Official figures and this site's calculations
Why believe this?
Figures of one view and year of the diagram, with their sources and how they were computed, each under its own anchor. Back to Public money.
17 parts: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Why believe this?
Economic income of P99.9–99.99, 2016
€39bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2016
Definition
- What it counts
- Households of the slice times their average economic income: the total above the lower threshold minus the total above the upper one.
Calculation
- Computed as
(Tax households above P99.9, 2016 × Average economic income above P99.9, 2016 − Tax households above P99.99, 2016 × Average economic income above P99.99, 2016) ÷ 10⁹- From
- Tax households above P99.9, 2016 37,800
- Average economic income above P99.9, 2016 €3,385,000, estimated
- Tax households above P99.99, 2016 3,780
- Average economic income above P99.99, 2016 €23,530,000, estimated
- Result
- €39.0 billion
Why believe this?
Average economic income above P99.999, 2016
€171,822,000Estimated2016
Definition
- What it counts
- Average economic income of the tax households above the threshold: fiscal income plus the profits retained by the companies they control.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Institut des politiques publiques, Quels impôts les milliardaires paient-ils ? Note n° 92 (Bach, Bozio, Guillouzouic, Malgouyres), updated 2025
- Where
- Tableau 1, p. 3, “Moy. au-delà”
- Published
- May 2025
- It says
P99.999: 171822000 €
- As published
- €171,822,000
- Read
- 2026-10-04
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, paid a month per person
€166,280EstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 0.04%, levies paid × 10⁹ ÷ Top 0.04%, people ÷ 12- From
- Top 0.04%, levies paid €54.3bn, estimated
- Top 0.04%, people 27,208, estimated
- Result
- €166,280
Why believe this?
Corporate tax
€79.3bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
- Caveat
- Estimated for this page: both years are put on the general-government perimeter (Eurostat S13). Each Insee item is scaled to Eurostat's total of its category for the year, split between the items of the category and between groups as Insee's 2023 accounts split it. Insee's own 2023 levels are wider in places (firms' collective pension and health schemes) and COFOG counts spending gross of the fees that finance part of it; the evidence panels show both.
Calculation
- Computed as
Taxes on income and wealth × Corporate tax ÷ Insee items in ESA D5, taxes on income and wealth- From
- Taxes on income and wealth €357.2bn
- Corporate tax €78bn, estimated
- Insee items in ESA D5, taxes on income and wealth €351.2bn, estimated
- Result
- €79.3 billion
Why believe this?
Top 7.9–13%, Corporate tax
€4.6bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 22 “Impôt sur les sociétés”, columns T and U (0.6753 × V18 + 0.4270 × V19), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 22, V18: -2.6; row 22, V19: -6.7
- As published
- €4.6 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, Corporate tax
€3.8bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Corporate tax × ∫ level^e over P96.4785–99.0795 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0667), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.94: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20- From
- Top 5%, Corporate tax €57.4bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- V19, Corporate tax, Insee €6.7bn, estimated
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn, estimated
- V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- V20, Corporate tax, Insee €57.4bn, estimated
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn, estimated
- V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- Result
- €3.8 billion
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, CSG
€14.6bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 3.5–7.9%, CSG, below P95 + Top 3.5–7.9%, CSG, above P95- From
- Top 3.5–7.9%, CSG, below P95 €8.8bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, CSG, above P95 €5.8bn, estimated
- Result
- €14.6 billion
Why believe this?
Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Rents, actual and imputed
€19.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Rents landlords receive and the rent owner-occupiers are deemed to pay themselves, net of costs.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 9 “Loyers réels et imputés aux propriétaires”, columns L and M and N and O (0.2087 × V10 + 1.0000 × V11 + 1.0000 × V12 + 0.2689 × V13), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 9, V10: 7.1; row 9, V11: 7.6; row 9, V12: 8.4; row 9, V13: 8.7
- As published
- €19.8 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Rents, actual and imputed, below P95
€8.5bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Rents landlords receive and the rent owner-occupiers are deemed to pay themselves, net of costs.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 9 “Loyers réels et imputés aux propriétaires”, column U (0.5730 × V19), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 9, V19: 14.9
- As published
- €8.5 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Income tax
€9.8bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Income tax × ∫ level^e over P99.9602–100 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.1987), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.37: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20- From
- Top 5%, Income tax €49.4bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- V19, Income tax, Insee €15.9bn, estimated
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn, estimated
- V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- V20, Income tax, Insee €49.4bn, estimated
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn, estimated
- V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- Result
- €9.8 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Other taxes on income and wealth
€1.7bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
Calculation
- Computed as
Other taxes on income and wealth × Top 0.04%, Other taxes on income and wealth ÷ All groups, Other taxes on income and wealth- From
- Other taxes on income and wealth €24.7bn, estimated
- Top 0.04%, Other taxes on income and wealth €1.6bn, estimated
- All groups, Other taxes on income and wealth €24.1bn, estimated
- Result
- €1.7 billion
Why believe this?
Top 5%, Other taxes on income and wealth
€8.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 25 “Autres impôts sur les revenus et le patrimoine (TH, ISF/IFI, CRDS, etc.)”, column V (V20)
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- As published
- €8.8 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 33–49%, Other taxes on income and wealth
€1.7bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 25 “Autres impôts sur les revenus et le patrimoine (TH, ISF/IFI, CRDS, etc.)”, columns I and J and K and L (0.3399 × V7 + 1.0000 × V8 + 1.0000 × V9 + 0.7913 × V10), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 25, V7: -0.5; row 25, V8: -0.5; row 25, V9: -0.6; row 25, V10: -0.6
- As published
- €1.7 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Other taxes on income and wealth, above P95
€1bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Other taxes on income and wealth × ∫ level^e over P95–96.4785 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.1169), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.34: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20- From
- Top 5%, Other taxes on income and wealth €8.8bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- V19, Other taxes on income and wealth, Insee €2.9bn, estimated
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn, estimated
- V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- V20, Other taxes on income and wealth, Insee €8.8bn, estimated
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn, estimated
- V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- Result
- €1.0 billion
Why believe this?
V20, Cotisations sociales famille1, Insee
€7.7bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- A row of Insee's distributional accounts, read as published.
- Caveat
- Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 28 “Cotisations sociales famille1”, column V (V20)
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- As published
- €7.7 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.2–0.3%, Taxes on production
€1.9bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Taxes on production × ∫ level^e over P99.6595–99.8457 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0834), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.479), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Taxes on production €22.2bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €1.9 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, CSG
€2.4bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.
Calculation
- Computed as
CSG × Top 0.04%, CSG ÷ All groups, CSG- From
- CSG €149.8bn, estimated
- Top 0.04%, CSG €2.4bn, estimated
- All groups, CSG €147.2bn, estimated
- Result
- €2.4 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, CSG
€2.4bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, CSG × ∫ level^e over P99.8457–99.9602 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0828), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.479), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, CSG €29.3bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €2.4 billion
Why believe this?
Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Income tax
€3.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 24 “Impôt sur le revenu (IR)”, columns L and M and N and O (0.2087 × V10 + 1.0000 × V11 + 1.0000 × V12 + 0.2689 × V13), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 24, V10: -0.7; row 24, V11: -1.1; row 24, V12: -1.5; row 24, V13: -1.9
- As published
- €3.3 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.3–0.6%, Income tax
€4.1bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Income tax × ∫ level^e over P99.4036–99.6595 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0837), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.479), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Income tax €49.4bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €4.1 billion
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Other taxes on income and wealth, above P95
€1.5bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Other taxes on income and wealth × ∫ level^e over P95–96.4785 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.1668), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.479), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Other taxes on income and wealth €8.8bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €1.5 billion
Why believe this?
Top 13–20%, Other contributions
€24.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 27 “Cotisations sociales chômage1”; 28 “Cotisations sociales famille1”; 29 “Autres cotisations sociales (maladie, invalidité, ATMP)1”, columns R and S and T (0.0531 × V16 + 1.0000 × V17 + 0.3247 × V18), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 29, V16: -9.8; row 29, V17: -11.3; row 29, V18: -14.3; row 27, V16: -2.5; row 27, V17: -2.6; row 27, V18: -3.2; row 28, V16: -2.5; row 28, V17: -2.7; row 28, V18: -3.2
- As published
- €24.1 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, Other contributions
€3.7bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Other contributions × ∫ level^e over P99.8457–99.9602 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0828), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.479), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Other contributions €45.1bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €3.7 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.2–0.3%, Taxes on products
€2.8bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Taxes on products × ∫ level^e over P99.6595–99.8457 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Taxes on products €33.3bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €2.8 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Corporate tax
€4.9bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
Calculation
- Computed as
Corporate tax × Top 0.04%, Corporate tax ÷ All groups, Corporate tax- From
- Corporate tax €79.3bn, estimated
- Top 0.04%, Corporate tax €4.8bn, estimated
- All groups, Corporate tax €78.1bn, estimated
- Result
- €4.9 billion
Why believe this?
Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Corporate tax
€1.7bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 22 “Impôt sur les sociétés”, columns L and M and N and O (0.2087 × V10 + 1.0000 × V11 + 1.0000 × V12 + 0.2689 × V13), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 22, V10: -0.4; row 22, V11: -0.6; row 22, V12: -0.8; row 22, V13: -0.8
- As published
- €1.7 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 7.9–13%, Corporate tax
€4.6bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 22 “Impôt sur les sociétés”, columns T and U (0.6753 × V18 + 0.4270 × V19), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 22, V18: -2.6; row 22, V19: -6.7
- As published
- €4.6 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Corporate tax, above P95
€9.6bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Corporate tax × ∫ level^e over P95–96.4785 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.1666), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Corporate tax €57.4bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €9.6 billion
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Net financial income, above P95
€10.4bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Interest, dividends and other property income households receive, less the interest they pay.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Net financial income × ∫ level^e over P95–96.4785 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.1666), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Net financial income €62.3bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €10.4 billion
Why believe this?
Top 20–29%, Rents, actual and imputed
€17.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Rents landlords receive and the rent owner-occupiers are deemed to pay themselves, net of costs.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 9 “Loyers réels et imputés aux propriétaires”, columns Q and R (0.7176 × V15 + 0.9469 × V16), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 9, V15: 9.9; row 9, V16: 10.6
- As published
- €17.1 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 29–39%, Income tax
€5.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 24 “Impôt sur le revenu (IR)”, columns O and P and Q (0.7311 × V13 + 1.0000 × V14 + 0.2824 × V15), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 24, V13: -1.9; row 24, V14: -2.6; row 24, V15: -3.8
- As published
- €5.1 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 20–29%, Income tax
€7.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 24 “Impôt sur le revenu (IR)”, columns Q and R (0.7176 × V15 + 0.9469 × V16), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 24, V15: -3.8; row 24, V16: -4.8
- As published
- €7.3 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
All groups, Other taxes on income and wealth
€24.1bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 33%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Bottom 33–49%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Other taxes on income and wealth + Top 29–39%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Top 20–29%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Top 13–20%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Top 7.9–13%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Top 3.5–7.9%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Top 0.9–3.5%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Top 0.6–0.9%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Top 0.3–0.6%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Top 0.2–0.3%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Top 0.04–0.2%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Top 0.04%, Other taxes on income and wealth- From
- Bottom 33%, Other taxes on income and wealth €1.8bn, estimated
- Bottom 33–49%, Other taxes on income and wealth €1.7bn, estimated
- Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Other taxes on income and wealth €1.8bn, estimated
- Top 29–39%, Other taxes on income and wealth €1.8bn, estimated
- Top 20–29%, Other taxes on income and wealth €1.9bn, estimated
- Top 13–20%, Other taxes on income and wealth €2.1bn, estimated
- Top 7.9–13%, Other taxes on income and wealth €2.5bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Other taxes on income and wealth €3.1bn, estimated
- Top 0.9–3.5%, Other taxes on income and wealth €3.7bn, estimated
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Other taxes on income and wealth €733m, estimated
- Top 0.3–0.6%, Other taxes on income and wealth €733m, estimated
- Top 0.2–0.3%, Other taxes on income and wealth €733m, estimated
- Top 0.04–0.2%, Other taxes on income and wealth €733m, estimated
- Top 0.04%, Other taxes on income and wealth €733m, estimated
- Result
- €24.1 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.2–0.3%, Other taxes on income and wealth
€733mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Other taxes on income and wealth × ∫ level^e over P99.6595–99.8457 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Other taxes on income and wealth €8.8bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €0.7 billion
Why believe this?
All groups, Pension contributions
€328.7bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 33%, Pension contributions + Bottom 33–49%, Pension contributions + Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Pension contributions + Top 29–39%, Pension contributions + Top 20–29%, Pension contributions + Top 13–20%, Pension contributions + Top 7.9–13%, Pension contributions + Top 3.5–7.9%, Pension contributions + Top 0.9–3.5%, Pension contributions + Top 0.6–0.9%, Pension contributions + Top 0.3–0.6%, Pension contributions + Top 0.2–0.3%, Pension contributions + Top 0.04–0.2%, Pension contributions + Top 0.04%, Pension contributions- From
- Bottom 33%, Pension contributions €34.5bn, estimated
- Bottom 33–49%, Pension contributions €36.3bn, estimated
- Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Pension contributions €35.8bn, estimated
- Top 29–39%, Pension contributions €36.7bn, estimated
- Top 20–29%, Pension contributions €36.5bn, estimated
- Top 13–20%, Pension contributions €35.9bn, estimated
- Top 7.9–13%, Pension contributions €35.3bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Pension contributions €30bn, estimated
- Top 0.9–3.5%, Pension contributions €23.9bn, estimated
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Pension contributions €4.8bn, estimated
- Top 0.3–0.6%, Pension contributions €4.8bn, estimated
- Top 0.2–0.3%, Pension contributions €4.8bn, estimated
- Top 0.04–0.2%, Pension contributions €4.8bn, estimated
- Top 0.04%, Pension contributions €4.8bn, estimated
- Result
- €328.7 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.6–0.9%, Pension contributions
€4.8bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Pension contributions × ∫ level^e over P99.0795–99.4036 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Pension contributions €57.3bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €4.8 billion
Why believe this?
All groups, Other contributions
€214bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 33%, Other contributions + Bottom 33–49%, Other contributions + Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Other contributions + Top 29–39%, Other contributions + Top 20–29%, Other contributions + Top 13–20%, Other contributions + Top 7.9–13%, Other contributions + Top 3.5–7.9%, Other contributions + Top 0.9–3.5%, Other contributions + Top 0.6–0.9%, Other contributions + Top 0.3–0.6%, Other contributions + Top 0.2–0.3%, Other contributions + Top 0.04–0.2%, Other contributions + Top 0.04%, Other contributions- From
- Bottom 33%, Other contributions €17.9bn, estimated
- Bottom 33–49%, Other contributions €20.2bn, estimated
- Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Other contributions €21.2bn, estimated
- Top 29–39%, Other contributions €22.3bn, estimated
- Top 20–29%, Other contributions €23.2bn, estimated
- Top 13–20%, Other contributions €24.1bn, estimated
- Top 7.9–13%, Other contributions €25.1bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Other contributions €22.4bn, estimated
- Top 0.9–3.5%, Other contributions €18.8bn, estimated
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Other contributions €3.8bn, estimated
- Top 0.3–0.6%, Other contributions €3.8bn, estimated
- Top 0.2–0.3%, Other contributions €3.8bn, estimated
- Top 0.04–0.2%, Other contributions €3.8bn, estimated
- Top 0.04%, Other contributions €3.8bn, estimated
- Result
- €214.0 billion
Why believe this?
P99.9–100's part of the top 5%'s income, WID
19.3%EstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The same part in WID's pre-tax income, adults ranked by their own income: an upper bound, since ranking people by another variable can only lower the share the top holds.
Calculation
- Computed as
WID pre-tax income share above P99.9 ÷ WID pre-tax income share above P95 × 100- From
- WID pre-tax income share above P99.9 4.7%, estimated
- WID pre-tax income share above P95 24.4%, estimated
- Result
- 19.3%
Why believe this?
P99–100's part of the top 5%'s income
43.5%EstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The part of the top 5%'s extended primary income held above this rank of Insee's ranking, on the generalized Pareto tail.
Calculation
- Computed as
share above P99 ÷ share above P95, on the tail- From
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- V1, Extended primary income, Insee €10.4bn, estimated
- V2, Extended primary income, Insee €16.6bn, estimated
- V3, Extended primary income, Insee €25.3bn, estimated
- V4, Extended primary income, Insee €32.4bn, estimated
- V5, Extended primary income, Insee €40.5bn, estimated
- V6, Extended primary income, Insee €47bn, estimated
- V7, Extended primary income, Insee €54.7bn, estimated
- V8, Extended primary income, Insee €63.1bn, estimated
- V9, Extended primary income, Insee €68.3bn, estimated
- V10, Extended primary income, Insee €73.7bn, estimated
- V11, Extended primary income, Insee €80.6bn, estimated
- V12, Extended primary income, Insee €85.9bn, estimated
- V13, Extended primary income, Insee €98.3bn, estimated
- V14, Extended primary income, Insee €103.2bn, estimated
- V15, Extended primary income, Insee €117.7bn, estimated
- V16, Extended primary income, Insee €130.8bn, estimated
- V17, Extended primary income, Insee €146bn, estimated
- V18, Extended primary income, Insee €170.5bn, estimated
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn, estimated
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn, estimated
- Result
- 43.5%
Why believe this?
Bottom 33%, Profits kept in companies
€3.6bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The part of companies' profits that is not paid out, attributed to the households that own them.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 10 “Profits des entreprises non distribués aux ménages (B)”, columns C and D and E and F and G and H and I (1.0000 × V1 + 1.0000 × V2 + 1.0000 × V3 + 1.0000 × V4 + 1.0000 × V5 + 1.0000 × V6 + 0.6601 × V7), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 10, V1: 0.7; row 10, V2: 0.4; row 10, V3: 0.4; row 10, V4: 0.5; row 10, V5: 0.5; row 10, V6: 0.8; row 10, V7: 0.5
- As published
- €3.6 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
International cooperation paid
€10.3bnObserved2024
Definition
- What it counts
- A transfer between French general government and the rest of the world, as Eurostat records it in the government accounts.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
gov_10a_main(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=MIO_EURsector=S13na_item=D74PAYtime=2024· query this cell- As published
- €10,289.0 million
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-07-21, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.
Why believe this?
Subsidies on products
€31.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 19 “Subventions sur les produits (transports, etc.)”, column B (Ensemble)
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- As published
- €31.8 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, Subsidies on products
€200mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Subsidies on products × ∫ level^e over P99.8457–99.9602 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Subsidies on products €2.4bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €0.2 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 33%, Pensions
€78.2bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.
Calculation
- Computed as
Pensions × Bottom 33%, Pensions ÷ All groups, Pensions- From
- Pensions €389.8bn, estimated
- Bottom 33%, Pensions €79.8bn, estimated
- All groups, Pensions €397.8bn, estimated
- Result
- €78.2 billion
Why believe this?
Top 13–20%, Unemployment benefits
€2.6bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 32 “Allocations chômage”, columns R and S and T (0.0531 × V16 + 1.0000 × V17 + 0.3247 × V18), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 32, V16: 1.6; row 32, V17: 1.9; row 32, V18: 1.8
- As published
- €2.6 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 5%, Unemployment benefits
€2.5bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 32 “Allocations chômage”, column V (V20)
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- As published
- €2.5 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, Unemployment benefits
€1.3bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Unemployment benefits × ∫ level^e over P96.4785–99.0795 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.5202), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.00: the same per person, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Unemployment benefits €2.5bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €1.3 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 33%, Other cash benefits
€62.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 33 “Autres revenus de remplacement (IJ, ATMP)”; 34 “Famille”; 35 “Exclusion sociale”; 36 “Invalidité”; 37 “Remboursements des contrats collectifs de complémentaires santé”, columns C and D and E and F and G and H and I (1.0000 × V1 + 1.0000 × V2 + 1.0000 × V3 + 1.0000 × V4 + 1.0000 × V5 + 1.0000 × V6 + 0.6601 × V7), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 33, V1: 0.2; row 33, V2: 0.4; row 33, V3: 0.6; row 33, V4: 0.7; row 33, V5: 0.9; row 33, V6: 1; row 33, V7: 1.2; row 34, V1: 3.2; row 34, V2: 4; row 34, V3: 3.2; row 34, V4: 3; row 34, V5: 2.7; row 34, V6: 2.5; row 34, V7: 1.8; row 35, V1: 5.6; row 35, V2: 4.4; row 35, V3: 4.1; row 35, V4: 4.3; row 35, V5: 2.7; row 35, V6: 1.9; row 35, V7: 2; row 36, V1: 0.5; row 36, V2: 1.7; row 36, V3: 2.1; row 36, V4: 1.5; row 36, V5: 1.3; row 36, V6: 1.3; row 36, V7: 1.3; row 37, V1: 0.4; row 37, V2: 0.4; row 37, V3: 0.8; row 37, V4: 0.8; row 37, V5: 0.9; row 37, V6: 0.9; row 37, V7: 1
- As published
- €62.8 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 5%, Other cash benefits
€8.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 33 “Autres revenus de remplacement (IJ, ATMP)”; 34 “Famille”; 35 “Exclusion sociale”; 36 “Invalidité”; 37 “Remboursements des contrats collectifs de complémentaires santé”, column V (V20), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 33, V20: 6.1; row 34, V20: 0.3; row 35, V20: 0.2; row 36, V20: 0.6; row 37, V20: 1.2
- As published
- €8.4 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, Other cash benefits
€4.4bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Other cash benefits × ∫ level^e over P96.4785–99.0795 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.5202), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.00: the same per person, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Other cash benefits €8.4bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €4.4 billion
Why believe this?
Education
€148.6bnObserved2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Schools and universities.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
gov_10a_exp(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=MIO_EURsector=S13na_item=TEcofog99=GF09time=2024· query this cell- As published
- €148,639.6 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.
Why believe this?
Education
€128.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 41 “Enseignement2”, column B (Ensemble)
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- As published
- €128.1 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 20–29%, Education
€9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 41 “Enseignement2”, columns Q and R (0.7176 × V15 + 0.9469 × V16), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 41, V15: 5.7; row 41, V16: 5.2
- As published
- €9.0 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 33%, Social care and housing aid
€61.7bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care for dependent elderly and disabled people, childcare and other social action, housing benefits and the energy cheque, and the running costs of social security, received in kind.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 42 “Action sociale (dépendance, handicap, petite enfance, etc.)”; 44 “Aides au logement et chèque énergie”; 45 “Frais de fonctionnement de la Sécurité sociale”, columns C and D and E and F and G and H and I (1.0000 × V1 + 1.0000 × V2 + 1.0000 × V3 + 1.0000 × V4 + 1.0000 × V5 + 1.0000 × V6 + 0.6601 × V7), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 42, V1: 4.9; row 42, V2: 6.5; row 42, V3: 7; row 42, V4: 8.8; row 42, V5: 5.7; row 42, V6: 4.7; row 42, V7: 5.3; row 44, V1: 4.4; row 44, V2: 3.2; row 44, V3: 2.6; row 44, V4: 1.9; row 44, V5: 1.1; row 44, V6: 0.6; row 44, V7: 0.5; row 45, V1: 0.8; row 45, V2: 0.9; row 45, V3: 1; row 45, V4: 1.1; row 45, V5: 1; row 45, V6: 1; row 45, V7: 1
- As published
- €61.7 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Culture and leisure
€43.1bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.
- Caveat
- Estimated for this page: both years are put on the general-government perimeter (Eurostat S13). Each Insee item is scaled to Eurostat's total of its category for the year, split between the items of the category and between groups as Insee's 2023 accounts split it. Insee's own 2023 levels are wider in places (firms' collective pension and health schemes) and COFOG counts spending gross of the fees that finance part of it; the evidence panels show both.
Calculation
- Computed as
Recreation, culture and religion × Culture and leisure ÷ Culture and leisure- From
- Recreation, culture and religion €43.1bn
- Culture and leisure €52.6bn, estimated
- Culture and leisure €52.6bn, estimated
- Result
- €43.1 billion
Why believe this?
Culture and leisure
€52.6bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 43 “Culture et loisirs”, column B (Ensemble)
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- As published
- €52.6 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 33%, Collective services
€116.8bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Defence, police, justice, general administration and other collective spending, spread over people, net of other transfers and of balances with the rest of the world, which are small and negative overall.
Calculation
- Computed as
Collective services × Bottom 33%, Collective services ÷ All groups, Collective services- From
- Collective services €335.7bn, estimated
- Bottom 33%, Collective services €83.4bn, estimated
- All groups, Collective services €239.5bn, estimated
- Result
- €116.8 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 33%, Collective services
€83.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Defence, police, justice, general administration and other collective spending, spread over people, net of other transfers and of balances with the rest of the world, which are small and negative overall.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 46 “Autres transferts non monétaires”, columns C and D and E and F and G and H and I (1.0000 × V1 + 1.0000 × V2 + 1.0000 × V3 + 1.0000 × V4 + 1.0000 × V5 + 1.0000 × V6 + 0.6601 × V7), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 46, V1: 14.6; row 46, V2: 11.9; row 46, V3: 12.2; row 46, V4: 12.4; row 46, V5: 11.8; row 46, V6: 12.4; row 46, V7: 12.2
- As published
- €83.4 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 33–49%, Collective services
€36.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Defence, police, justice, general administration and other collective spending, spread over people, net of other transfers and of balances with the rest of the world, which are small and negative overall.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 46 “Autres transferts non monétaires”, columns I and J and K and L (0.3399 × V7 + 1.0000 × V8 + 1.0000 × V9 + 0.7913 × V10), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 46, V7: 12.2; row 46, V8: 11.8; row 46, V9: 11.8; row 46, V10: 11.6
- As published
- €36.9 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 5%, Collective services
€11.5bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Defence, police, justice, general administration and other collective spending, spread over people, net of other transfers and of balances with the rest of the world, which are small and negative overall.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 46 “Autres transferts non monétaires”, column V (V20)
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- As published
- €11.5 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 33–49%, Profits kept in companies
€1.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The part of companies' profits that is not paid out, attributed to the households that own them.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 10 “Profits des entreprises non distribués aux ménages (B)”, columns I and J and K and L (0.3399 × V7 + 1.0000 × V8 + 1.0000 × V9 + 0.7913 × V10), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 10, V7: 0.5; row 10, V8: 0.6; row 10, V9: 0.7; row 10, V10: 0.6
- As published
- €1.9 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 33–49%, Corporate tax
€1bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
- Caveat
- Insee attributes the whole amount to residents; the part falling outside France is taken out of every group in proportion.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 33–49%, Corporate tax × (1 − Share of French companies' equity held outside France ÷ 100)- From
- Bottom 33–49%, Corporate tax €1.3bn, estimated
- Share of French companies' equity held outside France 20.2%, estimated
- Result
- €1.0 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 33–49%, share of the CSG on capital income
7.8%EstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's part of the CSG on capital income: of the CSG on investment income, its share of net financial income; of the CSG on property income, its share of rents, actual and imputed (an allocation scenario).
- Caveat
- An allocation scenario: Insee attributes the whole CSG to each group but does not split it by base, and no source found gives the bases of the CSG on capital income by group. The CSG on investment income (interest, dividends, life insurance) is shared as Insee's net financial income. The CSG on property income is levied on rents landlords receive, capital gains and annuities; Insee's only row near it adds owner-occupiers' imputed rents, which pay no CSG, and holds no capital gains, so sharing it as that row is a convention. The alternatives share all of it as net financial income, or as the group's whole capital income.
Calculation
- Computed as
(CSG on income from investments, 2024 × Bottom 33–49%, Net financial income ÷ All groups, Net financial income + CSG on income from property, 2024 × Bottom 33–49%, Rents, actual and imputed ÷ All groups, Rents, actual and imputed) ÷ (CSG on income from investments, 2024 + CSG on income from property, 2024) × 100- From
- CSG on income from investments, 2024 €10.7bn, estimated
- CSG on income from property, 2024 €6.9bn, estimated
- Bottom 33–49%, Net financial income €6.4bn, estimated
- All groups, Net financial income €133.9bn, estimated
- Bottom 33–49%, Rents, actual and imputed €20.7bn, estimated
- All groups, Rents, actual and imputed €166.8bn, estimated
- Result
- 7.8%
Why believe this?
Bottom 33–49%, Other contributions
€18bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.
Calculation
- Computed as
Other contributions × Bottom 33–49%, Other contributions ÷ All groups, Other contributions- From
- Other contributions €190.6bn, estimated
- Bottom 33–49%, Other contributions €20.2bn, estimated
- All groups, Other contributions €214bn, estimated
- Result
- €18.0 billion
Why believe this?
Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Other taxes on income and wealth
€1.9bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
Calculation
- Computed as
Other taxes on income and wealth × Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Other taxes on income and wealth ÷ All groups, Other taxes on income and wealth- From
- Other taxes on income and wealth €25.3bn, estimated
- Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Other taxes on income and wealth €1.8bn, estimated
- All groups, Other taxes on income and wealth €24.1bn, estimated
- Result
- €1.9 billion
Why believe this?
Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Pension contributions
€31.9bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
Calculation
- Computed as
Pension contributions × Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Pension contributions ÷ All groups, Pension contributions- From
- Pension contributions €293bn, estimated
- Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Pension contributions €35.8bn, estimated
- All groups, Pension contributions €328.7bn, estimated
- Result
- €31.9 billion
Why believe this?
Top 29–39%, received a month per person
€1,870EstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
- Competing figures
- €1,870, Central. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €1,870, a strict Pareto tail above P95. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €1,870, a tail as concentrated as WID's ranking by own income. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €1,870, each item along Insee's V19 to V20 gradient. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €1,870, personal taxes, contributions and corporate tax along IPP's rates. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 29–39%, transfers received × 10⁹ ÷ Top 29–39%, people ÷ 12- From
- Top 29–39%, transfers received €154.1bn, estimated
- Top 29–39%, people 6.9 million, estimated
- Result
- €1,870
Why believe this?
Top 29–39%, Other cash benefits
€11.6bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.
Calculation
- Computed as
Other cash benefits × Top 29–39%, Other cash benefits ÷ All groups, Other cash benefits- From
- Other cash benefits €144.7bn, estimated
- Top 29–39%, Other cash benefits €11.9bn, estimated
- All groups, Other cash benefits €147.6bn, estimated
- Result
- €11.6 billion
Why believe this?
Top 20–29%, Profits kept in companies
€3.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The part of companies' profits that is not paid out, attributed to the households that own them.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 10 “Profits des entreprises non distribués aux ménages (B)”, columns Q and R (0.7176 × V15 + 0.9469 × V16), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 10, V15: 1.9; row 10, V16: 2.7
- As published
- €3.9 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 13–20%, Education
€8.5bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.
Calculation
- Computed as
Education × Top 13–20%, Education ÷ All groups, Education- From
- Education €148.6bn, estimated
- Top 13–20%, Education €7.3bn, estimated
- All groups, Education €128.1bn, estimated
- Result
- €8.5 billion
Why believe this?
Top 13–20%, CSG on capital income
€1.5bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- The part of the CSG levied on capital income: interest, dividends, life insurance, rents and capital gains.
- Competing figures
- €1.4bn, the CSG on capital income by financial income alone. The same computation with another key for the CSG on capital income.
- €1.3bn, the CSG on capital income by all capital income. The same computation with another key for the CSG on capital income.
- Caveat
- An allocation scenario: Insee attributes the whole CSG to each group but does not split it by base, and no source found gives the bases of the CSG on capital income by group. The CSG on investment income (interest, dividends, life insurance) is shared as Insee's net financial income. The CSG on property income is levied on rents landlords receive, capital gains and annuities; Insee's only row near it adds owner-occupiers' imputed rents, which pay no CSG, and holds no capital gains, so sharing it as that row is a convention. The alternatives share all of it as net financial income, or as the group's whole capital income.
Calculation
- Computed as
CSG on capital income × Top 13–20%, share of the CSG on capital income ÷ 100- From
- CSG on capital income €17.7bn, estimated
- Top 13–20%, share of the CSG on capital income 8.8%, estimated
- Result
- €1.5 billion
Why believe this?
Top 7.9–13%, Health care
€12.2bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.
Calculation
- Computed as
Health care × Top 7.9–13%, Health care ÷ All groups, Health care- From
- Health care €261.2bn, estimated
- Top 7.9–13%, Health care €9.8bn, estimated
- All groups, Health care €209.4bn, estimated
- Result
- €12.2 billion
Why believe this?
V19, Loyers réels et imputés aux propriétaires, Insee
€14.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- A row of Insee's distributional accounts, read as published.
- Caveat
- Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 9 “Loyers réels et imputés aux propriétaires”, column U (V19)
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- As published
- €14.9 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Social care and housing aid
€2.3bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Care for dependent elderly and disabled people, childcare and other social action, housing benefits and the energy cheque, and the running costs of social security, received in kind.
Calculation
- Computed as
Social care and housing aid × Top 3.5–7.9%, Social care and housing aid ÷ All groups, Social care and housing aid- From
- Social care and housing aid €113.4bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Social care and housing aid €2.4bn, estimated
- All groups, Social care and housing aid €116.3bn, estimated
- Result
- €2.3 billion
Why believe this?
Top 13–20%, Subsidies on products
€2.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 19 “Subventions sur les produits (transports, etc.)”, columns R and S and T (0.0531 × V16 + 1.0000 × V17 + 0.3247 × V18), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 19, V16: 1.7; row 19, V17: 1.7; row 19, V18: 1.8
- As published
- €2.4 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.6–0.9%, Subsidies on products
€182mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Subsidies on products × ∫ level^e over P99.0795–99.4036 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0756), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.42: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20- From
- Top 5%, Subsidies on products €2.4bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- V19, Subsidies on products, Insee €1.7bn, estimated
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn, estimated
- V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- V20, Subsidies on products, Insee €2.4bn, estimated
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn, estimated
- V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- Result
- €0.2 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 33%, Subsidies on production
€4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 21 “Subventions sur la production (aides à l'apprentissage, aides sectorielles, etc.)”, columns C and D and E and F and G and H and I (1.0000 × V1 + 1.0000 × V2 + 1.0000 × V3 + 1.0000 × V4 + 1.0000 × V5 + 1.0000 × V6 + 0.6601 × V7), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 21, V1: 0.2; row 21, V2: 0.3; row 21, V3: 0.5; row 21, V4: 0.6; row 21, V5: 0.8; row 21, V6: 0.9; row 21, V7: 1.1
- As published
- €4.0 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.3–0.6%, Subsidies on production
€596mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Subsidies on production × ∫ level^e over P99.4036–99.6595 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0775), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.76: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20- From
- Top 5%, Subsidies on production €7.7bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- V19, Subsidies on production, Insee €4.1bn, estimated
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn, estimated
- V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- V20, Subsidies on production, Insee €7.7bn, estimated
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn, estimated
- V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- Result
- €0.6 billion
Why believe this?
Top 20–29%, Unemployment benefits
€2.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 32 “Allocations chômage”, columns Q and R (0.7176 × V15 + 0.9469 × V16), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 32, V15: 1.8; row 32, V16: 1.6
- As published
- €2.8 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 33–49%, Other cash benefits
€21bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 33 “Autres revenus de remplacement (IJ, ATMP)”; 34 “Famille”; 35 “Exclusion sociale”; 36 “Invalidité”; 37 “Remboursements des contrats collectifs de complémentaires santé”, columns I and J and K and L (0.3399 × V7 + 1.0000 × V8 + 1.0000 × V9 + 0.7913 × V10), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 33, V7: 1.2; row 33, V8: 1.4; row 33, V9: 1.5; row 33, V10: 1.6; row 34, V7: 1.8; row 34, V8: 1.9; row 34, V9: 1.7; row 34, V10: 1.7; row 35, V7: 2; row 35, V8: 1.6; row 35, V9: 1.4; row 35, V10: 0.9; row 36, V7: 1.3; row 36, V8: 0.9; row 36, V9: 1.1; row 36, V10: 1.1; row 37, V7: 1; row 37, V8: 1; row 37, V9: 1; row 37, V10: 1
- As published
- €21.0 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 33–49%, Education
€19.7bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 41 “Enseignement2”, columns I and J and K and L (0.3399 × V7 + 1.0000 × V8 + 1.0000 × V9 + 0.7913 × V10), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 41, V7: 6.3; row 41, V8: 6.6; row 41, V9: 6; row 41, V10: 6.3
- As published
- €19.7 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
All groups, Social care and housing aid
€116.3bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 33%, Social care and housing aid + Bottom 33–49%, Social care and housing aid + Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Social care and housing aid + Top 29–39%, Social care and housing aid + Top 20–29%, Social care and housing aid + Top 13–20%, Social care and housing aid + Top 7.9–13%, Social care and housing aid + Top 3.5–7.9%, Social care and housing aid + Top 0.9–3.5%, Social care and housing aid + Top 0.6–0.9%, Social care and housing aid + Top 0.3–0.6%, Social care and housing aid + Top 0.2–0.3%, Social care and housing aid + Top 0.04–0.2%, Social care and housing aid + Top 0.04%, Social care and housing aid- From
- Bottom 33%, Social care and housing aid €61.7bn, estimated
- Bottom 33–49%, Social care and housing aid €17.8bn, estimated
- Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Social care and housing aid €11.4bn, estimated
- Top 29–39%, Social care and housing aid €8.1bn, estimated
- Top 20–29%, Social care and housing aid €5.4bn, estimated
- Top 13–20%, Social care and housing aid €4.3bn, estimated
- Top 7.9–13%, Social care and housing aid €3.3bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Social care and housing aid €2.4bn, estimated
- Top 0.9–3.5%, Social care and housing aid €1.4bn, estimated
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Social care and housing aid €172m, estimated
- Top 0.3–0.6%, Social care and housing aid €134m, estimated
- Top 0.2–0.3%, Social care and housing aid €96.3m, estimated
- Top 0.04–0.2%, Social care and housing aid €58m, estimated
- Top 0.04%, Social care and housing aid €19.4m, estimated
- Result
- €116.3 billion
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Culture and leisure, above P95
€769mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Culture and leisure × ∫ level^e over P95–96.4785 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.2957), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.00: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20- From
- Top 5%, Culture and leisure €2.6bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- V19, Culture and leisure, Insee €2.6bn, estimated
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn, estimated
- V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- V20, Culture and leisure, Insee €2.6bn, estimated
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn, estimated
- V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- Result
- €0.8 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.2–0.3%, Culture and leisure
€96.8mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Culture and leisure × ∫ level^e over P99.6595–99.8457 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0372), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.00: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20- From
- Top 5%, Culture and leisure €2.6bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- V19, Culture and leisure, Insee €2.6bn, estimated
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn, estimated
- V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- V20, Culture and leisure, Insee €2.6bn, estimated
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn, estimated
- V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- Result
- €0.1 billion
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Collective services, above P95
€3.5bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Defence, police, justice, general administration and other collective spending, spread over people, net of other transfers and of balances with the rest of the world, which are small and negative overall.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Collective services × ∫ level^e over P95–96.4785 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.3052), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = -0.08: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20- From
- Top 5%, Collective services €11.5bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- V19, Collective services, Insee €12.3bn, estimated
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn, estimated
- V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- V20, Collective services, Insee €11.5bn, estimated
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn, estimated
- V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- Result
- €3.5 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, Collective services
€6bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Defence, police, justice, general administration and other collective spending, spread over people, net of other transfers and of balances with the rest of the world, which are small and negative overall.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Collective services × ∫ level^e over P96.4785–99.0795 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.5225), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = -0.08: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20- From
- Top 5%, Collective services €11.5bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- V19, Collective services, Insee €12.3bn, estimated
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn, estimated
- V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- V20, Collective services, Insee €11.5bn, estimated
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn, estimated
- V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- Result
- €6.0 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.3–0.6%, Collective services
€557mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Defence, police, justice, general administration and other collective spending, spread over people, net of other transfers and of balances with the rest of the world, which are small and negative overall.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Collective services × ∫ level^e over P99.4036–99.6595 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0485), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = -0.08: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20- From
- Top 5%, Collective services €11.5bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- V19, Collective services, Insee €12.3bn, estimated
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn, estimated
- V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- V20, Collective services, Insee €11.5bn, estimated
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn, estimated
- V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- Result
- €0.6 billion
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Taxes on products, above P95
€5.5bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Taxes on products × ∫ level^e over P95–96.4785 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.1666), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: one plus the change in log of IPP's 2016 rate over the change in log of economic income, between P99–99.9 and P99.9–100- From
- Top 5%, Taxes on products €33.3bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €5.5 billion
Why believe this?
Contribution rate, P99.9998–100, 2016
0.5%Estimated2016
Definition
- What it counts
- Social contributions as a share of economic income, averaged over the slice.
- Caveat
- Read from IPP Note 92, Figure 1b, to about one point: the figure plots rates by g-percentile, averaged here over the slice.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Institut des politiques publiques, Quels impôts les milliardaires paient-ils ? Note n° 92 (Bach, Bozio, Guillouzouic, Malgouyres), updated 2025
- Where
- Figure 1b, p. 6, read from the chart (±1 point)
- Published
- May 2025
- It says
Taux d'imposition global par g-percentile, revenu économique
- As published
- 0.5%
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, CSG, below P95
€8.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 23 “Contribution sociale généralisée (CSG)”, column U (0.5730 × V19), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 23, V19: -15.4
- As published
- €8.8 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.2–0.3%, Net financial income
€5.2bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Interest, dividends and other property income households receive, less the interest they pay.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Net financial income × ∫ level^e over P99.6595–99.8457 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Net financial income €62.3bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €5.2 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, Rents, actual and imputed
€1.8bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Rents landlords receive and the rent owner-occupiers are deemed to pay themselves, net of costs.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Rents, actual and imputed × ∫ level^e over P99.8457–99.9602 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Rents, actual and imputed €21.4bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €1.8 billion
Why believe this?
Top 29–39%, Income tax
€5.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 24 “Impôt sur le revenu (IR)”, columns O and P and Q (0.7311 × V13 + 1.0000 × V14 + 0.2824 × V15), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 24, V13: -1.9; row 24, V14: -2.6; row 24, V15: -3.8
- As published
- €5.1 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.6–0.9%, Income tax
€4bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Income tax × ∫ level^e over P99.0795–99.4036 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0806), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.66: one plus the change in log of IPP's 2016 rate over the change in log of economic income, between P99–99.9 and P99.9–100- From
- Top 5%, Income tax €49.4bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Personal tax rate, P99–99.9, 2016 23%, estimated
- Personal tax rate, top 0.1% 9.8%, estimated
- Economic income of P99–99.9, 2016 €91.5bn, estimated
- Result
- €4.0 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.2–0.3%, Income tax
€3.3bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Income tax × ∫ level^e over P99.6595–99.8457 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0668), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.66: one plus the change in log of IPP's 2016 rate over the change in log of economic income, between P99–99.9 and P99.9–100- From
- Top 5%, Income tax €49.4bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Personal tax rate, P99–99.9, 2016 23%, estimated
- Personal tax rate, top 0.1% 9.8%, estimated
- Economic income of P99–99.9, 2016 €91.5bn, estimated
- Result
- €3.3 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, Income tax
€2.8bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Income tax × ∫ level^e over P99.8457–99.9602 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0565), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.66: one plus the change in log of IPP's 2016 rate over the change in log of economic income, between P99–99.9 and P99.9–100- From
- Top 5%, Income tax €49.4bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Personal tax rate, P99–99.9, 2016 23%, estimated
- Personal tax rate, top 0.1% 9.8%, estimated
- Economic income of P99–99.9, 2016 €91.5bn, estimated
- Result
- €2.8 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Income tax
€1.9bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Income tax × ∫ level^e over P99.9602–100 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0376), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.66: one plus the change in log of IPP's 2016 rate over the change in log of economic income, between P99–99.9 and P99.9–100- From
- Top 5%, Income tax €49.4bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Personal tax rate, P99–99.9, 2016 23%, estimated
- Personal tax rate, top 0.1% 9.8%, estimated
- Economic income of P99–99.9, 2016 €91.5bn, estimated
- Result
- €1.9 billion
Why believe this?
All groups, Other taxes on income and wealth
€24.1bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 33%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Bottom 33–49%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Other taxes on income and wealth + Top 29–39%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Top 20–29%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Top 13–20%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Top 7.9–13%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Top 3.5–7.9%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Top 0.9–3.5%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Top 0.6–0.9%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Top 0.3–0.6%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Top 0.2–0.3%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Top 0.04–0.2%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Top 0.04%, Other taxes on income and wealth- From
- Bottom 33%, Other taxes on income and wealth €1.8bn, estimated
- Bottom 33–49%, Other taxes on income and wealth €1.7bn, estimated
- Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Other taxes on income and wealth €1.8bn, estimated
- Top 29–39%, Other taxes on income and wealth €1.8bn, estimated
- Top 20–29%, Other taxes on income and wealth €1.9bn, estimated
- Top 13–20%, Other taxes on income and wealth €2.1bn, estimated
- Top 7.9–13%, Other taxes on income and wealth €2.5bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Other taxes on income and wealth €3.5bn, estimated
- Top 0.9–3.5%, Other taxes on income and wealth €4.1bn, estimated
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Other taxes on income and wealth €709m, estimated
- Top 0.3–0.6%, Other taxes on income and wealth €655m, estimated
- Top 0.2–0.3%, Other taxes on income and wealth €587m, estimated
- Top 0.04–0.2%, Other taxes on income and wealth €497m, estimated
- Top 0.04%, Other taxes on income and wealth €331m, estimated
- Result
- €24.1 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Other taxes on income and wealth
€331mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Other taxes on income and wealth × ∫ level^e over P99.9602–100 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0376), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.66: one plus the change in log of IPP's 2016 rate over the change in log of economic income, between P99–99.9 and P99.9–100- From
- Top 5%, Other taxes on income and wealth €8.8bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Personal tax rate, P99–99.9, 2016 23%, estimated
- Personal tax rate, top 0.1% 9.8%, estimated
- Economic income of P99–99.9, 2016 €91.5bn, estimated
- Result
- €0.3 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.3–0.6%, Pension contributions
€3.5bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Pension contributions × ∫ level^e over P99.4036–99.6595 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0619), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.31: one plus the change in log of IPP's 2016 rate over the change in log of economic income, between P99–99.9 and P99.9–100- From
- Top 5%, Pension contributions €57.3bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Contribution rate, P99–99.9, 2016 14%, estimated
- Contribution rate, top 0.1% 2.4%, estimated
- Economic income of P99–99.9, 2016 €91.5bn, estimated
- Result
- €3.5 billion
Why believe this?
Top 20–29%, Other contributions
€23.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 27 “Cotisations sociales chômage1”; 28 “Cotisations sociales famille1”; 29 “Autres cotisations sociales (maladie, invalidité, ATMP)1”, columns Q and R (0.7176 × V15 + 0.9469 × V16), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 29, V15: -8.4; row 29, V16: -9.8; row 27, V15: -2.2; row 27, V16: -2.5; row 28, V15: -2.2; row 28, V16: -2.5
- As published
- €23.2 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, CSG
€14.3bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.
Calculation
- Computed as
CSG × Top 3.5–7.9%, CSG ÷ All groups, CSG- From
- CSG €153.4bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, CSG €13.7bn, estimated
- All groups, CSG €147.2bn, estimated
- Result
- €14.3 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, people
1.8 millionEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Individuals of all ages, as Insee counts them in its distributional accounts.
Calculation
- Computed as
(Everyone, Individuals, millions, Insee × (upper percentile − lower percentile) ÷ 100) × 1,000,000- From
- Everyone, Individuals, millions, Insee 68.4, estimated
- Rank above which people hold 20% of income 96.5, estimated
- Rank above which people hold 10% of income 99.1, estimated
- Result
- 1,779,100
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, Health care
€5.1bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.
Calculation
- Computed as
Health care × Top 0.9–3.5%, Health care ÷ All groups, Health care- From
- Health care €261.2bn, estimated
- Top 0.9–3.5%, Health care €4.1bn, estimated
- All groups, Health care €209.4bn, estimated
- Result
- €5.1 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.3–0.6%, Subsidies on products
€183mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Subsidies on products × ∫ level^e over P99.4036–99.6595 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0764), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.642), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Subsidies on products €2.4bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.6, estimated
- Result
- €0.2 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.2–0.3%, Subsidies on products
€192mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Subsidies on products × ∫ level^e over P99.6595–99.8457 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0799), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.642), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Subsidies on products €2.4bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.6, estimated
- Result
- €0.2 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, Subsidies on products
€212mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Subsidies on products × ∫ level^e over P99.8457–99.9602 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0884), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.642), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Subsidies on products €2.4bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.6, estimated
- Result
- €0.2 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, Pensions
€18.9bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Pensions × ∫ level^e over P96.4785–99.0795 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.5202), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.642), e = 0.00: the same per person, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Pensions €36.4bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.6, estimated
- Result
- €18.9 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.6–0.9%, Pensions
€2.4bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Pensions × ∫ level^e over P99.0795–99.4036 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0648), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.642), e = 0.00: the same per person, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Pensions €36.4bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.6, estimated
- Result
- €2.4 billion
Why believe this?
Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Health care
€26.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 40 “Santé”, columns L and M and N and O (0.2087 × V10 + 1.0000 × V11 + 1.0000 × V12 + 0.2689 × V13), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 40, V10: 9.7; row 40, V11: 10.5; row 40, V12: 10.7; row 40, V13: 10.8
- As published
- €26.1 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Education
€42.2mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Education × ∫ level^e over P99.9602–100 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0080), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.642), e = 0.00: the same per person, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Education €5.3bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.6, estimated
- Result
- €0.0 billion
Why believe this?
Top 13–20%, Collective services
€15.7bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Defence, police, justice, general administration and other collective spending, spread over people, net of other transfers and of balances with the rest of the world, which are small and negative overall.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 46 “Autres transferts non monétaires”, columns R and S and T (0.0531 × V16 + 1.0000 × V17 + 0.3247 × V18), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 46, V16: 11.7; row 46, V17: 11.2; row 46, V18: 12
- As published
- €15.7 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 7.9–13%, Collective services
€13.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Defence, police, justice, general administration and other collective spending, spread over people, net of other transfers and of balances with the rest of the world, which are small and negative overall.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 46 “Autres transferts non monétaires”, columns T and U (0.6753 × V18 + 0.4270 × V19), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 46, V18: 12; row 46, V19: 12.3
- As published
- €13.4 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, Other taxes on income and wealth
€4.4bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
Calculation
- Computed as
Other taxes on income and wealth × Top 0.9–3.5%, Other taxes on income and wealth ÷ All groups, Other taxes on income and wealth- From
- Other taxes on income and wealth €25.3bn, estimated
- Top 0.9–3.5%, Other taxes on income and wealth €4.1bn, estimated
- All groups, Other taxes on income and wealth €24.1bn, estimated
- Result
- €4.4 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, people
1.8 millionEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Individuals of all ages, as Insee counts them in its distributional accounts.
Calculation
- Computed as
(Everyone, Individuals, millions, Insee × (upper percentile − lower percentile) ÷ 100) × 1,000,000- From
- Everyone, Individuals, millions, Insee 68.4, estimated
- Rank above which people hold 20% of income 96.5, estimated
- Rank above which people hold 10% of income 99.1, estimated
- Result
- 1,779,100
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, Taxes on products
€16.2bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
Calculation
- Computed as
Taxes on products × Top 0.9–3.5%, Taxes on products ÷ All groups, Taxes on products- From
- Taxes on products €325.4bn, estimated
- Top 0.9–3.5%, Taxes on products €15.9bn, estimated
- All groups, Taxes on products €318.6bn, estimated
- Result
- €16.2 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.6–0.9%, Unemployment benefits
€160mEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.
Calculation
- Computed as
Unemployment benefits × Top 0.6–0.9%, Unemployment benefits ÷ All groups, Unemployment benefits- From
- Unemployment benefits €45.2bn, estimated
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Unemployment benefits €162m, estimated
- All groups, Unemployment benefits €45.8bn, estimated
- Result
- €0.2 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.6–0.9%, Taxes on products
€2.9bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
Calculation
- Computed as
Taxes on products × Top 0.6–0.9%, Taxes on products ÷ All groups, Taxes on products- From
- Taxes on products €325.4bn, estimated
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Taxes on products €2.8bn, estimated
- All groups, Taxes on products €318.6bn, estimated
- Result
- €2.9 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.6–0.9%, CSG on capital income
€490mEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- The part of the CSG levied on capital income: interest, dividends, life insurance, rents and capital gains.
- Competing figures
- €684m, the CSG on capital income by financial income alone. The same computation with another key for the CSG on capital income.
- €604m, the CSG on capital income by all capital income. The same computation with another key for the CSG on capital income.
- Caveat
- An allocation scenario: Insee attributes the whole CSG to each group but does not split it by base, and no source found gives the bases of the CSG on capital income by group. The CSG on investment income (interest, dividends, life insurance) is shared as Insee's net financial income. The CSG on property income is levied on rents landlords receive, capital gains and annuities; Insee's only row near it adds owner-occupiers' imputed rents, which pay no CSG, and holds no capital gains, so sharing it as that row is a convention. The alternatives share all of it as net financial income, or as the group's whole capital income.
Calculation
- Computed as
CSG on capital income × Top 0.6–0.9%, share of the CSG on capital income ÷ 100- From
- CSG on capital income €17.7bn, estimated
- Top 0.6–0.9%, share of the CSG on capital income 2.8%, estimated
- Result
- €0.5 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.3–0.6%, received a month per person
€2,590EstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
- Competing figures
- €2,590, Central. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €2,590, a strict Pareto tail above P95. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €2,540, a tail as concentrated as WID's ranking by own income. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €2,680, each item along Insee's V19 to V20 gradient. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €2,590, personal taxes, contributions and corporate tax along IPP's rates. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 0.3–0.6%, transfers received × 10⁹ ÷ Top 0.3–0.6%, people ÷ 12- From
- Top 0.3–0.6%, transfers received €5.4bn, estimated
- Top 0.3–0.6%, people 175,047, estimated
- Result
- €2,590
Why believe this?
Top 0.3–0.6%, Other cash benefits
€421mEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.
Calculation
- Computed as
Other cash benefits × Top 0.3–0.6%, Other cash benefits ÷ All groups, Other cash benefits- From
- Other cash benefits €144.7bn, estimated
- Top 0.3–0.6%, Other cash benefits €430m, estimated
- All groups, Other cash benefits €147.6bn, estimated
- Result
- €0.4 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.3–0.6%, share of the CSG on capital income
2.8%EstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's part of the CSG on capital income: of the CSG on investment income, its share of net financial income; of the CSG on property income, its share of rents, actual and imputed (an allocation scenario).
- Caveat
- An allocation scenario: Insee attributes the whole CSG to each group but does not split it by base, and no source found gives the bases of the CSG on capital income by group. The CSG on investment income (interest, dividends, life insurance) is shared as Insee's net financial income. The CSG on property income is levied on rents landlords receive, capital gains and annuities; Insee's only row near it adds owner-occupiers' imputed rents, which pay no CSG, and holds no capital gains, so sharing it as that row is a convention. The alternatives share all of it as net financial income, or as the group's whole capital income.
Calculation
- Computed as
(CSG on income from investments, 2024 × Top 0.3–0.6%, Net financial income ÷ All groups, Net financial income + CSG on income from property, 2024 × Top 0.3–0.6%, Rents, actual and imputed ÷ All groups, Rents, actual and imputed) ÷ (CSG on income from investments, 2024 + CSG on income from property, 2024) × 100- From
- CSG on income from investments, 2024 €10.7bn, estimated
- CSG on income from property, 2024 €6.9bn, estimated
- Top 0.3–0.6%, Net financial income €5.2bn, estimated
- All groups, Net financial income €133.9bn, estimated
- Top 0.3–0.6%, Rents, actual and imputed €1.8bn, estimated
- All groups, Rents, actual and imputed €166.8bn, estimated
- Result
- 2.8%
Why believe this?
Top 0.3–0.6%, Income tax
€4.3bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
Calculation
- Computed as
Income tax × Top 0.3–0.6%, Income tax ÷ All groups, Income tax- From
- Income tax €105.8bn, estimated
- Top 0.3–0.6%, Income tax €4.1bn, estimated
- All groups, Income tax €101.5bn, estimated
- Result
- €4.3 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.2–0.3%, people
127,358EstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Individuals of all ages, as Insee counts them in its distributional accounts.
Calculation
- Computed as
(Everyone, Individuals, millions, Insee × (upper percentile − lower percentile) ÷ 100) × 1,000,000- From
- Everyone, Individuals, millions, Insee 68.4, estimated
- Rank above which people hold 6% of income 99.7, estimated
- Rank above which people hold 4% of income 99.8, estimated
- Result
- 127,358
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, Subsidies on products
€199mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Subsidies on products × ∫ level^e over P99.8457–99.9602 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0828), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.479), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Subsidies on products €2.4bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €0.2 billion
Why believe this?
Top 29–39%, Subsidies on production
€4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 21 “Subventions sur la production (aides à l'apprentissage, aides sectorielles, etc.)”, columns O and P and Q (0.7311 × V13 + 1.0000 × V14 + 0.2824 × V15), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 21, V13: 1.9; row 21, V14: 2; row 21, V15: 2.3
- As published
- €4.0 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 20–29%, Pensions
€40bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 31 “Pensions de retraite”, columns Q and R (0.7176 × V15 + 0.9469 × V16), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 31, V15: 23.1; row 31, V16: 24.7
- As published
- €40.0 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
All groups, Other cash benefits
€147.6bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 33%, Other cash benefits + Bottom 33–49%, Other cash benefits + Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Other cash benefits + Top 29–39%, Other cash benefits + Top 20–29%, Other cash benefits + Top 13–20%, Other cash benefits + Top 7.9–13%, Other cash benefits + Top 3.5–7.9%, Other cash benefits + Top 0.9–3.5%, Other cash benefits + Top 0.6–0.9%, Other cash benefits + Top 0.3–0.6%, Other cash benefits + Top 0.2–0.3%, Other cash benefits + Top 0.04–0.2%, Other cash benefits + Top 0.04%, Other cash benefits- From
- Bottom 33%, Other cash benefits €62.8bn, estimated
- Bottom 33–49%, Other cash benefits €21bn, estimated
- Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Other cash benefits €14.9bn, estimated
- Top 29–39%, Other cash benefits €11.9bn, estimated
- Top 20–29%, Other cash benefits €9.9bn, estimated
- Top 13–20%, Other cash benefits €8.1bn, estimated
- Top 7.9–13%, Other cash benefits €6.9bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Other cash benefits €6.2bn, estimated
- Top 0.9–3.5%, Other cash benefits €4.4bn, estimated
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Other cash benefits €544m, estimated
- Top 0.3–0.6%, Other cash benefits €430m, estimated
- Top 0.2–0.3%, Other cash benefits €313m, estimated
- Top 0.04–0.2%, Other cash benefits €192m, estimated
- Top 0.04%, Other cash benefits €66.8m, estimated
- Result
- €147.6 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, Education
€121mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Education × ∫ level^e over P99.8457–99.9602 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0229), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.479), e = 0.00: the same per person, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Education €5.3bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €0.1 billion
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Social care and housing aid
€2.4bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care for dependent elderly and disabled people, childcare and other social action, housing benefits and the energy cheque, and the running costs of social security, received in kind.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 3.5–7.9%, Social care and housing aid, below P95 + Top 3.5–7.9%, Social care and housing aid, above P95- From
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Social care and housing aid, below P95 €1.6bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Social care and housing aid, above P95 €798m, estimated
- Result
- €2.4 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.6–0.9%, Social care and housing aid
€175mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care for dependent elderly and disabled people, childcare and other social action, housing benefits and the energy cheque, and the running costs of social security, received in kind.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Social care and housing aid × ∫ level^e over P99.0795–99.4036 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0648), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.479), e = 0.00: the same per person, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Social care and housing aid €2.7bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €0.2 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Social care and housing aid
€21.5mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care for dependent elderly and disabled people, childcare and other social action, housing benefits and the energy cheque, and the running costs of social security, received in kind.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Social care and housing aid × ∫ level^e over P99.9602–100 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0080), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.479), e = 0.00: the same per person, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Social care and housing aid €2.7bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €0.0 billion
Why believe this?
Top 29–39%, Culture and leisure
€5.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 43 “Culture et loisirs”, columns O and P and Q (0.7311 × V13 + 1.0000 × V14 + 0.2824 × V15), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 43, V13: 2.6; row 43, V14: 2.6; row 43, V15: 2.6
- As published
- €5.2 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
All groups, Collective services
€239.5bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 33%, Collective services + Bottom 33–49%, Collective services + Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Collective services + Top 29–39%, Collective services + Top 20–29%, Collective services + Top 13–20%, Collective services + Top 7.9–13%, Collective services + Top 3.5–7.9%, Collective services + Top 0.9–3.5%, Collective services + Top 0.6–0.9%, Collective services + Top 0.3–0.6%, Collective services + Top 0.2–0.3%, Collective services + Top 0.04–0.2%, Collective services + Top 0.04%, Collective services- From
- Bottom 33%, Collective services €83.4bn, estimated
- Bottom 33–49%, Collective services €36.9bn, estimated
- Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Collective services €28.9bn, estimated
- Top 29–39%, Collective services €23.5bn, estimated
- Top 20–29%, Collective services €19.2bn, estimated
- Top 13–20%, Collective services €15.7bn, estimated
- Top 7.9–13%, Collective services €13.4bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Collective services €10.4bn, estimated
- Top 0.9–3.5%, Collective services €6bn, estimated
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Collective services €745m, estimated
- Top 0.3–0.6%, Collective services €589m, estimated
- Top 0.2–0.3%, Collective services €428m, estimated
- Top 0.04–0.2%, Collective services €263m, estimated
- Top 0.04%, Collective services €91.5m, estimated
- Result
- €239.5 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, Collective services
€6bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Defence, police, justice, general administration and other collective spending, spread over people, net of other transfers and of balances with the rest of the world, which are small and negative overall.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Collective services × ∫ level^e over P96.4785–99.0795 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.5202), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.479), e = 0.00: the same per person, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Collective services €11.5bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €6.0 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, Subsidies on products
€279mEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.
Calculation
- Computed as
Subsidies on products × Top 0.04–0.2%, Subsidies on products ÷ All groups, Subsidies on products- From
- Subsidies on products €44.6bn, estimated
- Top 0.04–0.2%, Subsidies on products €200m, estimated
- All groups, Subsidies on products €32bn, estimated
- Result
- €0.3 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 33–49%, Taxes on production
€14.5bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 20 “Taxes sur la production (taxes patronales, TF, etc.)”, columns I and J and K and L (0.3399 × V7 + 1.0000 × V8 + 1.0000 × V9 + 0.7913 × V10), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 20, V7: -3.9; row 20, V8: -4.3; row 20, V9: -4.8; row 20, V10: -5.1
- As published
- €14.5 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
All groups, Corporate tax
€78.1bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 33%, Corporate tax + Bottom 33–49%, Corporate tax + Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Corporate tax + Top 29–39%, Corporate tax + Top 20–29%, Corporate tax + Top 13–20%, Corporate tax + Top 7.9–13%, Corporate tax + Top 3.5–7.9%, Corporate tax + Top 0.9–3.5%, Corporate tax + Top 0.6–0.9%, Corporate tax + Top 0.3–0.6%, Corporate tax + Top 0.2–0.3%, Corporate tax + Top 0.04–0.2%, Corporate tax + Top 0.04%, Corporate tax- From
- Bottom 33%, Corporate tax €2.3bn, estimated
- Bottom 33–49%, Corporate tax €1.2bn, estimated
- Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Corporate tax €1.7bn, estimated
- Top 29–39%, Corporate tax €1.6bn, estimated
- Top 20–29%, Corporate tax €2.5bn, estimated
- Top 13–20%, Corporate tax €2.9bn, estimated
- Top 7.9–13%, Corporate tax €4.6bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Corporate tax €13.2bn, estimated
- Top 0.9–3.5%, Corporate tax €22bn, estimated
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Corporate tax €4.3bn, estimated
- Top 0.3–0.6%, Corporate tax €4.4bn, estimated
- Top 0.2–0.3%, Corporate tax €4.6bn, estimated
- Top 0.04–0.2%, Corporate tax €5.1bn, estimated
- Top 0.04%, Corporate tax €7.7bn, estimated
- Result
- €78.1 billion
Why believe this?
Top 29–39%, Corporate tax
€1.6bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 22 “Impôt sur les sociétés”, columns O and P and Q (0.7311 × V13 + 1.0000 × V14 + 0.2824 × V15), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 22, V13: -0.8; row 22, V14: -0.7; row 22, V15: -1.2
- As published
- €1.6 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, Corporate tax
€22bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Corporate tax × ∫ level^e over P96.4785–99.0795 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.3831), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.642), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Corporate tax €57.4bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.6, estimated
- Result
- €22.0 billion
Why believe this?
All groups, CSG
€147.2bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 33%, CSG + Bottom 33–49%, CSG + Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, CSG + Top 29–39%, CSG + Top 20–29%, CSG + Top 13–20%, CSG + Top 7.9–13%, CSG + Top 3.5–7.9%, CSG + Top 0.9–3.5%, CSG + Top 0.6–0.9%, CSG + Top 0.3–0.6%, CSG + Top 0.2–0.3%, CSG + Top 0.04–0.2%, CSG + Top 0.04%, CSG- From
- Bottom 33%, CSG €14.4bn, estimated
- Bottom 33–49%, CSG €16.3bn, estimated
- Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, CSG €16.3bn, estimated
- Top 29–39%, CSG €16.2bn, estimated
- Top 20–29%, CSG €15.7bn, estimated
- Top 13–20%, CSG €15.3bn, estimated
- Top 7.9–13%, CSG €15bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, CSG €13.6bn, estimated
- Top 0.9–3.5%, CSG €11.2bn, estimated
- Top 0.6–0.9%, CSG €2.2bn, estimated
- Top 0.3–0.6%, CSG €2.2bn, estimated
- Top 0.2–0.3%, CSG €2.3bn, estimated
- Top 0.04–0.2%, CSG €2.6bn, estimated
- Top 0.04%, CSG €3.9bn, estimated
- Result
- €147.2 billion
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Net financial income, above P95
€10.2bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Interest, dividends and other property income households receive, less the interest they pay.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Net financial income × ∫ level^e over P95–96.4785 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.1630), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.642), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Net financial income €62.3bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.6, estimated
- Result
- €10.2 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.3–0.6%, Net financial income
€4.8bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Interest, dividends and other property income households receive, less the interest they pay.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Net financial income × ∫ level^e over P99.4036–99.6595 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0764), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.642), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Net financial income €62.3bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.6, estimated
- Result
- €4.8 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.6–0.9%, Income tax
€3.7bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Income tax × ∫ level^e over P99.0795–99.4036 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0751), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.642), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Income tax €49.4bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.6, estimated
- Result
- €3.7 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Other taxes on income and wealth
€1.2bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Other taxes on income and wealth × ∫ level^e over P99.9602–100 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.1341), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.642), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Other taxes on income and wealth €8.8bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.6, estimated
- Result
- €1.2 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, Pension contributions
€4.5bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
Calculation
- Computed as
Pension contributions × Top 0.04–0.2%, Pension contributions ÷ All groups, Pension contributions- From
- Pension contributions €293bn, estimated
- Top 0.04–0.2%, Pension contributions €5.1bn, estimated
- All groups, Pension contributions €328.7bn, estimated
- Result
- €4.5 billion
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Other contributions, above P95
€7.4bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Other contributions × ∫ level^e over P95–96.4785 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.1630), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.642), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Other contributions €45.1bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.6, estimated
- Result
- €7.4 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Culture and leisure
€17.1mEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.
Calculation
- Computed as
Culture and leisure × Top 0.04%, Culture and leisure ÷ All groups, Culture and leisure- From
- Culture and leisure €43.1bn, estimated
- Top 0.04%, Culture and leisure €20.7m, estimated
- All groups, Culture and leisure €52bn, estimated
- Result
- €0.0 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Other taxes on income and wealth
€1.7bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
Calculation
- Computed as
Other taxes on income and wealth × Top 0.04%, Other taxes on income and wealth ÷ All groups, Other taxes on income and wealth- From
- Other taxes on income and wealth €25.3bn, estimated
- Top 0.04%, Other taxes on income and wealth €1.6bn, estimated
- All groups, Other taxes on income and wealth €24.1bn, estimated
- Result
- €1.7 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Other taxes on income and wealth
€745mEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
Calculation
- Computed as
Other taxes on income and wealth × Top 0.04%, Other taxes on income and wealth ÷ All groups, Other taxes on income and wealth- From
- Other taxes on income and wealth €25.3bn, estimated
- Top 0.04%, Other taxes on income and wealth €710m, estimated
- All groups, Other taxes on income and wealth €24.1bn, estimated
- Result
- €0.7 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Taxes on products
€2.8bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
Calculation
- Computed as
Taxes on products × Top 0.04%, Taxes on products ÷ All groups, Taxes on products- From
- Taxes on products €325.4bn, estimated
- Top 0.04%, Taxes on products €2.8bn, estimated
- All groups, Taxes on products €318.6bn, estimated
- Result
- €2.8 billion
Why believe this?
Top 7.9–13%, subsidies through companies
€8.3bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Subsidies paid to companies whose benefit Insee attributes to the group.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 7.9–13%, Subsidies on products + Top 7.9–13%, Subsidies on production- From
- Top 7.9–13%, Subsidies on products €2.7bn, estimated
- Top 7.9–13%, Subsidies on production €5.6bn, estimated
- Result
- €8.3 billion