24.7bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts: Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
Caveat: Estimated for this page: both years are put on the general-government perimeter (Eurostat S13). Each Insee item is scaled to Eurostat's total of its category for the year, split between the items of the category and between groups as Insee's 2023 accounts split it. Insee's own 2023 levels are wider in places (firms' collective pension and health schemes) and COFOG counts spending gross of the fees that finance part of it; the evidence panels show both.

Calculation

Computed as

Taxes on income and wealth × Other taxes on income and wealth ÷ Insee items in ESA D5, taxes on income and wealth

From

Taxes on income and wealth €357.2bn
Other taxes on income and wealth €24.3bn, estimated
Insee items in ESA D5, taxes on income and wealth €351.2bn, estimated

Result

€24.7 billion

Why believe this?

5.6%EstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts: The group's part of the item: the age profile times the population at each of its ages, over the same for all ages.
Caveat: The CSG's three bases (CCSS) each spread by its own profile: earnings, pensions for all replacement income, gross wealth for capital income.

Calculation

Computed as

Σ over ages 80 to 100 of profile × population ÷ Σ over all ages × 100, allocation year 2023: the rows year = 2023, profile = csg of data/income/nta_allocation.csv summed over these ages. Profile: CSG yields by base (CCSS), each spread by age: earnings, replacement income and capital. Sources: Commission des comptes de la Sécurité sociale, Les comptes de la Sécurité sociale, juin 2025 (2023 and 2024); DREES, Les effectifs de retraités, montants des pensions et âges de départ à la retraite, fin 2022 (2022); Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail (2023); Insee, Patrimoine et endettement des ménages en 2024 (start of 2024); Insee, Revenu, niveau de vie et pauvreté en 2023 (2023); Insee, Revenus et niveau de vie, séries longues (ERFS 2023): TRD04 (2023).

From

CSG on earnings, 2023 €104.7bn, estimated
CSG on replacement income, 2023 €26.1bn, estimated
CSG on capital income, 2023 €16.6bn, estimated
Employees' total net pay, ages 14 to 29, 2023, file weights, € billion €120.1bn, estimated
Employees' total net pay, ages 30 to 39, 2023, file weights, € billion €171.4bn, estimated
Employees' total net pay, ages 40 to 49, 2023, file weights, € billion €192.7bn, estimated
Employees' total net pay, ages 50 to 59, 2023, file weights, € billion €195.4bn, estimated
Employees' total net pay, ages 60 to 100, 2023, file weights, € billion €54.8bn, estimated
Self-employment income per household, ages 18 to 29, 2023 €1,480, estimated
Self-employment income per household, ages 30 to 39, 2023 €3,236, estimated
Self-employment income per household, ages 40 to 49, 2023 €2,889, estimated
Self-employment income per household, ages 50 to 64, 2023 €3,102, estimated
Self-employment income per household, ages 65 to 74, 2023 €1,013, estimated
Self-employment income per household, ages 75 to 100, 2023 €827, estimated
Households, ages 18 to 29, start of 2024, % 9.2%, estimated
Households, ages 30 to 39, start of 2024, % 14.8%, estimated
Households, ages 40 to 49, start of 2024, % 16.6%, estimated
Households, ages 50 to 59, start of 2024, % 19%, estimated
Households, ages 60 to 69, start of 2024, % 16.7%, estimated
Households, ages 70 to 100, start of 2024, % 23.6%, estimated
Retirees of a direct pension resident in France, end 2022 16,062, estimated
Survivors' pension recipients resident in France, end 2022 3,826.9, estimated
Average survivor's pension, residents, end 2022 €739, estimated
Gross wealth, weight of ages 18 to 29 9,604.8, estimated
Gross wealth, weight of ages 30 to 39 39,220, estimated
Gross wealth, weight of ages 40 to 49 61,021.6, estimated
Gross wealth, weight of ages 50 to 59 88,312, estimated
Gross wealth, weight of ages 60 to 69 77,237.5, estimated
Gross wealth, weight of ages 70 to 100 99,190.8, estimated
80 and over, people, 2023 4.1 million
Everyone, people, 2023 68.5 million

Result

5.6%

Why believe this?

Everyone, Cotisations sociales chômage1, Insee

€33.2bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: A row of Insee's distributional accounts, read as published.
Caveat: Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.

Where it comes from

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 27 “Cotisations sociales chômage1”, column B (Ensemble)
Published: 16 April 2026
As published: €33.2 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

40–49, transfers received

€130.2bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts: Every transfer attributed to the group, subsidies included.

Calculation

Computed as

40–49, Subsidies on products + 40–49, Subsidies on production + 40–49, Pensions + 40–49, Unemployment benefits + 40–49, Other cash benefits + 40–49, Health care + 40–49, Education + 40–49, Social care and housing aid + 40–49, Culture and leisure + 40–49, Collective services

From

40–49, Subsidies on products €6.2bn, estimated
40–49, Subsidies on production €13.7bn, estimated
40–49, Pensions €297m, estimated
40–49, Unemployment benefits €9.5bn, estimated
40–49, Other cash benefits €23.4bn, estimated
40–49, Health care €20.8bn, estimated
40–49, Education €833m, estimated
40–49, Social care and housing aid €8.8bn, estimated
40–49, Culture and leisure €5.2bn, estimated
40–49, Collective services €41.6bn, estimated

Result

€130.2 billion

Why believe this?

25.9%EstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts: The group's part of the item: the age profile times the population at each of its ages, over the same for all ages.
Caveat: Employees' pay is their total annual net pay, from Insee's base Tous salariés of 2023 (private and public employers, salariés file, a sample of 1/12): it counts part-year and part-time work once. The file over-represents employees born in an even year, so single ages alternate; ages are taken in pairs, one born in an even year and one in an odd one, and the pay per person is smoothed within each pair, keeping its mean. The file's weights give counts of the file, not volumes: only the shape across ages is used. Pay is in bands; the central case values each closed band at its midpoint and the open band, 50,000 euros and over, at the mean of one Pareto tail fitted on the two top bands of all ages. Variants value the open band by age group and the closed bands at their bounds. Other alternatives price the Enquête emploi's employees by age (PEMP01 scaled to CSS08's employees by broad band) by Insee's revenu salarial, by the full-time-equivalent salary, or by their geometric mean, an arbitrary midpoint. Self-employment income is a separate part, 7.4% of salaries as in ERFS 2023, by age of the household's reference person (T03 × TRD04 × households), so the self-employed of 65 and over are counted there.

Calculation

Computed as

Σ over ages 40 to 49 of profile × population ÷ Σ over all ages × 100, allocation year 2023: the rows year = 2023, profile = earnings of data/income/nta_allocation.csv summed over these ages. Profile: Earnings by age: employees × their total annual net pay (base Tous salariés), and self-employment income by age of the household's reference person. Sources: Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail (2023); Insee, Patrimoine et endettement des ménages en 2024 (start of 2024); Insee, Revenu, niveau de vie et pauvreté en 2023 (2023); Insee, Revenus et niveau de vie, séries longues (ERFS 2023): TRD04 (2023).

From

Employees' total net pay, ages 14 to 29, 2023, file weights, € billion €120.1bn, estimated
Employees' total net pay, ages 30 to 39, 2023, file weights, € billion €171.4bn, estimated
Employees' total net pay, ages 40 to 49, 2023, file weights, € billion €192.7bn, estimated
Employees' total net pay, ages 50 to 59, 2023, file weights, € billion €195.4bn, estimated
Employees' total net pay, ages 60 to 100, 2023, file weights, € billion €54.8bn, estimated
Self-employment income per household, ages 18 to 29, 2023 €1,480, estimated
Self-employment income per household, ages 30 to 39, 2023 €3,236, estimated
Self-employment income per household, ages 40 to 49, 2023 €2,889, estimated
Self-employment income per household, ages 50 to 64, 2023 €3,102, estimated
Self-employment income per household, ages 65 to 74, 2023 €1,013, estimated
Self-employment income per household, ages 75 to 100, 2023 €827, estimated
Households, ages 18 to 29, start of 2024, % 9.2%, estimated
Households, ages 30 to 39, start of 2024, % 14.8%, estimated
Households, ages 40 to 49, start of 2024, % 16.6%, estimated
Households, ages 50 to 59, start of 2024, % 19%, estimated
Households, ages 60 to 69, start of 2024, % 16.7%, estimated
Households, ages 70 to 100, start of 2024, % 23.6%, estimated
40–49, people, 2023 8.6 million
Everyone, people, 2023 68.5 million

Result

25.9%

Why believe this?

Top 10%, paid a month per person

€4,930EstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts: The group's amount over its people, a month per person.

Calculation

Computed as

Top 10%, levies paid × 10⁹ ÷ Top 10%, people ÷ 12

From

Top 10%, levies paid €402.4bn, estimated
Top 10%, people 6.8 million, estimated

Result

€4,930

Why believe this?

Bottom 40–50%, Taxes on products

€28.6bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.

Where it comes from

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 18 “Taxes sur les produits (TVA, TICPE, accises, DMTO, etc.)”, columns K and L (V9 + V10), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 18, V9: -14; row 18, V10: -14.6
As published: €28.6 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 10%, Taxes on production

€35.4bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.

Where it comes from

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 20 “Taxes sur la production (taxes patronales, TF, etc.)”, columns U and V (V19 + V20), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 20, V19: -13.2; row 20, V20: -22.2
As published: €35.4 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 30–40%, Taxes on production

€13.7bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.

Where it comes from

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 20 “Taxes sur la production (taxes patronales, TF, etc.)”, columns O and P (V13 + V14), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 20, V13: -6.7; row 20, V14: -7
As published: €13.7 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

All groups, Corporate tax

€78.1bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts: The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.

Calculation

Computed as

Bottom 10%, Corporate tax + Bottom 10–20%, Corporate tax + Bottom 20–30%, Corporate tax + Bottom 30–40%, Corporate tax + Bottom 40–50%, Corporate tax + Top 40–50%, Corporate tax + Top 30–40%, Corporate tax + Top 20–30%, Corporate tax + Top 10–20%, Corporate tax + Top 10%, Corporate tax

From

Bottom 10%, Corporate tax €700m, estimated
Bottom 10–20%, Corporate tax €600m, estimated
Bottom 20–30%, Corporate tax €800m, estimated
Bottom 30–40%, Corporate tax €700m, estimated
Bottom 40–50%, Corporate tax €800m, estimated
Top 40–50%, Corporate tax €1.4bn, estimated
Top 30–40%, Corporate tax €1.5bn, estimated
Top 20–30%, Corporate tax €2.9bn, estimated
Top 10–20%, Corporate tax €4.6bn, estimated
Top 10%, Corporate tax €64.1bn, estimated

Result

€78.1 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 10%, Corporate tax

€700mEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.

Where it comes from

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 22 “Impôt sur les sociétés”, columns C and D (V1 + V2), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 22, V1: -0.4; row 22, V2: -0.3
As published: €0.7 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 20–30%, Corporate tax

€2.9bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.

Where it comes from

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 22 “Impôt sur les sociétés”, columns Q and R (V15 + V16), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 22, V15: -1.2; row 22, V16: -1.7
As published: €2.9 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 40–50%, CSG

€13bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.

Where it comes from

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 23 “Contribution sociale généralisée (CSG)”, columns M and N (V11 + V12), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 23, V11: -6.2; row 23, V12: -6.8
As published: €13.0 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 40–50%, Net financial income

€4.3bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Interest, dividends and other property income households receive, less the interest they pay.

Where it comes from

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 8 “Revenus financiers nets (intérêts, dividendes, etc.)”, columns K and L (V9 + V10), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 8, V9: 2.2; row 8, V10: 2.1
As published: €4.3 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 10–20%, Rents, actual and imputed

€7.3bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Rents landlords receive and the rent owner-occupiers are deemed to pay themselves, net of costs.

Where it comes from

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 9 “Loyers réels et imputés aux propriétaires”, columns E and F (V3 + V4), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 9, V3: 3.4; row 9, V4: 3.9
As published: €7.3 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 10%, Income tax

€2.7bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.

Where it comes from

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 24 “Impôt sur le revenu (IR)”, columns C and D (V1 + V2), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 24, V1: -2.7; row 24, V2: 0
As published: €2.7 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

All groups, Other taxes on income and wealth

€24.1bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts: The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.

Calculation

Computed as

Bottom 10%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Bottom 10–20%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Bottom 20–30%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Bottom 30–40%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Bottom 40–50%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Top 40–50%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Top 30–40%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Top 20–30%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Top 10–20%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Top 10%, Other taxes on income and wealth

From

Bottom 10%, Other taxes on income and wealth €400m, estimated
Bottom 10–20%, Other taxes on income and wealth €400m, estimated
Bottom 20–30%, Other taxes on income and wealth €700m, estimated
Bottom 30–40%, Other taxes on income and wealth €1bn, estimated
Bottom 40–50%, Other taxes on income and wealth €1.2bn, estimated
Top 40–50%, Other taxes on income and wealth €1.5bn, estimated
Top 30–40%, Other taxes on income and wealth €1.7bn, estimated
Top 20–30%, Other taxes on income and wealth €2.2bn, estimated
Top 10–20%, Other taxes on income and wealth €3.3bn, estimated
Top 10%, Other taxes on income and wealth €11.7bn, estimated

Result

€24.1 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 10–20%, Other taxes on income and wealth

€400mEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.

Where it comes from

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 25 “Autres impôts sur les revenus et le patrimoine (TH, ISF/IFI, CRDS, etc.)”, columns E and F (V3 + V4), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 25, V3: -0.2; row 25, V4: -0.2
As published: €0.4 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 30–40%, Other taxes on income and wealth

€1.7bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.

Where it comes from

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 25 “Autres impôts sur les revenus et le patrimoine (TH, ISF/IFI, CRDS, etc.)”, columns O and P (V13 + V14), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 25, V13: -0.8; row 25, V14: -0.9
As published: €1.7 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 30–40%, Pension contributions

€20.2bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.

Where it comes from

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 26 “Cotisations sociales retraite1”, columns I and J (V7 + V8), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 26, V7: -9.3; row 26, V8: -10.9
As published: €20.2 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 30–40%, Other contributions

€21.5bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.

Where it comes from

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 27 “Cotisations sociales chômage1”; 28 “Cotisations sociales famille1”; 29 “Autres cotisations sociales (maladie, invalidité, ATMP)1”, columns O and P (V13 + V14), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 29, V13: -6.7; row 29, V14: -7.1; row 27, V13: -1.9; row 27, V14: -1.9; row 28, V13: -1.9; row 28, V14: -2
As published: €21.5 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

V20, Individuals, millions, Insee

3.4Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Number of individuals, in millions.
Caveat: Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.

Where it comes from

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 59 “Nombre d'individus (en millions)”, column V (V20)
Published: 16 April 2026
As published: 3
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 20–30%, Subsidies on products

€3bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.

Where it comes from

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 19 “Subventions sur les produits (transports, etc.)”, columns G and H (V5 + V6), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 19, V5: 1.5; row 19, V6: 1.5
As published: €3.0 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

All groups, Subsidies on production

€38.2bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts: The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.

Calculation

Computed as

Bottom 10%, Subsidies on production + Bottom 10–20%, Subsidies on production + Bottom 20–30%, Subsidies on production + Bottom 30–40%, Subsidies on production + Bottom 40–50%, Subsidies on production + Top 40–50%, Subsidies on production + Top 30–40%, Subsidies on production + Top 20–30%, Subsidies on production + Top 10–20%, Subsidies on production + Top 10%, Subsidies on production

From

Bottom 10%, Subsidies on production €500m, estimated
Bottom 10–20%, Subsidies on production €1.1bn, estimated
Bottom 20–30%, Subsidies on production €1.7bn, estimated
Bottom 30–40%, Subsidies on production €2.3bn, estimated
Bottom 40–50%, Subsidies on production €2.7bn, estimated
Top 40–50%, Subsidies on production €3.3bn, estimated
Top 30–40%, Subsidies on production €3.9bn, estimated
Top 20–30%, Subsidies on production €4.8bn, estimated
Top 10–20%, Subsidies on production €6.1bn, estimated
Top 10%, Subsidies on production €11.8bn, estimated

Result

€38.2 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 10%, Subsidies on production

€500mEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.

Where it comes from

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 21 “Subventions sur la production (aides à l'apprentissage, aides sectorielles, etc.)”, columns C and D (V1 + V2), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 21, V1: 0.2; row 21, V2: 0.3
As published: €0.5 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 10–20%, Pensions

€22.7bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.

Where it comes from

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 31 “Pensions de retraite”, columns E and F (V3 + V4), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 31, V3: 10.5; row 31, V4: 12.2
As published: €22.7 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

All groups, Unemployment benefits

€45.8bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts: The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.

Calculation

Computed as

Bottom 10%, Unemployment benefits + Bottom 10–20%, Unemployment benefits + Bottom 20–30%, Unemployment benefits + Bottom 30–40%, Unemployment benefits + Bottom 40–50%, Unemployment benefits + Top 40–50%, Unemployment benefits + Top 30–40%, Unemployment benefits + Top 20–30%, Unemployment benefits + Top 10–20%, Unemployment benefits + Top 10%, Unemployment benefits

From

Bottom 10%, Unemployment benefits €5.8bn, estimated
Bottom 10–20%, Unemployment benefits €5.7bn, estimated
Bottom 20–30%, Unemployment benefits €5.1bn, estimated
Bottom 30–40%, Unemployment benefits €4.8bn, estimated
Bottom 40–50%, Unemployment benefits €4.6bn, estimated
Top 40–50%, Unemployment benefits €3.5bn, estimated
Top 30–40%, Unemployment benefits €3.8bn, estimated
Top 20–30%, Unemployment benefits €3.4bn, estimated
Top 10–20%, Unemployment benefits €3.7bn, estimated
Top 10%, Unemployment benefits €5.4bn, estimated

Result

€45.8 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 10–20%, Unemployment benefits

€5.7bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.

Where it comes from

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 32 “Allocations chômage”, columns E and F (V3 + V4), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 32, V3: 2.9; row 32, V4: 2.8
As published: €5.7 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 10–20%, Unemployment benefits

€3.7bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.

Where it comes from

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 32 “Allocations chômage”, columns S and T (V17 + V18), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 32, V17: 1.9; row 32, V18: 1.8
As published: €3.7 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 20–30%, Other cash benefits

€16.1bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.

Where it comes from

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 33 “Autres revenus de remplacement (IJ, ATMP)”; 34 “Famille”; 35 “Exclusion sociale”; 36 “Invalidité”; 37 “Remboursements des contrats collectifs de complémentaires santé”, columns G and H (V5 + V6), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 33, V5: 0.9; row 33, V6: 1; row 34, V5: 2.7; row 34, V6: 2.5; row 35, V5: 2.7; row 35, V6: 1.9; row 36, V5: 1.3; row 36, V6: 1.3; row 37, V5: 0.9; row 37, V6: 0.9
As published: €16.1 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 30–40%, Health care

€27.4bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.

Where it comes from

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 40 “Santé”, columns I and J (V7 + V8), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 40, V7: 13.8; row 40, V8: 13.6
As published: €27.4 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 10–20%, Education

€15.2bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.

Where it comes from

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 41 “Enseignement2”, columns E and F (V3 + V4), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 41, V3: 7.7; row 41, V4: 7.5
As published: €15.2 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 40–50%, Social care and housing aid

€10.4bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Care for dependent elderly and disabled people, childcare and other social action, housing benefits and the energy cheque, and the running costs of social security, received in kind.

Where it comes from

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 42 “Action sociale (dépendance, handicap, petite enfance, etc.)”; 44 “Aides au logement et chèque énergie”; 45 “Frais de fonctionnement de la Sécurité sociale”, columns K and L (V9 + V10), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 42, V9: 4.5; row 42, V10: 3.6; row 44, V9: 0.3; row 44, V10: 0.2; row 45, V9: 0.9; row 45, V10: 0.9
As published: €10.4 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 30–40%, Culture and leisure

€5.2bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.

Where it comes from

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 43 “Culture et loisirs”, columns O and P (V13 + V14), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 43, V13: 2.6; row 43, V14: 2.6
As published: €5.2 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 20–30%, Culture and leisure

€5.2bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.

Where it comes from

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 43 “Culture et loisirs”, columns Q and R (V15 + V16), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 43, V15: 2.6; row 43, V16: 2.6
As published: €5.2 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 30–40%, Collective services

€24bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Defence, police, justice, general administration and other collective spending, spread over people, net of other transfers and of balances with the rest of the world, which are small and negative overall.

Where it comes from

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 46 “Autres transferts non monétaires”, columns I and J (V7 + V8), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 46, V7: 12.2; row 46, V8: 11.8
As published: €24.0 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 10%, Taxes on products

€18.5bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts: VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
Caveat: Insee attributes the whole amount to residents; the part falling outside France is taken out of every group in proportion.

Calculation

Computed as

Bottom 10%, Taxes on products × (1 − Share of consumption by visitors ÷ 100)

From

Bottom 10%, Taxes on products €19.3bn, estimated
Share of consumption by visitors 4.4%, estimated

Result

€18.5 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 10%, Income tax

€2.7bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts: Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.

Calculation

Computed as

Income tax × Bottom 10%, Income tax ÷ All groups, Income tax

From

Income tax €103.3bn, estimated
Bottom 10%, Income tax €2.7bn, estimated
All groups, Income tax €101.5bn, estimated

Result

€2.7 billion

Why believe this?

V2, Individuals, millions, Insee

3.4Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Number of individuals, in millions.
Caveat: Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.

Where it comes from

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 59 “Nombre d'individus (en millions)”, column D (V2)
Published: 16 April 2026
As published: 3
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 10%, Unemployment benefits

€5.4bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts: Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.

Calculation

Computed as

Unemployment benefits × Bottom 10%, Unemployment benefits ÷ All groups, Unemployment benefits

From

Unemployment benefits €42.9bn, estimated
Bottom 10%, Unemployment benefits €5.8bn, estimated
All groups, Unemployment benefits €45.8bn, estimated

Result

€5.4 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 10%, Education

€20.7bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts: Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.

Calculation

Computed as

Education × Bottom 10%, Education ÷ All groups, Education

From

Education €141.6bn, estimated
Bottom 10%, Education €18.7bn, estimated
All groups, Education €128.1bn, estimated

Result

€20.7 billion