Official figures and this site's calculations
Why believe this?
Figures of one view and year of the diagram, with their sources and how they were computed, each under its own anchor. Back to Home.
Why believe this?
United States: public social spending, % of GDP
21.6%Observed2021
Definition
- What it counts
- Gross public social expenditure, all social policy areas, cash and in kind, as a share of GDP: the OECD's SOCX measure "Public" (ES10).
- Caveat
- 2021 is the latest year for which the OECD publishes net social spending; it is also a year of spending against the pandemic. Social spending is a narrower aggregate than the general-government spending compared elsewhere on this page, and the OECD compiles it from national sources of its own.
Where it comes from
- Source
- OECD, Social Expenditure Database (SOCX), social expenditure aggregates
- Where
- Dataflow OECD.ELS.SPD,DSD_SOCX_AGG@DF_SOCX_AGG,1.0; REF_AREA USA, MEASURE SOCX, UNIT_MEASURE PT_B1GQ, EXPEND_SOURCE ES10 (Public), SPENDING_TYPE _T, PROGRAMME_TYPE _T, TIME_PERIOD 2021
- Published
- Not dated by the OECD's API
- It says
USA, ES10, 2021: OBS_VALUE 21.619, OBS_STATUS A
- As published
- 21.6% of GDP
- Read
- 2026-10-16
Why believe this?
France: Old age, % of GDP
13.4%Observed2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Old age of general government in France, 2024, as a share of GDP.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Eurostat, Eurostat gov_10a_exp, S13, na_item TE, PC_GDP, updated 2026-09-16, 2024 flagged provisional
- Where
- GF1002, FR, 2024
- Published
- 2026
- It says
GF1002: 391954.3 million EUR, 13.4% of GDP
- As published
- 13.4% of GDP
- Read
- 2026-10-03
Why believe this?
Old age, France less Germany, 2024
3.5 ptsObservedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- France's public spending on old age as a share of its GDP less Germany's as a share of its GDP, 2024.
Why believe this?
Public spending, France less Germany, 2024
7.6 ptsObservedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- France's public spending as a share of its GDP less Germany's as a share of its GDP, 2024.
Why believe this?
Housing
€21.1bnObserved2024
Definition
- What it counts
- General government total expenditure on this function (COFOG level 2), France.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
gov_10a_exp(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=MIO_EURsector=S13na_item=TEcofog99=GF1006time=2024· query this cell- As published
- €21,146.7 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-03
Calculation
- Transformation
- Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.
Why believe this?
Pre-primary and primary education
€42.2bnObserved2024
Definition
- What it counts
- General government total expenditure on this function (COFOG level 2), France.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
gov_10a_exp(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=MIO_EURsector=S13na_item=TEcofog99=GF0901time=2024· query this cell- As published
- €42,176.4 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-03
Calculation
- Transformation
- Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.
Why believe this?
R&D General public services
€6.1mObserved2024
Definition
- What it counts
- General government total expenditure on this function (COFOG level 2), France.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
gov_10a_exp(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=MIO_EURsector=S13na_item=TEcofog99=GF0105time=2024· query this cell- As published
- €6.1 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-03
Calculation
- Transformation
- Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.
Why believe this?
Prisons
€5.1bnObserved2024
Definition
- What it counts
- General government total expenditure on this function (COFOG level 2), France.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
gov_10a_exp(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=MIO_EURsector=S13na_item=TEcofog99=GF0304time=2024· query this cell- As published
- €5,119.8 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-03
Calculation
- Transformation
- Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.
Why believe this?
Fuel and energy
€15.5bnObserved2024
Definition
- What it counts
- General government total expenditure on this function (COFOG level 2), France.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
gov_10a_exp(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=MIO_EURsector=S13na_item=TEcofog99=GF0403time=2024· query this cell- As published
- €15,460.8 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-03
Calculation
- Transformation
- Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.
Why believe this?
R&D Economic affairs
€21.4bnObserved2024
Definition
- What it counts
- General government total expenditure on this function (COFOG level 2), France.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
gov_10a_exp(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=MIO_EURsector=S13na_item=TEcofog99=GF0408time=2024· query this cell- As published
- €21,428.7 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-03
Calculation
- Transformation
- Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.
Why believe this?
Environmental protection n.e.c.
€1.5bnObserved2024
Definition
- What it counts
- General government total expenditure on this function (COFOG level 2), France.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
gov_10a_exp(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=MIO_EURsector=S13na_item=TEcofog99=GF0506time=2024· query this cell- As published
- €1,515.9 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-03
Calculation
- Transformation
- Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.
Why believe this?
R&D Housing and community amenities
€0mObserved2024
Definition
- What it counts
- General government total expenditure on this function (COFOG level 2), France.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
gov_10a_exp(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=MIO_EURsector=S13na_item=TEcofog99=GF0605time=2024· query this cell- As published
- €0.0 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-03
Calculation
- Transformation
- Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.
Why believe this?
Public health services
€8bnObserved2024
Definition
- What it counts
- General government total expenditure on this function (COFOG level 2), France.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
gov_10a_exp(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=MIO_EURsector=S13na_item=TEcofog99=GF0704time=2024· query this cell- As published
- €7,958.3 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-03
Calculation
- Transformation
- Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.
Why believe this?
Broadcasting and publishing services
€7.6bnObserved2024
Definition
- What it counts
- General government total expenditure on this function (COFOG level 2), France.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
gov_10a_exp(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=MIO_EURsector=S13na_item=TEcofog99=GF0803time=2024· query this cell- As published
- €7,560.4 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-03
Calculation
- Transformation
- Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.
Why believe this?
Education n.e.c.
€575mObserved2024
Definition
- What it counts
- General government total expenditure on this function (COFOG level 2), France.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
gov_10a_exp(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=MIO_EURsector=S13na_item=TEcofog99=GF0908time=2024· query this cell- As published
- €574.7 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-03
Calculation
- Transformation
- Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.
Why believe this?
Sickness and disability
€83.9bnObserved2024
Definition
- What it counts
- General government total expenditure on this function (COFOG level 2), France.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
gov_10a_exp(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=MIO_EURsector=S13na_item=TEcofog99=GF1001time=2024· query this cell- As published
- €83,898.9 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-03
Calculation
- Transformation
- Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.
Why believe this?
R&D Social protection
€0mObserved2024
Definition
- What it counts
- General government total expenditure on this function (COFOG level 2), France.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
gov_10a_exp(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=MIO_EURsector=S13na_item=TEcofog99=GF1008time=2024· query this cell- As published
- €0.0 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-03
Calculation
- Transformation
- Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.
Why believe this?
Demi-part supplémentaire pour les contribuables vivant seuls ayant eu à titre exclusif ou principal, en vivant seuls, la charge d'enfants pendant au moins cinq ans
€674mObserved2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Cost of the tax expenditure in 2024 (réalisé), as estimated by the Ministry of Finance.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
- Where
- Measure 110102
- Published
- October 2025
- As published
- €674.0 million
- Read
- 2026-10-03
Why believe this?
Exonération des indemnités journalières de sécurité sociale servies au titre des maladies "longues et coûteuses"
€597mObserved2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Cost of the tax expenditure in 2024 (réalisé), as estimated by the Ministry of Finance.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
- Where
- Measure 120204
- Published
- October 2025
- As published
- €597.0 million
- Read
- 2026-10-03
Why believe this?
Exonération des intérêts et primes versés dans le cadre de l'épargne logement
€426mObserved2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Cost of the tax expenditure in 2024 (réalisé), as estimated by the Ministry of Finance.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
- Where
- Measure 140101
- Published
- October 2025
- As published
- €426.0 million
- Read
- 2026-10-03
Why believe this?
Déduction de précaution
€301mObserved2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Cost of the tax expenditure in 2024 (réalisé), as estimated by the Ministry of Finance.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
- Where
- Measure 170106
- Published
- October 2025
- As published
- €301.0 million
- Read
- 2026-10-03
Why believe this?
Crédit d'impôt famille
€209mObserved2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Cost of the tax expenditure in 2024 (réalisé), as estimated by the Ministry of Finance. A payable tax credit: the national accounts record it as general government spending, so it is already inside the spending lines and is not added to public money a second time.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
- Where
- Measure 210308
- Published
- October 2025
- As published
- €209.0 million
- Read
- 2026-10-03
Why believe this?
Taxation au taux de 10% des revenus issus de certains actifs de propriété industrielle
€1.2bnObserved2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Cost of the tax expenditure in 2024 (réalisé), as estimated by the Ministry of Finance.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
- Where
- Measure 210326
- Published
- October 2025
- As published
- €1,199.0 million
- Read
- 2026-10-03
Why believe this?
Niveau des taux en Guadeloupe, en Martinique et à La Réunion (8,5 % pour le taux normal et 2,1 % pour le taux réduit)
€1.2bnObserved2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Cost of the tax expenditure in 2024 (réalisé), as estimated by the Ministry of Finance.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
- Where
- Measure 710103
- Published
- October 2025
- As published
- €1,180.0 million
- Read
- 2026-10-03
Why believe this?
Taux de 10 % dans le secteur du logement locatif social pour les opérations qui ne sont pas éligibles au taux réduit de 5,5 %
€560mObserved2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Cost of the tax expenditure in 2024 (réalisé), as estimated by the Ministry of Finance.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
- Where
- Measure 730210
- Published
- October 2025
- As published
- €560.0 million
- Read
- 2026-10-03
Why believe this?
Taux de 5,5% pour les travaux d'amélioration de la qualité énergétique des locaux à usage d'habitation achevés depuis plus de deux ans ainsi que sur les travaux induits qui leur sont indissociablement liés
€935mObserved2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Cost of the tax expenditure in 2024 (réalisé), as estimated by the Ministry of Finance.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
- Where
- Measure 730223
- Published
- October 2025
- As published
- €935.0 million
- Read
- 2026-10-03
Why believe this?
Taux de 5,5 % applicable aux droits d’entrée dans les théâtres, les cirques, les concerts, les spectacles de variété, les salles de cinéma, les parcs zoologiques et les compétitions de jeux vidéos
€315mObserved2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Cost of the tax expenditure in 2024 (réalisé), as estimated by the Ministry of Finance.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
- Where
- Measure 730231
- Published
- October 2025
- As published
- €315.0 million
- Read
- 2026-10-03
Why believe this?
Tarif particulier pour le superéthanol E85, carburant essence comprenant au moins 65 % d'éthanol
€501mObserved2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Cost of the tax expenditure in 2024 (réalisé), as estimated by the Ministry of Finance.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
- Where
- Measure 800216
- Published
- October 2025
- As published
- €501.0 million
- Read
- 2026-10-03
Why believe this?
Smaller payable tax credits, under EUR 200m each
€1.3bnObserved2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Cost of the tax expenditure in 2024 (réalisé), as estimated by the Ministry of Finance. A payable tax credit: the national accounts record it as general government spending, so it is already inside the spending lines and is not added to public money a second time.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
- Where
- All measures under EUR 200m
- Published
- October 2025
- As published
- €1,264.0 million
- Read
- 2026-10-03
Why believe this?
DETR cap, placebo jump in equipment spending at a cutoff halfway into the eligible side, each commune against its own three previous years, over the first year
€1EstimatedCalculated by this site2020
Definition
- What it counts
- The jump at a placebo cutoff halfway into one side of the threshold, where no rule changes, in euros per inhabitant of the commune's Insee population summed over the window: local linear regressions with a triangular kernel on each side, 5,184 observations on the ineligible side and 5,122 on the eligible one within the bandwidth (allocation years 2018 to 2020, criteria of t - 1).
- Caveat
- 95% interval -15.58 to 16.62, standard errors clustered by commune: cannot be distinguished from zero at 95%. Smallest jump the design detects four times in five at 5%, computed before any estimate: 23.01.
Where it comes from
- Source
- This site, The State's grants at their thresholds (analysis/grants.ml)
- Where
- estimand=placebo_right, threshold=detr_cap, outcome=equipment_vs_pre, window=1
- Published
- 2026
- As published
- €1
- Read
- 2026-10-16
Why believe this?
Cost of tax expenditures, 2024
€89.4bnObserved2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Sum of the cost of every tax expenditure, as revenue forgone, before any behavioural response.
- Competing figures
- €103.1bn, Cour des comptes, NEB 2026, p. 5. Counts VAT measures at their full revenue loss, as before 2024.
- Caveat
- The ministry itself warns that the sum “est donc dépourvue de réelle signification”, since measures interact. VAT measures count only the cost left to the State after its transfers to social security and local authorities.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
- Where
- p. 13 and table p. 16
- Published
- October 2025
- It says
Le montant des dépenses fiscales s'est élevé à 89,4 Md€ en 2024 (montant définitif, +6,1 Md€ par rapport aux prévisions)
- As published
- €89,406.0 million
- Read
- 2026-10-03
Why believe this?
Tax expenditures in force
465Observed2025
Definition
- What it counts
- Taxes not collected on purpose, listed as tax expenditures in the PLF 2026: 82 of them are being wound down.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, Évaluation des voies et moyens, tome II, Dépenses fiscales (PLF 2026)
- Where
- p. 14
- Published
- October 2025
- It says
le nombre des dépenses fiscales apparaissant dans le tome II des Voies et moyens annexé au PLF pour 2025 s'élève à 465, dont 82 sont en cours d'extinction
- As published
- 465
- Read
- 2026-10-03
Why believe this?
Public debt held by the rest of the world, end 2023
€1,589bnObserved2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Gross consolidated debt of general government at the end of the year, at face value, by the sector that holds it.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
gov_10dd_ggd(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=MIO_EURsector=S13na_item=GDmaturity=TOTALsector2=S2time=2023· query this cell- As published
- €1,588,630.7 million
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-06-05, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.
Why believe this?
Top 0.001% by wealth: mean net wealth, billions
€1.5bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's wealth divided by its adults.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 0.001% by wealth: mean net wealth ÷ 1,000,000,000- From
- Top 0.001% by wealth: mean net wealth €1,525,804,411, estimated
- Result
- €1.5 billion
Why believe this?
Richest to poorest tenth, income before transfers, pensions as deferred pay
14Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The same ratio when pensions and unemployment benefits count as deferred labour income instead of transfers: retirees' income before transfers rises, workers' falls, and income after transfers is unchanged.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Encadré « Traitement des revenus de remplacement »
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
Avec ce traitement, le ratio entre le niveau de vie moyen avant transferts publics des 10 % de personnes les plus aisées et celui des moins aisés est de 14.
- As published
- 14
- Read
- 2026-10-16
Why believe this?
80 and over, transfers received
€186.8bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Every transfer attributed to the group, subsidies included.
Calculation
- Computed as
80 and over, Subsidies on products + 80 and over, Subsidies on production + 80 and over, Pensions + 80 and over, Unemployment benefits + 80 and over, Other cash benefits + 80 and over, Health care + 80 and over, Education + 80 and over, Social care and housing aid + 80 and over, Culture and leisure + 80 and over, Collective services- From
- 80 and over, Subsidies on products €2.7bn, estimated
- 80 and over, Subsidies on production €131m, estimated
- 80 and over, Pensions €90.1bn, estimated
- 80 and over, Unemployment benefits €0m, estimated
- 80 and over, Other cash benefits €4.1bn, estimated
- 80 and over, Health care €50.9bn, estimated
- 80 and over, Education €11.6m, estimated
- 80 and over, Social care and housing aid €16.3bn, estimated
- 80 and over, Culture and leisure €2.5bn, estimated
- 80 and over, Collective services €20bn, estimated
- Result
- €186.8 billion
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2024, 81 years
389,750Observed2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Where it comes from
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y81time=2024· query this cell- As published
- 389,750 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2023, 85 years
312,268Observed2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Where it comes from
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y85time=2023· query this cell- As published
- 312,268 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2024, 86 years
293,467Observed2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Where it comes from
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y86time=2024· query this cell- As published
- 293,467 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2024, 88 years
248,051Observed2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Where it comes from
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y88time=2024· query this cell- As published
- 248,051 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2023, 93 years
108,708Observed2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Where it comes from
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y93time=2023· query this cell- As published
- 108,708 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2023, 94 years
87,754Observed2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Where it comes from
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y94time=2023· query this cell- As published
- 87,754 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2024, 94 years
91,884Observed2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Where it comes from
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y94time=2024· query this cell- As published
- 91,884 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2023, 3 years
720,314Observed2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Where it comes from
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y3time=2023· query this cell- As published
- 720,314 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2024, 3 years
703,926Observed2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Where it comes from
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y3time=2024· query this cell- As published
- 703,926 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2024, 8 years
800,309Observed2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Where it comes from
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y8time=2024· query this cell- As published
- 800,309 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2023, 15 years
861,451Observed2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Where it comes from
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y15time=2023· query this cell- As published
- 861,451 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2024, 17 years
861,729Observed2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Where it comes from
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y17time=2024· query this cell- As published
- 861,729 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2024, 23 years
812,904Observed2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Where it comes from
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y23time=2024· query this cell- As published
- 812,904 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2023, 27 years
763,976Observed2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Where it comes from
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y27time=2023· query this cell- As published
- 763,976 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2024, 31 years
809,852Observed2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Where it comes from
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y31time=2024· query this cell- As published
- 809,852 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2023, 37 years
857,654Observed2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Where it comes from
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y37time=2023· query this cell- As published
- 857,654 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2024, 38 years
865,304Observed2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Where it comes from
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y38time=2024· query this cell- As published
- 865,304 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2024, 42 years
887,177Observed2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Where it comes from
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y42time=2024· query this cell- As published
- 887,177 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2024, 45 years
832,575Observed2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Where it comes from
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y45time=2024· query this cell- As published
- 832,575 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2023, 46 years
804,801Observed2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Where it comes from
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y46time=2023· query this cell- As published
- 804,801 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2024, 53 years
906,451Observed2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Where it comes from
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y53time=2024· query this cell- As published
- 906,451 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2023, 56 years
894,712Observed2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Where it comes from
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y56time=2023· query this cell- As published
- 894,712 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2023, 58 years
903,103Observed2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Where it comes from
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y58time=2023· query this cell- As published
- 903,103 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2024, 61 years
853,660Observed2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Where it comes from
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y61time=2024· query this cell- As published
- 853,660 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2023, 63 years
835,418Observed2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Where it comes from
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y63time=2023· query this cell- As published
- 835,418 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2023, 68 years
772,724Observed2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Where it comes from
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y68time=2023· query this cell- As published
- 772,724 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2024, 68 years
773,783Observed2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Where it comes from
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y68time=2024· query this cell- As published
- 773,783 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2023, 72 years
755,423Observed2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Where it comes from
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y72time=2023· query this cell- As published
- 755,423 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Population on 1 January 2024, 73 years
743,170Observed2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Residents of France on 1 January, by age in completed years (Eurostat demo_pjan).
Where it comes from
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
demo_pjan(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=NRsex=Tage=Y73time=2024· query this cell- As published
- 743,170 · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-25, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- None: shown as published, rounded.
Why believe this?
Employees' total net pay, ages 14 to 29, 2023, file weights, € billion
€120.1bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Sum over the bands of total annual net pay of the employees in the band times its value: the closed bands at the stated value, the open band at its Pareto mean. A sum on the reduced file's weights, not a volume: only its shape across ages is used.
Calculation
- Computed as
Σ over bands of employees × band value ÷ 10⁹; band values in euros 00: 100, 01: 350, 02: 750, 03: 1250, 04: 1750, 05: 2500, 06: 3500, 07: 5000, 08: 7000, 09: 9000, 10: 11000, 11: 13000, 12: 15000, 13: 17000, 14: 19000, 15: 21000, 16: 23000, 17: 25000, 18: 27000, 19: 29000, 20: 32500, 21: 37500, 22: 45000; band 23 at Mean total net pay of employees aged 0 to 100 paid 50,000 euros or more, 2023- From
- Mean total net pay of employees aged 0 to 100 paid 50,000 euros or more, 2023 €78,018, estimated
- Employees aged 14 to 29 paid 0 to 200 euros, 2023, file weights 11,292, estimated
- Employees aged 14 to 29 paid 200 to 500 euros, 2023, file weights 17,844, estimated
- Employees aged 14 to 29 paid 500 to 1,000 euros, 2023, file weights 62,700, estimated
- Employees aged 14 to 29 paid 1,000 to 1,500 euros, 2023, file weights 175,092, estimated
- Employees aged 14 to 29 paid 1,500 to 2,000 euros, 2023, file weights 270,588, estimated
- Employees aged 14 to 29 paid 2,000 to 3,000 euros, 2023, file weights 470,028, estimated
- Employees aged 14 to 29 paid 3,000 to 4,000 euros, 2023, file weights 421,980, estimated
- Employees aged 14 to 29 paid 4,000 to 6,000 euros, 2023, file weights 631,632, estimated
- Employees aged 14 to 29 paid 6,000 to 8,000 euros, 2023, file weights 543,168, estimated
- Employees aged 14 to 29 paid 8,000 to 10,000 euros, 2023, file weights 523,380, estimated
- Employees aged 14 to 29 paid 10,000 to 12,000 euros, 2023, file weights 491,028, estimated
- Employees aged 14 to 29 paid 12,000 to 14,000 euros, 2023, file weights 464,796, estimated
- Employees aged 14 to 29 paid 14,000 to 16,000 euros, 2023, file weights 443,832, estimated
- Employees aged 14 to 29 paid 16,000 to 18,000 euros, 2023, file weights 504,672, estimated
- Employees aged 14 to 29 paid 18,000 to 20,000 euros, 2023, file weights 529,296, estimated
- Employees aged 14 to 29 paid 20,000 to 22,000 euros, 2023, file weights 510,372, estimated
- Employees aged 14 to 29 paid 22,000 to 24,000 euros, 2023, file weights 430,128, estimated
- Employees aged 14 to 29 paid 24,000 to 26,000 euros, 2023, file weights 333,288, estimated
- Employees aged 14 to 29 paid 26,000 to 28,000 euros, 2023, file weights 264,252, estimated
- Employees aged 14 to 29 paid 28,000 to 30,000 euros, 2023, file weights 207,024, estimated
- Employees aged 14 to 29 paid 30,000 to 35,000 euros, 2023, file weights 332,220, estimated
- Employees aged 14 to 29 paid 35,000 to 40,000 euros, 2023, file weights 165,144, estimated
- Employees aged 14 to 29 paid 40,000 to 50,000 euros, 2023, file weights 111,648, estimated
- Employees aged 14 to 29 paid 50,000 euros or more, 2023, file weights 53,376, estimated
- Result
- €120.1 billion
Why believe this?
Employees aged 0 to 100 paid 40,000 to 50,000 euros, 2023, file weights
1.8 millionEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
- Where
- data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 0 to 100, band 22, weight summed over sectors
- Published
- 24 March 2026
- As published
- 1,770,228
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Employees aged 14 to 29 paid 0 to 200 euros, 2023, file weights
11,292Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
- Where
- data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 14 to 29, band 00, weight summed over sectors
- Published
- 24 March 2026
- As published
- 11,292
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Employees aged 14 to 29 paid 18,000 to 20,000 euros, 2023, file weights
529,296Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
- Where
- data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 14 to 29, band 14, weight summed over sectors
- Published
- 24 March 2026
- As published
- 529,296
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Employees aged 14 to 29 paid 35,000 to 40,000 euros, 2023, file weights
165,144Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
- Where
- data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 14 to 29, band 21, weight summed over sectors
- Published
- 24 March 2026
- As published
- 165,144
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Employees aged 30 to 39 paid 3,000 to 4,000 euros, 2023, file weights
110,424Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
- Where
- data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 30 to 39, band 06, weight summed over sectors
- Published
- 24 March 2026
- As published
- 110,424
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Employees aged 30 to 39 paid 22,000 to 24,000 euros, 2023, file weights
510,924Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
- Where
- data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 30 to 39, band 16, weight summed over sectors
- Published
- 24 March 2026
- As published
- 510,924
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Employees aged 40 to 49 paid 1,000 to 1,500 euros, 2023, file weights
24,984Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
- Where
- data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 40 to 49, band 03, weight summed over sectors
- Published
- 24 March 2026
- As published
- 24,984
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Employees aged 40 to 49 paid 1,500 to 2,000 euros, 2023, file weights
42,444Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
- Where
- data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 40 to 49, band 04, weight summed over sectors
- Published
- 24 March 2026
- As published
- 42,444
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Employees aged 40 to 49 paid 20,000 to 22,000 euros, 2023, file weights
434,664Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
- Where
- data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 40 to 49, band 15, weight summed over sectors
- Published
- 24 March 2026
- As published
- 434,664
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Employees aged 40 to 49 paid 30,000 to 35,000 euros, 2023, file weights
751,260Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
- Where
- data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 40 to 49, band 20, weight summed over sectors
- Published
- 24 March 2026
- As published
- 751,260
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Employees aged 50 to 59 paid 1,000 to 1,500 euros, 2023, file weights
19,752Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
- Where
- data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 50 to 59, band 03, weight summed over sectors
- Published
- 24 March 2026
- As published
- 19,752
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Employees aged 50 to 59 paid 6,000 to 8,000 euros, 2023, file weights
151,224Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
- Where
- data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 50 to 59, band 08, weight summed over sectors
- Published
- 24 March 2026
- As published
- 151,224
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Employees aged 50 to 59 paid 14,000 to 16,000 euros, 2023, file weights
204,696Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
- Where
- data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 50 to 59, band 12, weight summed over sectors
- Published
- 24 March 2026
- As published
- 204,696
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Employees aged 50 to 59 paid 20,000 to 22,000 euros, 2023, file weights
416,616Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
- Where
- data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 50 to 59, band 15, weight summed over sectors
- Published
- 24 March 2026
- As published
- 416,616
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Employees aged 50 to 59 paid 40,000 to 50,000 euros, 2023, file weights
568,668Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
- Where
- data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 50 to 59, band 22, weight summed over sectors
- Published
- 24 March 2026
- As published
- 568,668
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Employees' total net pay, ages 60 to 100, 2023, file weights, € billion
€54.8bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Sum over the bands of total annual net pay of the employees in the band times its value: the closed bands at the stated value, the open band at its Pareto mean. A sum on the reduced file's weights, not a volume: only its shape across ages is used.
Calculation
- Computed as
Σ over bands of employees × band value ÷ 10⁹; band values in euros 00: 100, 01: 350, 02: 750, 03: 1250, 04: 1750, 05: 2500, 06: 3500, 07: 5000, 08: 7000, 09: 9000, 10: 11000, 11: 13000, 12: 15000, 13: 17000, 14: 19000, 15: 21000, 16: 23000, 17: 25000, 18: 27000, 19: 29000, 20: 32500, 21: 37500, 22: 45000; band 23 at Mean total net pay of employees aged 0 to 100 paid 50,000 euros or more, 2023- From
- Mean total net pay of employees aged 0 to 100 paid 50,000 euros or more, 2023 €78,018, estimated
- Employees aged 60 to 100 paid 0 to 200 euros, 2023, file weights 8,772, estimated
- Employees aged 60 to 100 paid 200 to 500 euros, 2023, file weights 8,892, estimated
- Employees aged 60 to 100 paid 500 to 1,000 euros, 2023, file weights 11,748, estimated
- Employees aged 60 to 100 paid 1,000 to 1,500 euros, 2023, file weights 25,980, estimated
- Employees aged 60 to 100 paid 1,500 to 2,000 euros, 2023, file weights 42,948, estimated
- Employees aged 60 to 100 paid 2,000 to 3,000 euros, 2023, file weights 84,780, estimated
- Employees aged 60 to 100 paid 3,000 to 4,000 euros, 2023, file weights 78,408, estimated
- Employees aged 60 to 100 paid 4,000 to 6,000 euros, 2023, file weights 131,328, estimated
- Employees aged 60 to 100 paid 6,000 to 8,000 euros, 2023, file weights 114,108, estimated
- Employees aged 60 to 100 paid 8,000 to 10,000 euros, 2023, file weights 103,176, estimated
- Employees aged 60 to 100 paid 10,000 to 12,000 euros, 2023, file weights 100,200, estimated
- Employees aged 60 to 100 paid 12,000 to 14,000 euros, 2023, file weights 87,528, estimated
- Employees aged 60 to 100 paid 14,000 to 16,000 euros, 2023, file weights 81,888, estimated
- Employees aged 60 to 100 paid 16,000 to 18,000 euros, 2023, file weights 93,564, estimated
- Employees aged 60 to 100 paid 18,000 to 20,000 euros, 2023, file weights 98,304, estimated
- Employees aged 60 to 100 paid 20,000 to 22,000 euros, 2023, file weights 105,468, estimated
- Employees aged 60 to 100 paid 22,000 to 24,000 euros, 2023, file weights 106,020, estimated
- Employees aged 60 to 100 paid 24,000 to 26,000 euros, 2023, file weights 100,944, estimated
- Employees aged 60 to 100 paid 26,000 to 28,000 euros, 2023, file weights 86,964, estimated
- Employees aged 60 to 100 paid 28,000 to 30,000 euros, 2023, file weights 74,436, estimated
- Employees aged 60 to 100 paid 30,000 to 35,000 euros, 2023, file weights 143,736, estimated
- Employees aged 60 to 100 paid 35,000 to 40,000 euros, 2023, file weights 105,120, estimated
- Employees aged 60 to 100 paid 40,000 to 50,000 euros, 2023, file weights 139,020, estimated
- Employees aged 60 to 100 paid 50,000 euros or more, 2023, file weights 234,816, estimated
- Result
- €54.8 billion
Why believe this?
Employees aged 60 to 100 paid 0 to 200 euros, 2023, file weights
8,772Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
- Where
- data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 60 to 100, band 00, weight summed over sectors
- Published
- 24 March 2026
- As published
- 8,772
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Employees aged 60 to 100 paid 16,000 to 18,000 euros, 2023, file weights
93,564Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employees of the reduced file in this band of total annual net pay, summed with Insee's weight of 12; the file over-represents those born in an even year, so this is a count of the file, not a volume.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Description des emplois salariés en 2023, fichier détail
- Where
- data/income/bts_pay_2023.csv: age 60 to 100, band 13, weight summed over sectors
- Published
- 24 March 2026
- As published
- 93,564
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Self-employment income per household, ages 50 to 64, 2023
€3,102EstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Mean amount per household of this age of reference person: the share of disposable income times the mean disposable income. Each single age weighs it by its households, Insee's share of households of its band (HVP 2024) spread by population.
Calculation
- Computed as
Self-employment income, share of disposable income, ages 50 to 64, 2023 × Mean disposable income of households, ages 50 to 64, 2023 ÷ 100- From
- Self-employment income, share of disposable income, ages 50 to 64, 2023 6.2%, estimated
- Mean disposable income of households, ages 50 to 64, 2023 €50,040, estimated
- Result
- €3,102
Why believe this?
Self-employment income, share of disposable income, ages 50 to 64, 2023
6.2%Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Share of the mean disposable income of households of this age of reference person, percent (ERFS 2023, T03).
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenu, niveau de vie et pauvreté en 2023
- Where
- Sheet “ERFS_T03”, row 7 “Revenus d'indépendants (2)”, column E
- Published
- 17 February 2026
- As published
- 6.2%
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Retirees of a direct pension resident in France, end 2022
16,062Estimated2022
Definition
- What it counts
- Retirees with a direct (own-right) pension from at least one French scheme, resident in France, thousands.
Where it comes from
- Source
- DREES, Les effectifs de retraités, montants des pensions et âges de départ à la retraite, fin 2022
- Where
- Tableau 1.2-d, column B, rows 5 to 47
- Published
- 30 October 2024
- As published
- 16,062
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Other cash benefits
€137.4bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.
- Caveat
- Estimated for this page: both years are put on the general-government perimeter (Eurostat S13). Each Insee item is scaled to Eurostat's total of its category for the year, split between the items of the category and between groups as Insee's 2023 accounts split it. Insee's own 2023 levels are wider in places (firms' collective pension and health schemes) and COFOG counts spending gross of the fees that finance part of it; the evidence panels show both.
Calculation
- Computed as
Social protection × Other cash benefits ÷ Insee items in COFOG 10, social protection- From
- Social protection €657.9bn
- Other cash benefits €147.7bn, estimated
- Insee items in COFOG 10, social protection €707.5bn, estimated
- Result
- €137.4 billion
Why believe this?
CNAF, family benefits paid in 2023
€27,742,528,625Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Amounts paid by the family allowance funds in the year, summed over the months, euros: family benefits.
Where it comes from
- Source
- CNAF, Toutes prestations - Répartition des allocataires selon la prestation et l'âge [National]
- Where
- All ages, all months of the year
- Published
- 9 October 2026
- As published
- €27,742,528,625
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Everyone, Exclusion sociale, Insee
€33.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- A row of Insee's distributional accounts, read as published.
- Caveat
- Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 35 “Exclusion sociale”, column B (Ensemble)
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- As published
- €33.9 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
CNAF, disability benefits (AAH, AEEH, AJPP, AJPA) paid in 2023
€13,453,324,952Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Amounts paid by the family allowance funds in the year, summed over the months, euros: disability benefits (AAH, AEEH, AJPP, AJPA).
Where it comes from
- Source
- CNAF, Toutes prestations - Répartition des allocataires selon la prestation et l'âge [National]
- Where
- All ages, all months of the year
- Published
- 9 October 2026
- As published
- €13,453,324,952
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
80 and over, Health care
€50.9bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.
- Caveat
- A synthetic allocation by the National Transfer Accounts method; it is not a measurement. The item's national total for the year is split between ages in proportion to an age profile times the population of each age, so the ages add up to the total exactly. Profiles come from other years and other perimeters, only their shape is used, and several rest on conventions; the view's ranges vary them one at a time.
Calculation
- Computed as
Health care × 80 and over, share of Health care by age profile ÷ 100- From
- Health care €249.7bn, estimated
- 80 and over, share of Health care by age profile 20.4%, estimated
- Result
- €50.9 billion
Why believe this?
Health
€249.7bnObserved2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Hospitals, outpatient care and medicines.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
gov_10a_exp(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=MIO_EURsector=S13na_item=TEcofog99=GF07time=2023· query this cell- As published
- €249,676.4 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.
Why believe this?
80 and over, levies paid
€41.4bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Every levy attributed to the group, gross of subsidies.
Calculation
- Computed as
80 and over, Taxes on products + 80 and over, Taxes on production + 80 and over, Corporate tax + 80 and over, CSG on earnings and benefits + 80 and over, CSG on capital income + 80 and over, Income tax + 80 and over, Other taxes on income and wealth + 80 and over, Pension contributions + 80 and over, Other contributions- From
- 80 and over, Taxes on products €18.5bn, estimated
- 80 and over, Taxes on production €316m, estimated
- 80 and over, Corporate tax €6.5bn, estimated
- 80 and over, CSG on earnings and benefits €6.7bn, estimated
- 80 and over, CSG on capital income €1.7bn, estimated
- 80 and over, Income tax €5.1bn, estimated
- 80 and over, Other taxes on income and wealth €1.4bn, estimated
- 80 and over, Pension contributions €692m, estimated
- 80 and over, Other contributions €450m, estimated
- Result
- €41.4 billion
Why believe this?
Taxes on products
€318.8bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
- Caveat
- Estimated for this page: both years are put on the general-government perimeter (Eurostat S13). Each Insee item is scaled to Eurostat's total of its category for the year, split between the items of the category and between groups as Insee's 2023 accounts split it. Insee's own 2023 levels are wider in places (firms' collective pension and health schemes) and COFOG counts spending gross of the fees that finance part of it; the evidence panels show both.
Calculation
- Computed as
Taxes on production and imports × Taxes on products ÷ Insee items in ESA D2, taxes on production and imports- From
- Taxes on production and imports €446.9bn
- Taxes on products €318.6bn, estimated
- Insee items in ESA D2, taxes on production and imports €446.6bn, estimated
- Result
- €318.8 billion
Why believe this?
Purchases of non-residents on the territory
€65.9bnObserved2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Consumption by non-resident households on the economic territory (ESA P34), current prices.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
nama_10_fcs(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=CP_MEURna_item=P34time=2023· query this cell- As published
- €65,858.0 million
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-10-13, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.
Why believe this?
Insee items in ESA D5, taxes on income and wealth
€351.2bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of Insee's 2023 items mapped to this category.
Calculation
- Computed as
Corporate tax + CSG + Income tax + Other taxes on income and wealth- From
- Corporate tax €78bn, estimated
- CSG €147.3bn, estimated
- Income tax €101.6bn, estimated
- Other taxes on income and wealth €24.3bn, estimated
- Result
- €351.2 billion
Why believe this?
Mean gross wealth, ages 18 to 29, start of 2024
€104,400Estimated2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Mean gross wealth of households by age of the reference person, euros.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Patrimoine et endettement des ménages en 2024
- Where
- Sheet “AGE”, row 5 “Moins de 30 ans”, column B
- Published
- 26 February 2026
- As published
- €104,400
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Mean gross wealth, ages 30 to 39, start of 2024
€265,000Estimated2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Mean gross wealth of households by age of the reference person, euros.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Patrimoine et endettement des ménages en 2024
- Where
- Sheet “AGE”, row 6 “De 30 à 39 ans”, column B
- Published
- 26 February 2026
- As published
- €265,000
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Financial wealth share, ages 50 to 59, start of 2024, %
19.7%Estimated2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Share of this kind of wealth in households' mean gross wealth, by age of the reference person.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Patrimoine et endettement des ménages en 2024
- Where
- Sheet “AGE”, row 8 “De 50 à 59 ans”, column D
- Published
- 26 February 2026
- As published
- 19.7%
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Financial wealth share, ages 60 to 69, start of 2024, %
22.9%Estimated2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Share of this kind of wealth in households' mean gross wealth, by age of the reference person.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Patrimoine et endettement des ménages en 2024
- Where
- Sheet “AGE”, row 9 “De 60 à 69 ans”, column D
- Published
- 26 February 2026
- As published
- 22.9%
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Shares held by the rest of the world
€2,471bnObserved2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Listed and unlisted shares (ESA F51), at the end of the year, at market value or own funds for unlisted companies.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
nasa_10_f_bs(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=MIO_EURco_nco=NCOsector=S2finpos=ASSna_item=F51time=2023· query this cell- As published
- €2,470,873.0 million
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-10-14, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.
Why believe this?
Shares issued by financial corporations
€1,271bnObserved2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Listed and unlisted shares (ESA F51), at the end of the year, at market value or own funds for unlisted companies.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
nasa_10_f_bs(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=MIO_EURco_nco=NCOsector=S12finpos=LIABna_item=F51time=2023· query this cell- As published
- €1,270,742.0 million
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-10-14, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.
Why believe this?
80 and over, CSG
€8.5bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.
- Caveat
- A synthetic allocation by the National Transfer Accounts method; it is not a measurement. The item's national total for the year is split between ages in proportion to an age profile times the population of each age, so the ages add up to the total exactly. Profiles come from other years and other perimeters, only their shape is used, and several rest on conventions; the view's ranges vary them one at a time.
Calculation
- Computed as
CSG × 80 and over, share of CSG by age profile ÷ 100- From
- CSG €149.8bn, estimated
- 80 and over, share of CSG by age profile 5.6%, estimated
- Result
- €8.5 billion
Why believe this?
Gross wealth, weight of ages 70 to 100
99,190.8EstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- The band's wealth relative to the others: mean wealth times the parts kept times the share of households; spread over the band's ages by population.
Calculation
- Computed as
Mean gross wealth, ages 70 to 100, start of 2024 × Households, ages 70 to 100, start of 2024, % ÷ 100- From
- Mean gross wealth, ages 70 to 100, start of 2024 €420,300, estimated
- Households, ages 70 to 100, start of 2024, % 23.6%, estimated
- Result
- 99,191
Why believe this?
Pensions, share of disposable income, ages 18 to 29, 2023
2.5%Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Share of the mean disposable income of households of this age of reference person, percent (ERFS 2023, T03); direct taxes are income tax, CSG, CRDS and residence tax.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenu, niveau de vie et pauvreté en 2023
- Where
- Sheet “ERFS_T03”, row 8 “Pensions et retraites”, column B
- Published
- 17 February 2026
- As published
- 2.5%
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Property income, share of disposable income, ages 30 to 39, 2023
4.9%Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Share of the mean disposable income of households of this age of reference person, percent (ERFS 2023, T03); direct taxes are income tax, CSG, CRDS and residence tax.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenu, niveau de vie et pauvreté en 2023
- Where
- Sheet “ERFS_T03”, row 9 “Revenus du patrimoine”, column C
- Published
- 17 February 2026
- As published
- 4.9%
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
40–49, Culture and leisure
€5.2bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.
- Caveat
- A synthetic allocation by the National Transfer Accounts method; it is not a measurement. The item's national total for the year is split between ages in proportion to an age profile times the population of each age, so the ages add up to the total exactly. Profiles come from other years and other perimeters, only their shape is used, and several rest on conventions; the view's ranges vary them one at a time.
Calculation
- Computed as
Culture and leisure × 40–49, share of Culture and leisure by age profile ÷ 100- From
- Culture and leisure €41.4bn, estimated
- 40–49, share of Culture and leisure by age profile 12.5%, estimated
- Result
- €5.2 billion
Why believe this?
40–49, levies paid
€262.7bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Every levy attributed to the group, gross of subsidies.
Calculation
- Computed as
40–49, Taxes on products + 40–49, Taxes on production + 40–49, Corporate tax + 40–49, CSG on earnings and benefits + 40–49, CSG on capital income + 40–49, Income tax + 40–49, Other taxes on income and wealth + 40–49, Pension contributions + 40–49, Other contributions- From
- 40–49, Taxes on products €42.7bn, estimated
- 40–49, Taxes on production €33.2bn, estimated
- 40–49, Corporate tax €10.3bn, estimated
- 40–49, CSG on earnings and benefits €27.6bn, estimated
- 40–49, CSG on capital income €2.7bn, estimated
- 40–49, Income tax €21.3bn, estimated
- 40–49, Other taxes on income and wealth €5bn, estimated
- 40–49, Pension contributions €72.6bn, estimated
- 40–49, Other contributions €47.3bn, estimated
- Result
- €262.7 billion
Why believe this?
40–49, Other taxes on income and wealth
€5bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
- Caveat
- A synthetic allocation by the National Transfer Accounts method; it is not a measurement. The item's national total for the year is split between ages in proportion to an age profile times the population of each age, so the ages add up to the total exactly. Profiles come from other years and other perimeters, only their shape is used, and several rest on conventions; the view's ranges vary them one at a time.
Calculation
- Computed as
Other taxes on income and wealth × 40–49, share of Other taxes on income and wealth by age profile ÷ 100- From
- Other taxes on income and wealth €24.7bn, estimated
- 40–49, share of Other taxes on income and wealth by age profile 20.2%, estimated
- Result
- €5.0 billion
Why believe this?
Top 10%, levies paid
€402.4bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Every levy attributed to the group, gross of subsidies.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 10%, Taxes on products + Top 10%, Taxes on production + Top 10%, Corporate tax + Top 10%, CSG on earnings and benefits + Top 10%, CSG on capital income + Top 10%, Income tax + Top 10%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Top 10%, Pension contributions + Top 10%, Other contributions- From
- Top 10%, Taxes on products €50.9bn, estimated
- Top 10%, Taxes on production €35.5bn, estimated
- Top 10%, Corporate tax €52.1bn, estimated
- Top 10%, CSG on earnings and benefits €38.3bn, estimated
- Top 10%, CSG on capital income €7.2bn, estimated
- Top 10%, Income tax €66.5bn, estimated
- Top 10%, Other taxes on income and wealth €12bn, estimated
- Top 10%, Pension contributions €79.3bn, estimated
- Top 10%, Other contributions €60.6bn, estimated
- Result
- €402.4 billion
Why believe this?
All groups, Taxes on products
€318.6bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 10%, Taxes on products + Bottom 10–20%, Taxes on products + Bottom 20–30%, Taxes on products + Bottom 30–40%, Taxes on products + Bottom 40–50%, Taxes on products + Top 40–50%, Taxes on products + Top 30–40%, Taxes on products + Top 20–30%, Taxes on products + Top 10–20%, Taxes on products + Top 10%, Taxes on products- From
- Bottom 10%, Taxes on products €19.3bn, estimated
- Bottom 10–20%, Taxes on products €21.1bn, estimated
- Bottom 20–30%, Taxes on products €24.3bn, estimated
- Bottom 30–40%, Taxes on products €27bn, estimated
- Bottom 40–50%, Taxes on products €28.6bn, estimated
- Top 40–50%, Taxes on products €32bn, estimated
- Top 30–40%, Taxes on products €34.2bn, estimated
- Top 20–30%, Taxes on products €37.5bn, estimated
- Top 10–20%, Taxes on products €41.4bn, estimated
- Top 10%, Taxes on products €53.2bn, estimated
- Result
- €318.6 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 10–20%, Taxes on products
€21.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 18 “Taxes sur les produits (TVA, TICPE, accises, DMTO, etc.)”, columns E and F (V3 + V4), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 18, V3: -10; row 18, V4: -11.1
- As published
- €21.1 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 10–20%, Taxes on products
€41.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 18 “Taxes sur les produits (TVA, TICPE, accises, DMTO, etc.)”, columns S and T (V17 + V18), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 18, V17: -19.7; row 18, V18: -21.7
- As published
- €41.4 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 10%, Taxes on production
€35.5bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
Calculation
- Computed as
Taxes on production × Top 10%, Taxes on production ÷ All groups, Taxes on production- From
- Taxes on production €128.1bn, estimated
- Top 10%, Taxes on production €35.4bn, estimated
- All groups, Taxes on production €127.9bn, estimated
- Result
- €35.5 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 20–30%, Taxes on production
€6.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 20 “Taxes sur la production (taxes patronales, TF, etc.)”, columns G and H (V5 + V6), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 20, V5: -2.9; row 20, V6: -3.4
- As published
- €6.3 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 10%, Corporate tax
€65.1bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
Calculation
- Computed as
Corporate tax × Top 10%, Corporate tax ÷ All groups, Corporate tax- From
- Corporate tax €79.3bn, estimated
- Top 10%, Corporate tax €64.1bn, estimated
- All groups, Corporate tax €78.1bn, estimated
- Result
- €65.1 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 40–50%, Corporate tax
€800mEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 22 “Impôt sur les sociétés”, columns K and L (V9 + V10), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 22, V9: -0.4; row 22, V10: -0.4
- As published
- €0.8 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 10–20%, CSG
€3.7bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 23 “Contribution sociale généralisée (CSG)”, columns E and F (V3 + V4), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 23, V3: -1.5; row 23, V4: -2.2
- As published
- €3.7 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 40–50%, CSG
€11.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 23 “Contribution sociale généralisée (CSG)”, columns K and L (V9 + V10), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 23, V9: -5.3; row 23, V10: -5.8
- As published
- €11.1 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 30–40%, Rents, actual and imputed
€18.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Rents landlords receive and the rent owner-occupiers are deemed to pay themselves, net of costs.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 9 “Loyers réels et imputés aux propriétaires”, columns O and P (V13 + V14), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 9, V13: 8.7; row 9, V14: 9.6
- As published
- €18.3 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 30–40%, Income tax
€400mEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 24 “Impôt sur le revenu (IR)”, columns I and J (V7 + V8), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 24, V7: -0.2; row 24, V8: -0.2
- As published
- €0.4 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 20–30%, Other taxes on income and wealth
€2.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 25 “Autres impôts sur les revenus et le patrimoine (TH, ISF/IFI, CRDS, etc.)”, columns Q and R (V15 + V16), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 25, V15: -1; row 25, V16: -1.2
- As published
- €2.2 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 10%, Pension contributions
€93bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 26 “Cotisations sociales retraite1”, columns U and V (V19 + V20), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 26, V19: -35.7; row 26, V20: -57.3
- As published
- €93.0 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 30–40%, Pension contributions
€35.6bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 26 “Cotisations sociales retraite1”, columns O and P (V13 + V14), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 26, V13: -17.5; row 26, V14: -18.1
- As published
- €35.6 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 10–20%, Pension contributions
€54.7bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 26 “Cotisations sociales retraite1”, columns S and T (V17 + V18), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 26, V17: -25; row 26, V18: -29.7
- As published
- €54.7 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 10–20%, Other contributions
€5bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 27 “Cotisations sociales chômage1”; 28 “Cotisations sociales famille1”; 29 “Autres cotisations sociales (maladie, invalidité, ATMP)1”, columns E and F (V3 + V4), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 29, V3: -1.3; row 29, V4: -1.7; row 27, V3: -0.4; row 27, V4: -0.5; row 28, V3: -0.5; row 28, V4: -0.6
- As published
- €5.0 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 10%, received a month per person
€2,150EstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 10%, transfers received × 10⁹ ÷ Top 10%, people ÷ 12- From
- Top 10%, transfers received €175.6bn, estimated
- Top 10%, people 6.8 million, estimated
- Result
- €2,150
Why believe this?
Top 10%, Subsidies on products
€5.7bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.
Calculation
- Computed as
Subsidies on products × Top 10%, Subsidies on products ÷ All groups, Subsidies on products- From
- Subsidies on products €44.2bn, estimated
- Top 10%, Subsidies on products €4.1bn, estimated
- All groups, Subsidies on products €32bn, estimated
- Result
- €5.7 billion
Why believe this?
Top 30–40%, Subsidies on products
€3.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 19 “Subventions sur les produits (transports, etc.)”, columns O and P (V13 + V14), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 19, V13: 1.6; row 19, V14: 1.6
- As published
- €3.2 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 10–20%, Subsidies on products
€3.5bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 19 “Subventions sur les produits (transports, etc.)”, columns S and T (V17 + V18), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 19, V17: 1.7; row 19, V18: 1.8
- As published
- €3.5 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 30–40%, Subsidies on production
€2.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 21 “Subventions sur la production (aides à l'apprentissage, aides sectorielles, etc.)”, columns I and J (V7 + V8), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 21, V7: 1.1; row 21, V8: 1.2
- As published
- €2.3 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 10%, Pensions
€66.6bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 31 “Pensions de retraite”, columns U and V (V19 + V20), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 31, V19: 30.2; row 31, V20: 36.4
- As published
- €66.6 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
All groups, Pensions
€397.8bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 10%, Pensions + Bottom 10–20%, Pensions + Bottom 20–30%, Pensions + Bottom 30–40%, Pensions + Bottom 40–50%, Pensions + Top 40–50%, Pensions + Top 30–40%, Pensions + Top 20–30%, Pensions + Top 10–20%, Pensions + Top 10%, Pensions- From
- Bottom 10%, Pensions €10.6bn, estimated
- Bottom 10–20%, Pensions €22.7bn, estimated
- Bottom 20–30%, Pensions €34.2bn, estimated
- Bottom 30–40%, Pensions €36.3bn, estimated
- Bottom 40–50%, Pensions €39bn, estimated
- Top 40–50%, Pensions €43.6bn, estimated
- Top 30–40%, Pensions €44.7bn, estimated
- Top 20–30%, Pensions €47.8bn, estimated
- Top 10–20%, Pensions €52.3bn, estimated
- Top 10%, Pensions €66.6bn, estimated
- Result
- €397.8 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 10%, Pensions
€10.6bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 31 “Pensions de retraite”, columns C and D (V1 + V2), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 31, V1: 2.4; row 31, V2: 8.2
- As published
- €10.6 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 40–50%, Pensions
€43.6bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 31 “Pensions de retraite”, columns M and N (V11 + V12), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 31, V11: 20.2; row 31, V12: 23.4
- As published
- €43.6 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 40–50%, Unemployment benefits
€3.5bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 32 “Allocations chômage”, columns M and N (V11 + V12), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 32, V11: 1.6; row 32, V12: 1.9
- As published
- €3.5 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 10%, Other cash benefits
€13.8bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.
Calculation
- Computed as
Other cash benefits × Top 10%, Other cash benefits ÷ All groups, Other cash benefits- From
- Other cash benefits €137.4bn, estimated
- Top 10%, Other cash benefits €14.8bn, estimated
- All groups, Other cash benefits €147.6bn, estimated
- Result
- €13.8 billion
Why believe this?
Top 10%, Other cash benefits
€14.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 33 “Autres revenus de remplacement (IJ, ATMP)”; 34 “Famille”; 35 “Exclusion sociale”; 36 “Invalidité”; 37 “Remboursements des contrats collectifs de complémentaires santé”, columns U and V (V19 + V20), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 33, V19: 3.8; row 33, V20: 6.1; row 34, V19: 0.4; row 34, V20: 0.3; row 35, V19: 0.2; row 35, V20: 0.2; row 36, V19: 0.8; row 36, V20: 0.6; row 37, V19: 1.2; row 37, V20: 1.2
- As published
- €14.8 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 30–40%, Other cash benefits
€11.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 33 “Autres revenus de remplacement (IJ, ATMP)”; 34 “Famille”; 35 “Exclusion sociale”; 36 “Invalidité”; 37 “Remboursements des contrats collectifs de complémentaires santé”, columns O and P (V13 + V14), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 33, V13: 2; row 33, V14: 2.1; row 34, V13: 1; row 34, V14: 0.9; row 35, V13: 0.6; row 35, V14: 0.6; row 36, V13: 1.2; row 36, V14: 1.2; row 37, V13: 1.1; row 37, V14: 1.1
- As published
- €11.8 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 10%, Health care
€17.5bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 40 “Santé”, columns C and D (V1 + V2), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 40, V1: 9.1; row 40, V2: 8.4
- As published
- €17.5 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 40–50%, Education
€11.5bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 41 “Enseignement2”, columns M and N (V11 + V12), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 41, V11: 5.8; row 41, V12: 5.7
- As published
- €11.5 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 20–30%, Culture and leisure
€5.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 43 “Culture et loisirs”, columns G and H (V5 + V6), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 43, V5: 2.6; row 43, V6: 2.6
- As published
- €5.2 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 30–40%, Culture and leisure
€5.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 43 “Culture et loisirs”, columns I and J (V7 + V8), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 43, V7: 2.6; row 43, V8: 2.6
- As published
- €5.2 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 10%, Collective services
€33.1bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Defence, police, justice, general administration and other collective spending, spread over people, net of other transfers and of balances with the rest of the world, which are small and negative overall.
Calculation
- Computed as
Collective services × Top 10%, Collective services ÷ All groups, Collective services- From
- Collective services €332.8bn, estimated
- Top 10%, Collective services €23.8bn, estimated
- All groups, Collective services €239.5bn, estimated
- Result
- €33.1 billion
Why believe this?
All groups, Collective services
€239.5bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 10%, Collective services + Bottom 10–20%, Collective services + Bottom 20–30%, Collective services + Bottom 30–40%, Collective services + Bottom 40–50%, Collective services + Top 40–50%, Collective services + Top 30–40%, Collective services + Top 20–30%, Collective services + Top 10–20%, Collective services + Top 10%, Collective services- From
- Bottom 10%, Collective services €26.5bn, estimated
- Bottom 10–20%, Collective services €24.6bn, estimated
- Bottom 20–30%, Collective services €24.2bn, estimated
- Bottom 30–40%, Collective services €24bn, estimated
- Bottom 40–50%, Collective services €23.4bn, estimated
- Top 40–50%, Collective services €23.4bn, estimated
- Top 30–40%, Collective services €23.4bn, estimated
- Top 20–30%, Collective services €23bn, estimated
- Top 10–20%, Collective services €23.2bn, estimated
- Top 10%, Collective services €23.8bn, estimated
- Result
- €239.5 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 20–30%, Collective services
€24.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Defence, police, justice, general administration and other collective spending, spread over people, net of other transfers and of balances with the rest of the world, which are small and negative overall.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 46 “Autres transferts non monétaires”, columns G and H (V5 + V6), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 46, V5: 11.8; row 46, V6: 12.4
- As published
- €24.2 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 20–30%, Collective services
€23bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Defence, police, justice, general administration and other collective spending, spread over people, net of other transfers and of balances with the rest of the world, which are small and negative overall.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 46 “Autres transferts non monétaires”, columns Q and R (V15 + V16), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 46, V15: 11.3; row 46, V16: 11.7
- As published
- €23.0 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 10%, CSG
€1.4bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.
Calculation
- Computed as
CSG × Bottom 10%, CSG ÷ All groups, CSG- From
- CSG €149.8bn, estimated
- Bottom 10%, CSG €1.4bn, estimated
- All groups, CSG €147.2bn, estimated
- Result
- €1.4 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 10%, CSG on capital income
€437mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The part of the CSG levied on capital income: interest, dividends, life insurance, rents and capital gains.
- Competing figures
- €240m, the CSG on capital income by financial income alone. The same computation with another key for the CSG on capital income.
- €394m, the CSG on capital income by all capital income. The same computation with another key for the CSG on capital income.
- Caveat
- An allocation scenario: Insee attributes the whole CSG to each group but does not split it by base, and no source found gives the bases of the CSG on capital income by group. The CSG on investment income (interest, dividends, life insurance) is shared as Insee's net financial income. The CSG on property income is levied on rents landlords receive, capital gains and annuities; Insee's only row near it adds owner-occupiers' imputed rents, which pay no CSG, and holds no capital gains, so sharing it as that row is a convention. The alternatives share all of it as net financial income, or as the group's whole capital income.
Calculation
- Computed as
CSG on capital income × Bottom 10%, share of the CSG on capital income ÷ 100- From
- CSG on capital income €16.9bn, estimated
- Bottom 10%, share of the CSG on capital income 2.6%, estimated
- Result
- €0.4 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 10%, Health care
€20.9bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.
Calculation
- Computed as
Health care × Bottom 10%, Health care ÷ All groups, Health care- From
- Health care €249.7bn, estimated
- Bottom 10%, Health care €17.5bn, estimated
- All groups, Health care €209.4bn, estimated
- Result
- €20.9 billion