Official figures and this site's calculations
Why believe this?
Figures of one view and year of the diagram, with their sources and how they were computed, each under its own anchor. Back to Public money.
17 parts: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Why believe this?
Average economic income above P99.9998, 2016
€634,504,000Estimated2016
Definition
- What it counts
- Average economic income of the tax households above the threshold: fiscal income plus the profits retained by the companies they control.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Institut des politiques publiques, Quels impôts les milliardaires paient-ils ? Note n° 92 (Bach, Bozio, Guillouzouic, Malgouyres), updated 2025
- Where
- Tableau 1, p. 3, “Moy. au-delà”
- Published
- May 2025
- It says
P99.9998: 634504000 €
- As published
- €634,504,000
- Read
- 2026-10-04
Why believe this?
Personal tax rate, P99.9998–100, 2016
3%Estimated2016
Definition
- What it counts
- Wealth tax, income tax and social levies on capital income and earnings as a share of economic income, averaged over the slice.
- Caveat
- Read from IPP Note 92, Figure 1b, to about one point: the figure plots rates by g-percentile, averaged here over the slice.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Institut des politiques publiques, Quels impôts les milliardaires paient-ils ? Note n° 92 (Bach, Bozio, Guillouzouic, Malgouyres), updated 2025
- Where
- Figure 1b, p. 6, read from the chart (±1 point)
- Published
- May 2025
- It says
Taux d'imposition global par g-percentile, revenu économique
- As published
- 3.0%
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Taxes on products
€1.1bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
- Caveat
- Insee attributes the whole amount to residents; the part falling outside France is taken out of every group in proportion.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 0.04%, Taxes on products × (1 − Share of consumption by visitors ÷ 100)- From
- Top 0.04%, Taxes on products €1.1bn, estimated
- Share of consumption by visitors 4.4%, estimated
- Result
- €1.1 billion
Why believe this?
Taxes on production
€128bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 20 “Taxes sur la production (taxes patronales, TF, etc.)”, column B (Ensemble)
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- As published
- €128.0 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
V8, Extended primary income, Insee
€63.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Income before any public transfer: labour income with all social contributions, property and self-employment income, retained profits attributed to owners and a share of public bodies' primary income.
- Caveat
- Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 14 “Revenu primaire élargi (D=A+B+C)”, column J (V8)
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- As published
- €63.1 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Shape of the top 5%'s tail
0.5EstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The generalized Pareto shape: the coefficient tends to 1 ÷ (1 − shape) at the very top; a strict Pareto tail has shape 1 − 1 ÷ b.
Calculation
- Computed as
Generalized Pareto interpolation (Blanchet, Fournier and Piketty 2022) of Insee's concentration curve of extended primary income along its ranking by living standard: φ = −log (share above rank p), x = −log (1 − p), at p = 0, 5%, ..., 95%; derivatives at P95 from the parabola through P85, P90 and P95- From
- V1, Extended primary income, Insee €10.4bn, estimated
- V2, Extended primary income, Insee €16.6bn, estimated
- V3, Extended primary income, Insee €25.3bn, estimated
- V4, Extended primary income, Insee €32.4bn, estimated
- V5, Extended primary income, Insee €40.5bn, estimated
- V6, Extended primary income, Insee €47bn, estimated
- V7, Extended primary income, Insee €54.7bn, estimated
- V8, Extended primary income, Insee €63.1bn, estimated
- V9, Extended primary income, Insee €68.3bn, estimated
- V10, Extended primary income, Insee €73.7bn, estimated
- V11, Extended primary income, Insee €80.6bn, estimated
- V12, Extended primary income, Insee €85.9bn, estimated
- V13, Extended primary income, Insee €98.3bn, estimated
- V14, Extended primary income, Insee €103.2bn, estimated
- V15, Extended primary income, Insee €117.7bn, estimated
- V16, Extended primary income, Insee €130.8bn, estimated
- V17, Extended primary income, Insee €146bn, estimated
- V18, Extended primary income, Insee €170.5bn, estimated
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn, estimated
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn, estimated
- Result
- 0
Why believe this?
Bottom 33–49%, Taxes on products
€43.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 18 “Taxes sur les produits (TVA, TICPE, accises, DMTO, etc.)”, columns I and J and K and L (0.3399 × V7 + 1.0000 × V8 + 1.0000 × V9 + 0.7913 × V10), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 18, V7: -13.2; row 18, V8: -13.8; row 18, V9: -14; row 18, V10: -14.6
- As published
- €43.8 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Taxes on products, above P95
€7.3bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Taxes on products × ∫ level^e over P95–96.4785 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.2183), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.62: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20- From
- Top 5%, Taxes on products €33.3bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- V19, Taxes on products, Insee €19.9bn, estimated
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn, estimated
- V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- V20, Taxes on products, Insee €33.3bn, estimated
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn, estimated
- V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- Result
- €7.3 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.6–0.9%, Taxes on products
€2.7bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Taxes on products × ∫ level^e over P99.0795–99.4036 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0799), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.62: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20- From
- Top 5%, Taxes on products €33.3bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- V19, Taxes on products, Insee €19.9bn, estimated
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn, estimated
- V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- V20, Taxes on products, Insee €33.3bn, estimated
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn, estimated
- V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- Result
- €2.7 billion
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Taxes on production, above P95
€4.8bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Taxes on production × ∫ level^e over P95–96.4785 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.2175), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.63: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20- From
- Top 5%, Taxes on production €22.2bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- V19, Taxes on production, Insee €13.2bn, estimated
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn, estimated
- V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- V20, Taxes on production, Insee €22.2bn, estimated
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn, estimated
- V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- Result
- €4.8 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, CSG on earnings and benefits
€1bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The CSG on earnings, pensions and other replacement income, and on gaming: the CSG less its part on capital income.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 0.04%, CSG − Top 0.04%, CSG on capital income- From
- Top 0.04%, CSG €1.5bn, estimated
- Top 0.04%, CSG on capital income €450m, estimated
- Result
- €1.0 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, Net financial income
€26bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Interest, dividends and other property income households receive, less the interest they pay.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Net financial income × ∫ level^e over P96.4785–99.0795 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.4167), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Net financial income €62.3bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €26.0 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, Net financial income
€5.2bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Interest, dividends and other property income households receive, less the interest they pay.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Net financial income × ∫ level^e over P99.8457–99.9602 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Net financial income €62.3bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €5.2 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Rents, actual and imputed
€1.8bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Rents landlords receive and the rent owner-occupiers are deemed to pay themselves, net of costs.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Rents, actual and imputed × ∫ level^e over P99.9602–100 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Rents, actual and imputed €21.4bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €1.8 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, Rents, actual and imputed
€8.9bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Rents landlords receive and the rent owner-occupiers are deemed to pay themselves, net of costs.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Rents, actual and imputed × ∫ level^e over P96.4785–99.0795 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.4167), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Rents, actual and imputed €21.4bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €8.9 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, Rents, actual and imputed
€1.8bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Rents landlords receive and the rent owner-occupiers are deemed to pay themselves, net of costs.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Rents, actual and imputed × ∫ level^e over P99.8457–99.9602 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Rents, actual and imputed €21.4bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €1.8 billion
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Other taxes on income and wealth
€2.7bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 3.5–7.9%, Other taxes on income and wealth, below P95 + Top 3.5–7.9%, Other taxes on income and wealth, above P95- From
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Other taxes on income and wealth, below P95 €1.7bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Other taxes on income and wealth, above P95 €1bn, estimated
- Result
- €2.7 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.2–0.3%, Other taxes on income and wealth
€823mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Other taxes on income and wealth × ∫ level^e over P99.6595–99.8457 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0935), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.34: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20- From
- Top 5%, Other taxes on income and wealth €8.8bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- V19, Other taxes on income and wealth, Insee €2.9bn, estimated
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn, estimated
- V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- V20, Other taxes on income and wealth, Insee €8.8bn, estimated
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn, estimated
- V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- Result
- €0.8 billion
Why believe this?
Top 13–20%, Pension contributions
€35.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 26 “Cotisations sociales retraite1”, columns R and S and T (0.0531 × V16 + 1.0000 × V17 + 0.3247 × V18), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 26, V16: -22.9; row 26, V17: -25; row 26, V18: -29.7
- As published
- €35.9 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 33%, Other contributions
€17.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 27 “Cotisations sociales chômage1”; 28 “Cotisations sociales famille1”; 29 “Autres cotisations sociales (maladie, invalidité, ATMP)1”, columns C and D and E and F and G and H and I (1.0000 × V1 + 1.0000 × V2 + 1.0000 × V3 + 1.0000 × V4 + 1.0000 × V5 + 1.0000 × V6 + 0.6601 × V7), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 29, V1: -0.5; row 29, V2: -0.8; row 29, V3: -1.3; row 29, V4: -1.7; row 29, V5: -2.1; row 29, V6: -2.4; row 29, V7: -2.8; row 27, V1: -0.1; row 27, V2: -0.2; row 27, V3: -0.4; row 27, V4: -0.5; row 27, V5: -0.7; row 27, V6: -0.8; row 27, V7: -0.9; row 28, V1: -0.1; row 28, V2: -0.3; row 28, V3: -0.5; row 28, V4: -0.6; row 28, V5: -0.8; row 28, V6: -0.9; row 28, V7: -1.1
- As published
- €17.9 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Other contributions
€24.5bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 3.5–7.9%, Other contributions, below P95 + Top 3.5–7.9%, Other contributions, above P95- From
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Other contributions, below P95 €14.9bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Other contributions, above P95 €9.6bn, estimated
- Result
- €24.5 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, people
27,208EstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Individuals of all ages, as Insee counts them in its distributional accounts.
Calculation
- Computed as
(Everyone, Individuals, millions, Insee × (upper percentile − lower percentile) ÷ 100) × 1,000,000- From
- Everyone, Individuals, millions, Insee 68.4, estimated
- Rank above which people hold 2% of income 100, estimated
- Result
- 27,208
Why believe this?
Top 7.9–13%, Taxes on products
€23.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 18 “Taxes sur les produits (TVA, TICPE, accises, DMTO, etc.)”, columns T and U (0.6753 × V18 + 0.4270 × V19), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 18, V18: -21.7; row 18, V19: -19.9
- As published
- €23.2 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 20–29%, CSG
€15.7bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 23 “Contribution sociale généralisée (CSG)”, columns Q and R (0.7176 × V15 + 0.9469 × V16), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 23, V15: -8.9; row 23, V16: -9.8
- As published
- €15.7 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 7.9–13%, CSG
€15bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 23 “Contribution sociale généralisée (CSG)”, columns T and U (0.6753 × V18 + 0.4270 × V19), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 23, V18: -12.5; row 23, V19: -15.4
- As published
- €15.0 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.2–0.3%, CSG
€2.4bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, CSG × ∫ level^e over P99.6595–99.8457 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0834), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.479), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, CSG €29.3bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €2.4 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, Net financial income
€26.1bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Interest, dividends and other property income households receive, less the interest they pay.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Net financial income × ∫ level^e over P96.4785–99.0795 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.4189), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.479), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Net financial income €62.3bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €26.1 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 33–49%, Rents, actual and imputed
€20.7bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Rents landlords receive and the rent owner-occupiers are deemed to pay themselves, net of costs.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 9 “Loyers réels et imputés aux propriétaires”, columns I and J and K and L (0.3399 × V7 + 1.0000 × V8 + 1.0000 × V9 + 0.7913 × V10), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 9, V7: 6.1; row 9, V8: 6.2; row 9, V9: 6.8; row 9, V10: 7.1
- As published
- €20.7 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 29–39%, Rents, actual and imputed
€18.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Rents landlords receive and the rent owner-occupiers are deemed to pay themselves, net of costs.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 9 “Loyers réels et imputés aux propriétaires”, columns O and P and Q (0.7311 × V13 + 1.0000 × V14 + 0.2824 × V15), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 9, V13: 8.7; row 9, V14: 9.6; row 9, V15: 9.9
- As published
- €18.8 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Income tax
€4.1bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
Calculation
- Computed as
Income tax × Top 0.04%, Income tax ÷ All groups, Income tax- From
- Income tax €103.3bn, estimated
- Top 0.04%, Income tax €4bn, estimated
- All groups, Income tax €101.5bn, estimated
- Result
- €4.1 billion
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Income tax
€17.4bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 3.5–7.9%, Income tax, below P95 + Top 3.5–7.9%, Income tax, above P95- From
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Income tax, below P95 €9.1bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Income tax, above P95 €8.2bn, estimated
- Result
- €17.4 billion
Why believe this?
Top 13–20%, Other taxes on income and wealth
€2.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 25 “Autres impôts sur les revenus et le patrimoine (TH, ISF/IFI, CRDS, etc.)”, columns R and S and T (0.0531 × V16 + 1.0000 × V17 + 0.3247 × V18), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 25, V16: -1.2; row 25, V17: -1.4; row 25, V18: -1.9
- As published
- €2.1 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Pension contributions, above P95
€9.6bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Pension contributions × ∫ level^e over P95–96.4785 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.1668), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.479), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Pension contributions €57.3bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €9.6 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, Pension contributions
€24bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Pension contributions × ∫ level^e over P96.4785–99.0795 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.4189), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.479), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Pension contributions €57.3bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €24.0 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Taxes on products
€2.8bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Taxes on products × ∫ level^e over P99.9602–100 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Taxes on products €33.3bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €2.8 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 33%, Taxes on products
€73.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 18 “Taxes sur les produits (TVA, TICPE, accises, DMTO, etc.)”, columns C and D and E and F and G and H and I (1.0000 × V1 + 1.0000 × V2 + 1.0000 × V3 + 1.0000 × V4 + 1.0000 × V5 + 1.0000 × V6 + 0.6601 × V7), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 18, V1: -8.2; row 18, V2: -11.1; row 18, V3: -10; row 18, V4: -11.1; row 18, V5: -11.6; row 18, V6: -12.7; row 18, V7: -13.2
- As published
- €73.4 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Taxes on production
€11.3bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 3.5–7.9%, Taxes on production, below P95 + Top 3.5–7.9%, Taxes on production, above P95- From
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Taxes on production, below P95 €7.6bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Taxes on production, above P95 €3.7bn, estimated
- Result
- €11.3 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.2–0.3%, Taxes on production
€1.9bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Taxes on production × ∫ level^e over P99.6595–99.8457 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Taxes on production €22.2bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €1.9 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, CSG
€2.5bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.
Calculation
- Computed as
CSG × Top 0.04%, CSG ÷ All groups, CSG- From
- CSG €149.8bn, estimated
- Top 0.04%, CSG €2.4bn, estimated
- All groups, CSG €147.2bn, estimated
- Result
- €2.5 billion
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Rents, actual and imputed, below P95
€8.5bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Rents landlords receive and the rent owner-occupiers are deemed to pay themselves, net of costs.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 9 “Loyers réels et imputés aux propriétaires”, column U (0.5730 × V19), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 9, V19: 14.9
- As published
- €8.5 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Income tax
€4.1bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Income tax × ∫ level^e over P99.9602–100 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Income tax €49.4bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €4.1 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, Income tax
€20.6bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Income tax × ∫ level^e over P96.4785–99.0795 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.4167), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Income tax €49.4bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €20.6 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Other taxes on income and wealth
€752mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
Calculation
- Computed as
Other taxes on income and wealth × Top 0.04%, Other taxes on income and wealth ÷ All groups, Other taxes on income and wealth- From
- Other taxes on income and wealth €24.7bn, estimated
- Top 0.04%, Other taxes on income and wealth €733m, estimated
- All groups, Other taxes on income and wealth €24.1bn, estimated
- Result
- €0.8 billion
Why believe this?
Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Other contributions
€21.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 27 “Cotisations sociales chômage1”; 28 “Cotisations sociales famille1”; 29 “Autres cotisations sociales (maladie, invalidité, ATMP)1”, columns L and M and N and O (0.2087 × V10 + 1.0000 × V11 + 1.0000 × V12 + 0.2689 × V13), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 29, V10: -4.8; row 29, V11: -5.1; row 29, V12: -5.6; row 29, V13: -6.7; row 27, V10: -1.3; row 27, V11: -1.4; row 27, V12: -1.5; row 27, V13: -1.9; row 28, V10: -1.5; row 28, V11: -1.6; row 28, V12: -1.6; row 28, V13: -1.9
- As published
- €21.2 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 33%, rents, actual and imputed, monthly equivalent per resident, 2023 data
€110EstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
- Competing figures
- €110, Central. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €110, a strict Pareto tail above P95. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €110, a tail as concentrated as WID's ranking by own income. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €110, each item along Insee's V19 to V20 gradient. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €110, personal taxes, contributions and corporate tax along IPP's rates. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 33%, Rents, actual and imputed × 10⁹ ÷ Bottom 33%, people ÷ 12- From
- Bottom 33%, Rents, actual and imputed €29bn, estimated
- Bottom 33%, people 22.8 million, estimated
- Result
- €110
Why believe this?
Economic affairs
€166.1bnObserved2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Transport, energy, agriculture, industry and other economic affairs.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
gov_10a_exp(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=MIO_EURsector=S13na_item=TEcofog99=GF04time=2024· query this cell- As published
- €166,072.8 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.
Why believe this?
Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Subsidies on products
€3.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 19 “Subventions sur les produits (transports, etc.)”, columns L and M and N and O (0.2087 × V10 + 1.0000 × V11 + 1.0000 × V12 + 0.2689 × V13), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 19, V10: 1.5; row 19, V11: 1.5; row 19, V12: 1.6; row 19, V13: 1.6
- As published
- €3.8 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Subsidies on production
€3.6bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 3.5–7.9%, Subsidies on production, below P95 + Top 3.5–7.9%, Subsidies on production, above P95- From
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Subsidies on production, below P95 €2.3bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Subsidies on production, above P95 €1.3bn, estimated
- Result
- €3.6 billion
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Subsidies on production, below P95
€2.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 21 “Subventions sur la production (aides à l'apprentissage, aides sectorielles, etc.)”, column U (0.5730 × V19), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 21, V19: 4.1
- As published
- €2.3 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Subsidies on production, above P95
€1.3bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Subsidies on production × ∫ level^e over P95–96.4785 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.1666), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Subsidies on production €7.7bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €1.3 billion
Why believe this?
Social care and housing aid
€115.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care for dependent elderly and disabled people, childcare and other social action, housing benefits and the energy cheque, and the running costs of social security, received in kind.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 42 “Action sociale (dépendance, handicap, petite enfance, etc.)”; 44 “Aides au logement et chèque énergie”; 45 “Frais de fonctionnement de la Sécurité sociale”, column B (Ensemble), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 42, Ensemble: 80.8; row 44, Ensemble: 16.1; row 45, Ensemble: 18.9
- As published
- €115.8 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 7.9–13%, Pensions
€31.7bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 31 “Pensions de retraite”, columns T and U (0.6753 × V18 + 0.4270 × V19), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 31, V18: 27.9; row 31, V19: 30.2
- As published
- €31.7 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Unemployment benefits, below P95
€1.7bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 32 “Allocations chômage”, column U (0.5730 × V19), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 32, V19: 2.9
- As published
- €1.7 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 33%, Other cash benefits
€61.6bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.
Calculation
- Computed as
Other cash benefits × Bottom 33%, Other cash benefits ÷ All groups, Other cash benefits- From
- Other cash benefits €144.7bn, estimated
- Bottom 33%, Other cash benefits €62.8bn, estimated
- All groups, Other cash benefits €147.6bn, estimated
- Result
- €61.6 billion
Why believe this?
Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Other cash benefits
€14.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 33 “Autres revenus de remplacement (IJ, ATMP)”; 34 “Famille”; 35 “Exclusion sociale”; 36 “Invalidité”; 37 “Remboursements des contrats collectifs de complémentaires santé”, columns L and M and N and O (0.2087 × V10 + 1.0000 × V11 + 1.0000 × V12 + 0.2689 × V13), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 33, V10: 1.6; row 33, V11: 1.7; row 33, V12: 1.8; row 33, V13: 2; row 34, V10: 1.7; row 34, V11: 1.5; row 34, V12: 1.2; row 34, V13: 1; row 35, V10: 0.9; row 35, V11: 0.8; row 35, V12: 0.8; row 35, V13: 0.6; row 36, V10: 1.1; row 36, V11: 1.3; row 36, V12: 0.9; row 36, V13: 1.2; row 37, V10: 1; row 37, V11: 1; row 37, V12: 1; row 37, V13: 1.1
- As published
- €14.9 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 13–20%, Other cash benefits
€8.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 33 “Autres revenus de remplacement (IJ, ATMP)”; 34 “Famille”; 35 “Exclusion sociale”; 36 “Invalidité”; 37 “Remboursements des contrats collectifs de complémentaires santé”, columns R and S and T (0.0531 × V16 + 1.0000 × V17 + 0.3247 × V18), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 33, V16: 2.6; row 33, V17: 2.8; row 33, V18: 3.2; row 34, V16: 0.8; row 34, V17: 0.6; row 34, V18: 0.4; row 35, V16: 0.4; row 35, V17: 0.4; row 35, V18: 0.4; row 36, V16: 1.2; row 36, V17: 0.9; row 36, V18: 1.1; row 37, V16: 1.1; row 37, V17: 1.1; row 37, V18: 1.1
- As published
- €8.1 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Health care
€6.9bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 3.5–7.9%, Health care, below P95 + Top 3.5–7.9%, Health care, above P95- From
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Health care, below P95 €4.6bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Health care, above P95 €2.3bn, estimated
- Result
- €6.9 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, Social care and housing aid
€1.4bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care for dependent elderly and disabled people, childcare and other social action, housing benefits and the energy cheque, and the running costs of social security, received in kind.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Social care and housing aid × ∫ level^e over P96.4785–99.0795 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.5202), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.00: the same per person, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Social care and housing aid €2.7bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €1.4 billion
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Collective services
€10.4bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Defence, police, justice, general administration and other collective spending, spread over people, net of other transfers and of balances with the rest of the world, which are small and negative overall.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 3.5–7.9%, Collective services, below P95 + Top 3.5–7.9%, Collective services, above P95- From
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Collective services, below P95 €7bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Collective services, above P95 €3.4bn, estimated
- Result
- €10.4 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, Collective services
€6bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Defence, police, justice, general administration and other collective spending, spread over people, net of other transfers and of balances with the rest of the world, which are small and negative overall.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Collective services × ∫ level^e over P96.4785–99.0795 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.5202), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.00: the same per person, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Collective services €11.5bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €6.0 billion
Why believe this?
CSG on capital income
€17.7bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- The part of the CSG levied on capital income: interest, dividends, life insurance, rents and capital gains.
- Caveat
- A rescaled estimate, not the CCSS's figure: the CCSS puts the CSG's yield on capital income at €17.627bn in 2024; here the CSG of the year on the perimeter of the other levies (€153.4bn) is multiplied by capital income's share of the CSG's yield by base (11.51%), which gives €17.7bn.
Calculation
- Computed as
CSG × Capital income's share of the CSG, 2024 ÷ 100- From
- CSG €153.4bn, estimated
- Capital income's share of the CSG, 2024 11.5%, estimated
- Result
- €17.7 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 33–49%, Unemployment benefits
€7.2bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.
Calculation
- Computed as
Unemployment benefits × Bottom 33–49%, Unemployment benefits ÷ All groups, Unemployment benefits- From
- Unemployment benefits €45.2bn, estimated
- Bottom 33–49%, Unemployment benefits €7.3bn, estimated
- All groups, Unemployment benefits €45.8bn, estimated
- Result
- €7.2 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 33–49%, Income tax
€1.4bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
Calculation
- Computed as
Income tax × Bottom 33–49%, Income tax ÷ All groups, Income tax- From
- Income tax €105.8bn, estimated
- Bottom 33–49%, Income tax €1.3bn, estimated
- All groups, Income tax €101.5bn, estimated
- Result
- €1.4 billion
Why believe this?
Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, transfers received
€188.6bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Every transfer attributed to the group, subsidies included.
Calculation
- Computed as
Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Subsidies on products + Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Subsidies on production + Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Pensions + Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Unemployment benefits + Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Other cash benefits + Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Health care + Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Education + Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Social care and housing aid + Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Culture and leisure + Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Collective services- From
- Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Subsidies on products €5.4bn, estimated
- Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Subsidies on production €5.7bn, estimated
- Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Pensions €52.3bn, estimated
- Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Unemployment benefits €4.4bn, estimated
- Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Other cash benefits €14.6bn, estimated
- Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Health care €32.6bn, estimated
- Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Education €16.6bn, estimated
- Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Social care and housing aid €11.1bn, estimated
- Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Culture and leisure €5.3bn, estimated
- Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Collective services €40.6bn, estimated
- Result
- €188.6 billion
Why believe this?
Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Subsidies on production
€5.7bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.
Calculation
- Computed as
Subsidies on production × Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Subsidies on production ÷ All groups, Subsidies on production- From
- Subsidies on production €53.4bn, estimated
- Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Subsidies on production €4.1bn, estimated
- All groups, Subsidies on production €38.2bn, estimated
- Result
- €5.7 billion
Why believe this?
Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, CSG on earnings and benefits
€15.5bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- The CSG on earnings, pensions and other replacement income, and on gaming: the CSG less its part on capital income.
Calculation
- Computed as
Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, CSG − Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, CSG on capital income- From
- Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, CSG €16.9bn, estimated
- Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, CSG on capital income €1.4bn, estimated
- Result
- €15.5 billion
Why believe this?
Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, CSG on capital income
€1.4bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- The part of the CSG levied on capital income: interest, dividends, life insurance, rents and capital gains.
- Competing figures
- €956m, the CSG on capital income by financial income alone. The same computation with another key for the CSG on capital income.
- €1.2bn, the CSG on capital income by all capital income. The same computation with another key for the CSG on capital income.
- Caveat
- An allocation scenario: Insee attributes the whole CSG to each group but does not split it by base, and no source found gives the bases of the CSG on capital income by group. The CSG on investment income (interest, dividends, life insurance) is shared as Insee's net financial income. The CSG on property income is levied on rents landlords receive, capital gains and annuities; Insee's only row near it adds owner-occupiers' imputed rents, which pay no CSG, and holds no capital gains, so sharing it as that row is a convention. The alternatives share all of it as net financial income, or as the group's whole capital income.
Calculation
- Computed as
CSG on capital income × Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, share of the CSG on capital income ÷ 100- From
- CSG on capital income €17.7bn, estimated
- Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, share of the CSG on capital income 7.9%, estimated
- Result
- €1.4 billion
Why believe this?
Top 29–39%, Pensions
€44.7bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.
Calculation
- Computed as
Pensions × Top 29–39%, Pensions ÷ All groups, Pensions- From
- Pensions €389.8bn, estimated
- Top 29–39%, Pensions €45.6bn, estimated
- All groups, Pensions €397.8bn, estimated
- Result
- €44.7 billion
Why believe this?
Top 29–39%, Collective services
€32.9bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Defence, police, justice, general administration and other collective spending, spread over people, net of other transfers and of balances with the rest of the world, which are small and negative overall.
Calculation
- Computed as
Collective services × Top 29–39%, Collective services ÷ All groups, Collective services- From
- Collective services €335.7bn, estimated
- Top 29–39%, Collective services €23.5bn, estimated
- All groups, Collective services €239.5bn, estimated
- Result
- €32.9 billion
Why believe this?
Top 29–39%, CSG
€16.8bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.
Calculation
- Computed as
CSG × Top 29–39%, CSG ÷ All groups, CSG- From
- CSG €153.4bn, estimated
- Top 29–39%, CSG €16.2bn, estimated
- All groups, CSG €147.2bn, estimated
- Result
- €16.8 billion
Why believe this?
Top 29–39%, Other taxes on income and wealth
€1.9bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
Calculation
- Computed as
Other taxes on income and wealth × Top 29–39%, Other taxes on income and wealth ÷ All groups, Other taxes on income and wealth- From
- Other taxes on income and wealth €25.3bn, estimated
- Top 29–39%, Other taxes on income and wealth €1.8bn, estimated
- All groups, Other taxes on income and wealth €24.1bn, estimated
- Result
- €1.9 billion
Why believe this?
Top 20–29%, levies paid
€125.7bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Every levy attributed to the group, gross of subsidies.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 20–29%, Taxes on products + Top 20–29%, Taxes on production + Top 20–29%, Corporate tax + Top 20–29%, CSG on earnings and benefits + Top 20–29%, CSG on capital income + Top 20–29%, Income tax + Top 20–29%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Top 20–29%, Pension contributions + Top 20–29%, Other contributions- From
- Top 20–29%, Taxes on products €30.5bn, estimated
- Top 20–29%, Taxes on production €14.1bn, estimated
- Top 20–29%, Corporate tax €2.1bn, estimated
- Top 20–29%, CSG on earnings and benefits €14.9bn, estimated
- Top 20–29%, CSG on capital income €1.4bn, estimated
- Top 20–29%, Income tax €7.6bn, estimated
- Top 20–29%, Other taxes on income and wealth €1.9bn, estimated
- Top 20–29%, Pension contributions €32.5bn, estimated
- Top 20–29%, Other contributions €20.7bn, estimated
- Result
- €125.7 billion
Why believe this?
Living standard at P79.7, constant 2024 euros, a month
€3,220EstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- The yearly amount divided by twelve, rounded to ten euros.
Calculation
- Computed as
Living standard at P79.7, constant 2024 euros ÷ 12, rounded to €10- From
- Living standard at P79.7, constant 2024 euros €38,645, estimated
- Result
- €3,220
Why believe this?
Top 13–20%, received a month per person
€1,890EstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
- Competing figures
- €1,890, Central. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €1,890, a strict Pareto tail above P95. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €1,890, a tail as concentrated as WID's ranking by own income. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €1,890, each item along Insee's V19 to V20 gradient. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €1,890, personal taxes, contributions and corporate tax along IPP's rates. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 13–20%, transfers received × 10⁹ ÷ Top 13–20%, people ÷ 12- From
- Top 13–20%, transfers received €106.8bn, estimated
- Top 13–20%, people 4.7 million, estimated
- Result
- €1,890
Why believe this?
Top 13–20%, Pension contributions
€32bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
Calculation
- Computed as
Pension contributions × Top 13–20%, Pension contributions ÷ All groups, Pension contributions- From
- Pension contributions €293bn, estimated
- Top 13–20%, Pension contributions €35.9bn, estimated
- All groups, Pension contributions €328.7bn, estimated
- Result
- €32.0 billion
Why believe this?
Top 7.9–13%, profits kept in companies, monthly equivalent per resident, 2023 data
€160EstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
- Competing figures
- €160, Central. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €160, a strict Pareto tail above P95. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €160, a tail as concentrated as WID's ranking by own income. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €160, each item along Insee's V19 to V20 gradient. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €160, personal taxes, contributions and corporate tax along IPP's rates. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 7.9–13%, Profits kept in companies × 10⁹ ÷ Top 7.9–13%, people ÷ 12- From
- Top 7.9–13%, Profits kept in companies €7.3bn, estimated
- Top 7.9–13%, people 3.8 million, estimated
- Result
- €160
Why believe this?
Living standard at C95, constant 2024 euros
€61,220Estimated2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Disposable income per consumption unit a year at the threshold, in constant 2024 euros: what one person living alone has to spend; metropolitan France, survey on tax and social incomes.
- Caveat
- Insee's distributional accounts rank people by a survey-based living standard close to, but not the same as, this one.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Distribution des niveaux de vie, données annuelles de 1996 à 2024
- Where
- Sheet “Données”, row 14 “95e centile (C95)”, column AG (2024), en euros 2024 constants; raw/reve-niv-vie-decile-individu.xlsx
- Published
- 2026
- As published
- €61,220
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, net financial income, monthly equivalent per resident, 2023 data
€360EstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 3.5–7.9%, Net financial income × 10⁹ ÷ Top 3.5–7.9%, people ÷ 12- From
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Net financial income €13bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, people 3.0 million, estimated
- Result
- €360
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Net financial income, above P95
€4bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Interest, dividends and other property income households receive, less the interest they pay.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Net financial income × ∫ level^e over P95–96.4785 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0645), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.67: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20- From
- Top 5%, Net financial income €62.3bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- V19, Revenus financiers nets (intérêts, dividendes, etc.), Insee €15.6bn, estimated
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn, estimated
- V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- V20, Revenus financiers nets (intérêts, dividendes, etc.), Insee €62.3bn, estimated
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn, estimated
- V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- Result
- €4.0 billion
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Profits kept in companies, above P95
€15.1bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The part of companies' profits that is not paid out, attributed to the households that own them.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Profits kept in companies × ∫ level^e over P95–96.4785 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.1666), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Profits kept in companies €90.4bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €15.1 billion
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Health care
€8.6bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.
Calculation
- Computed as
Health care × Top 3.5–7.9%, Health care ÷ All groups, Health care- From
- Health care €261.2bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Health care €6.9bn, estimated
- All groups, Health care €209.4bn, estimated
- Result
- €8.6 billion
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Subsidies on products, below P95
€974mEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 19 “Subventions sur les produits (transports, etc.)”, column U (0.5730 × V19), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 19, V19: 1.7
- As published
- €1.0 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, Subsidies on products
€98.5mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Subsidies on products × ∫ level^e over P99.8457–99.9602 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0410), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.42: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20- From
- Top 5%, Subsidies on products €2.4bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- V19, Subsidies on products, Insee €1.7bn, estimated
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn, estimated
- V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- V20, Subsidies on products, Insee €2.4bn, estimated
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn, estimated
- V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- Result
- €0.1 billion
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Pensions, above P95
€9.8bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Pensions × ∫ level^e over P95–96.4785 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.2686), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.23: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20- From
- Top 5%, Pensions €36.4bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- V19, Pensions, Insee €30.2bn, estimated
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn, estimated
- V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- V20, Pensions, Insee €36.4bn, estimated
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn, estimated
- V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- Result
- €9.8 billion
Why believe this?
V20, Remboursements des contrats collectifs de complémentaires santé, Insee
€1.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- A row of Insee's distributional accounts, read as published.
- Caveat
- Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 37 “Remboursements des contrats collectifs de complémentaires santé”, column V (V20)
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- As published
- €1.2 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Other cash benefits
€14.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 33 “Autres revenus de remplacement (IJ, ATMP)”; 34 “Famille”; 35 “Exclusion sociale”; 36 “Invalidité”; 37 “Remboursements des contrats collectifs de complémentaires santé”, columns L and M and N and O (0.2087 × V10 + 1.0000 × V11 + 1.0000 × V12 + 0.2689 × V13), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 33, V10: 1.6; row 33, V11: 1.7; row 33, V12: 1.8; row 33, V13: 2; row 34, V10: 1.7; row 34, V11: 1.5; row 34, V12: 1.2; row 34, V13: 1; row 35, V10: 0.9; row 35, V11: 0.8; row 35, V12: 0.8; row 35, V13: 0.6; row 36, V10: 1.1; row 36, V11: 1.3; row 36, V12: 0.9; row 36, V13: 1.2; row 37, V10: 1; row 37, V11: 1; row 37, V12: 1; row 37, V13: 1.1
- As published
- €14.9 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, Other cash benefits
€4.2bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Other cash benefits × ∫ level^e over P96.4785–99.0795 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.5036), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.33: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20- From
- Top 5%, Other cash benefits €8.4bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- V19, Autres revenus de remplacement (IJ, ATMP), Insee €3.8bn, estimated
- V19, Famille, Insee €400m, estimated
- V19, Exclusion sociale, Insee €200m, estimated
- V19, Invalidité, Insee €800m, estimated
- V19, Remboursements des contrats collectifs de complémentaires santé, Insee €1.2bn, estimated
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn, estimated
- V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- V20, Autres revenus de remplacement (IJ, ATMP), Insee €6.1bn, estimated
- V20, Famille, Insee €300m, estimated
- V20, Exclusion sociale, Insee €200m, estimated
- V20, Invalidité, Insee €600m, estimated
- V20, Remboursements des contrats collectifs de complémentaires santé, Insee €1.2bn, estimated
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn, estimated
- V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- Result
- €4.2 billion
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Health care, below P95
€4.6bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 40 “Santé”, column U (0.5730 × V19), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 40, V19: 8
- As published
- €4.6 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, levies paid
€129.9bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Every levy attributed to the group, gross of subsidies.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 3.5–7.9%, Taxes on products + Top 3.5–7.9%, Taxes on production + Top 3.5–7.9%, Corporate tax + Top 3.5–7.9%, CSG on earnings and benefits + Top 3.5–7.9%, CSG on capital income + Top 3.5–7.9%, Income tax + Top 3.5–7.9%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Top 3.5–7.9%, Pension contributions + Top 3.5–7.9%, Other contributions- From
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Taxes on products €16.5bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Taxes on production €11.5bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Corporate tax €6.9bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, CSG on earnings and benefits €13.6bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, CSG on capital income €2.1bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Income tax €20.5bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Other taxes on income and wealth €3.7bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Pension contributions €31.4bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Other contributions €23.7bn, estimated
- Result
- €129.9 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.2–0.3%, Corporate tax
€5bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Corporate tax × ∫ level^e over P99.6595–99.8457 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0880), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.59: one plus the change in log of IPP's 2016 rate over the change in log of economic income, between P99–99.9 and P99.9–100- From
- Top 5%, Corporate tax €57.4bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Direct tax rate, P99–99.9, 2016 42%, estimated
- Personal tax rate, P99–99.9, 2016 23%, estimated
- Contribution rate, P99–99.9, 2016 14%, estimated
- Direct tax rate, top 0.1% 34.5%, estimated
- Personal tax rate, top 0.1% 9.8%, estimated
- Contribution rate, top 0.1% 2.4%, estimated
- Economic income of P99–99.9, 2016 €91.5bn, estimated
- Result
- €5.0 billion
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, CSG
€15.1bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 3.5–7.9%, CSG, below P95 + Top 3.5–7.9%, CSG, above P95- From
- Top 3.5–7.9%, CSG, below P95 €8.8bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, CSG, above P95 €6.2bn, estimated
- Result
- €15.1 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 33%, CSG
€14.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 23 “Contribution sociale généralisée (CSG)”, columns C and D and E and F and G and H and I (1.0000 × V1 + 1.0000 × V2 + 1.0000 × V3 + 1.0000 × V4 + 1.0000 × V5 + 1.0000 × V6 + 0.6601 × V7), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 23, V1: -0.5; row 23, V2: -0.9; row 23, V3: -1.5; row 23, V4: -2.2; row 23, V5: -2.8; row 23, V6: -3.7; row 23, V7: -4.3
- As published
- €14.4 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, CSG
€16.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 23 “Contribution sociale généralisée (CSG)”, columns L and M and N and O (0.2087 × V10 + 1.0000 × V11 + 1.0000 × V12 + 0.2689 × V13), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 23, V10: -5.8; row 23, V11: -6.2; row 23, V12: -6.8; row 23, V13: -7.6
- As published
- €16.3 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 33–49%, Rents, actual and imputed
€20.7bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Rents landlords receive and the rent owner-occupiers are deemed to pay themselves, net of costs.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 9 “Loyers réels et imputés aux propriétaires”, columns I and J and K and L (0.3399 × V7 + 1.0000 × V8 + 1.0000 × V9 + 0.7913 × V10), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 9, V7: 6.1; row 9, V8: 6.2; row 9, V9: 6.8; row 9, V10: 7.1
- As published
- €20.7 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 20–29%, Rents, actual and imputed
€17.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Rents landlords receive and the rent owner-occupiers are deemed to pay themselves, net of costs.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 9 “Loyers réels et imputés aux propriétaires”, columns Q and R (0.7176 × V15 + 0.9469 × V16), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 9, V15: 9.9; row 9, V16: 10.6
- As published
- €17.1 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, Other taxes on income and wealth
€497mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Other taxes on income and wealth × ∫ level^e over P99.8457–99.9602 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0565), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.66: one plus the change in log of IPP's 2016 rate over the change in log of economic income, between P99–99.9 and P99.9–100- From
- Top 5%, Other taxes on income and wealth €8.8bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Personal tax rate, P99–99.9, 2016 23%, estimated
- Personal tax rate, top 0.1% 9.8%, estimated
- Economic income of P99–99.9, 2016 €91.5bn, estimated
- Result
- €0.5 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 33%, Pension contributions
€34.5bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 26 “Cotisations sociales retraite1”, columns C and D and E and F and G and H and I (1.0000 × V1 + 1.0000 × V2 + 1.0000 × V3 + 1.0000 × V4 + 1.0000 × V5 + 1.0000 × V6 + 0.6601 × V7), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 26, V1: -1.4; row 26, V2: -2.5; row 26, V3: -4.2; row 26, V4: -5.6; row 26, V5: -6.9; row 26, V6: -7.8; row 26, V7: -9.3
- As published
- €34.5 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Pension contributions
€35.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 26 “Cotisations sociales retraite1”, columns L and M and N and O (0.2087 × V10 + 1.0000 × V11 + 1.0000 × V12 + 0.2689 × V13), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 26, V10: -12.9; row 26, V11: -13.8; row 26, V12: -14.6; row 26, V13: -17.5
- As published
- €35.8 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, Pension contributions
€2bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Pension contributions × ∫ level^e over P99.8457–99.9602 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0353), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.31: one plus the change in log of IPP's 2016 rate over the change in log of economic income, between P99–99.9 and P99.9–100- From
- Top 5%, Pension contributions €57.3bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Contribution rate, P99–99.9, 2016 14%, estimated
- Contribution rate, top 0.1% 2.4%, estimated
- Economic income of P99–99.9, 2016 €91.5bn, estimated
- Result
- €2.0 billion
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Other contributions, above P95
€11.7bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Other contributions × ∫ level^e over P95–96.4785 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.2587), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.31: one plus the change in log of IPP's 2016 rate over the change in log of economic income, between P99–99.9 and P99.9–100- From
- Top 5%, Other contributions €45.1bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Contribution rate, P99–99.9, 2016 14%, estimated
- Contribution rate, top 0.1% 2.4%, estimated
- Economic income of P99–99.9, 2016 €91.5bn, estimated
- Result
- €11.7 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 33–49%, Other contributions
€20.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 27 “Cotisations sociales chômage1”; 28 “Cotisations sociales famille1”; 29 “Autres cotisations sociales (maladie, invalidité, ATMP)1”, columns I and J and K and L (0.3399 × V7 + 1.0000 × V8 + 1.0000 × V9 + 0.7913 × V10), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 29, V7: -2.8; row 29, V8: -3.6; row 29, V9: -4.1; row 29, V10: -4.8; row 27, V7: -0.9; row 27, V8: -1.1; row 27, V9: -1.2; row 27, V10: -1.3; row 28, V7: -1.1; row 28, V8: -1.3; row 28, V9: -1.3; row 28, V10: -1.5
- As published
- €20.2 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Pension contributions
€29.7bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
Calculation
- Computed as
Pension contributions × Top 3.5–7.9%, Pension contributions ÷ All groups, Pension contributions- From
- Pension contributions €293bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Pension contributions €33.3bn, estimated
- All groups, Pension contributions €328.7bn, estimated
- Result
- €29.7 billion
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, paid a month per person
€3,410EstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
- Competing figures
- €3,410, Central. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €3,410, a strict Pareto tail above P95. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €3,380, a tail as concentrated as WID's ranking by own income. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €3,360, each item along Insee's V19 to V20 gradient. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €3,640, personal taxes, contributions and corporate tax along IPP's rates. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 3.5–7.9%, levies paid × 10⁹ ÷ Top 3.5–7.9%, people ÷ 12- From
- Top 3.5–7.9%, levies paid €121.5bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, people 3.0 million, estimated
- Result
- €3,410
Why believe this?
Living standard at P96.5, constant 2024 euros
€69,029EstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- The living standard at this rank on the Pareto curve through the two thresholds around it: the logarithm of the living standard is linear in the logarithm of the share of people above it.
Calculation
- Computed as
Living standard at C95, constant 2024 euros × ((100 − 96.4785) ÷ (100 − 95))^(−1 ÷ α), with α = ln((100 − 95) ÷ (100 − 99)) ÷ ln(Living standard at P99, constant 2024 euros ÷ Living standard at C95, constant 2024 euros) = 2.920- From
- Living standard at C95, constant 2024 euros €61,220, estimated
- Living standard at P99, constant 2024 euros €106,235, estimated
- Result
- €69,029
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, profits kept in companies, monthly equivalent per resident, 2023 data
€1,760EstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
- Competing figures
- €1,760, Central. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €1,770, a strict Pareto tail above P95. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €1,620, a tail as concentrated as WID's ranking by own income. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €280, each item along Insee's V19 to V20 gradient. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €1,760, personal taxes, contributions and corporate tax along IPP's rates. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 0.9–3.5%, Profits kept in companies × 10⁹ ÷ Top 0.9–3.5%, people ÷ 12- From
- Top 0.9–3.5%, Profits kept in companies €37.7bn, estimated
- Top 0.9–3.5%, people 1.8 million, estimated
- Result
- €1,760
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, received a month per person
€2,320EstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 0.9–3.5%, transfers received × 10⁹ ÷ Top 0.9–3.5%, people ÷ 12- From
- Top 0.9–3.5%, transfers received €49.5bn, estimated
- Top 0.9–3.5%, people 1.8 million, estimated
- Result
- €2,320
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, Subsidies on products
€1.3bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.
Calculation
- Computed as
Subsidies on products × Top 0.9–3.5%, Subsidies on products ÷ All groups, Subsidies on products- From
- Subsidies on products €44.6bn, estimated
- Top 0.9–3.5%, Subsidies on products €919m, estimated
- All groups, Subsidies on products €32bn, estimated
- Result
- €1.3 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 33%, Subsidies on products
€9.7bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 19 “Subventions sur les produits (transports, etc.)”, columns C and D and E and F and G and H and I (1.0000 × V1 + 1.0000 × V2 + 1.0000 × V3 + 1.0000 × V4 + 1.0000 × V5 + 1.0000 × V6 + 0.6601 × V7), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 19, V1: 1.4; row 19, V2: 1.4; row 19, V3: 1.4; row 19, V4: 1.4; row 19, V5: 1.5; row 19, V6: 1.5; row 19, V7: 1.6
- As published
- €9.7 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 13–20%, Subsidies on products
€2.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 19 “Subventions sur les produits (transports, etc.)”, columns R and S and T (0.0531 × V16 + 1.0000 × V17 + 0.3247 × V18), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 19, V16: 1.7; row 19, V17: 1.7; row 19, V18: 1.8
- As published
- €2.4 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
All groups, Unemployment benefits
€45.8bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 33%, Unemployment benefits + Bottom 33–49%, Unemployment benefits + Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Unemployment benefits + Top 29–39%, Unemployment benefits + Top 20–29%, Unemployment benefits + Top 13–20%, Unemployment benefits + Top 7.9–13%, Unemployment benefits + Top 3.5–7.9%, Unemployment benefits + Top 0.9–3.5%, Unemployment benefits + Top 0.6–0.9%, Unemployment benefits + Top 0.3–0.6%, Unemployment benefits + Top 0.2–0.3%, Unemployment benefits + Top 0.04–0.2%, Unemployment benefits + Top 0.04%, Unemployment benefits- From
- Bottom 33%, Unemployment benefits €18.3bn, estimated
- Bottom 33–49%, Unemployment benefits €7.3bn, estimated
- Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Unemployment benefits €4.5bn, estimated
- Top 29–39%, Unemployment benefits €3.8bn, estimated
- Top 20–29%, Unemployment benefits €2.8bn, estimated
- Top 13–20%, Unemployment benefits €2.6bn, estimated
- Top 7.9–13%, Unemployment benefits €2.5bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Unemployment benefits €2.4bn, estimated
- Top 0.9–3.5%, Unemployment benefits €1.3bn, estimated
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Unemployment benefits €162m, estimated
- Top 0.3–0.6%, Unemployment benefits €128m, estimated
- Top 0.2–0.3%, Unemployment benefits €93.1m, estimated
- Top 0.04–0.2%, Unemployment benefits €57.3m, estimated
- Top 0.04%, Unemployment benefits €19.9m, estimated
- Result
- €45.8 billion
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Health care, above P95
€2.3bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Health care × ∫ level^e over P95–96.4785 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.2957), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.642), e = 0.00: the same per person, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Health care €7.9bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.6, estimated
- Result
- €2.3 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.6–0.9%, Health care
€512mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Health care × ∫ level^e over P99.0795–99.4036 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0648), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.642), e = 0.00: the same per person, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Health care €7.9bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.6, estimated
- Result
- €0.5 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, Education
€3.2bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.
Calculation
- Computed as
Education × Top 0.9–3.5%, Education ÷ All groups, Education- From
- Education €148.6bn, estimated
- Top 0.9–3.5%, Education €2.8bn, estimated
- All groups, Education €128.1bn, estimated
- Result
- €3.2 billion
Why believe this?
Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Social care and housing aid
€11.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care for dependent elderly and disabled people, childcare and other social action, housing benefits and the energy cheque, and the running costs of social security, received in kind.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 42 “Action sociale (dépendance, handicap, petite enfance, etc.)”; 44 “Aides au logement et chèque énergie”; 45 “Frais de fonctionnement de la Sécurité sociale”, columns L and M and N and O (0.2087 × V10 + 1.0000 × V11 + 1.0000 × V12 + 0.2689 × V13), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 42, V10: 3.6; row 42, V11: 3.7; row 42, V12: 3.4; row 42, V13: 3.1; row 44, V10: 0.2; row 44, V11: 0.2; row 44, V12: 0.2; row 44, V13: 0.1; row 45, V10: 0.9; row 45, V11: 0.9; row 45, V12: 0.9; row 45, V13: 0.9
- As published
- €11.4 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
All groups, Culture and leisure
€52bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 33%, Culture and leisure + Bottom 33–49%, Culture and leisure + Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Culture and leisure + Top 29–39%, Culture and leisure + Top 20–29%, Culture and leisure + Top 13–20%, Culture and leisure + Top 7.9–13%, Culture and leisure + Top 3.5–7.9%, Culture and leisure + Top 0.9–3.5%, Culture and leisure + Top 0.6–0.9%, Culture and leisure + Top 0.3–0.6%, Culture and leisure + Top 0.2–0.3%, Culture and leisure + Top 0.04–0.2%, Culture and leisure + Top 0.04%, Culture and leisure- From
- Bottom 33%, Culture and leisure €17.3bn, estimated
- Bottom 33–49%, Culture and leisure €8.1bn, estimated
- Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Culture and leisure €6.4bn, estimated
- Top 29–39%, Culture and leisure €5.2bn, estimated
- Top 20–29%, Culture and leisure €4.3bn, estimated
- Top 13–20%, Culture and leisure €3.6bn, estimated
- Top 7.9–13%, Culture and leisure €2.9bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Culture and leisure €2.3bn, estimated
- Top 0.9–3.5%, Culture and leisure €1.4bn, estimated
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Culture and leisure €169m, estimated
- Top 0.3–0.6%, Culture and leisure €133m, estimated
- Top 0.2–0.3%, Culture and leisure €96.8m, estimated
- Top 0.04–0.2%, Culture and leisure €59.6m, estimated
- Top 0.04%, Culture and leisure €20.7m, estimated
- Result
- €52.0 billion
Why believe this?
Top 7.9–13%, Culture and leisure
€2.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 43 “Culture et loisirs”, columns T and U (0.6753 × V18 + 0.4270 × V19), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 43, V18: 2.6; row 43, V19: 2.6
- As published
- €2.9 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
All groups, Collective services
€239.5bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 33%, Collective services + Bottom 33–49%, Collective services + Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Collective services + Top 29–39%, Collective services + Top 20–29%, Collective services + Top 13–20%, Collective services + Top 7.9–13%, Collective services + Top 3.5–7.9%, Collective services + Top 0.9–3.5%, Collective services + Top 0.6–0.9%, Collective services + Top 0.3–0.6%, Collective services + Top 0.2–0.3%, Collective services + Top 0.04–0.2%, Collective services + Top 0.04%, Collective services- From
- Bottom 33%, Collective services €83.4bn, estimated
- Bottom 33–49%, Collective services €36.9bn, estimated
- Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Collective services €28.9bn, estimated
- Top 29–39%, Collective services €23.5bn, estimated
- Top 20–29%, Collective services €19.2bn, estimated
- Top 13–20%, Collective services €15.7bn, estimated
- Top 7.9–13%, Collective services €13.4bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Collective services €10.4bn, estimated
- Top 0.9–3.5%, Collective services €6bn, estimated
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Collective services €745m, estimated
- Top 0.3–0.6%, Collective services €589m, estimated
- Top 0.2–0.3%, Collective services €428m, estimated
- Top 0.04–0.2%, Collective services €263m, estimated
- Top 0.04%, Collective services €91.5m, estimated
- Result
- €239.5 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.2–0.3%, Collective services
€428mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Defence, police, justice, general administration and other collective spending, spread over people, net of other transfers and of balances with the rest of the world, which are small and negative overall.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Collective services × ∫ level^e over P99.6595–99.8457 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0372), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.642), e = 0.00: the same per person, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Collective services €11.5bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.6, estimated
- Result
- €0.4 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, Culture and leisure
€1.1bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.
Calculation
- Computed as
Culture and leisure × Top 0.9–3.5%, Culture and leisure ÷ All groups, Culture and leisure- From
- Culture and leisure €43.1bn, estimated
- Top 0.9–3.5%, Culture and leisure €1.4bn, estimated
- All groups, Culture and leisure €52bn, estimated
- Result
- €1.1 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, paid a month per person
€5,790EstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 0.9–3.5%, levies paid × 10⁹ ÷ Top 0.9–3.5%, people ÷ 12- From
- Top 0.9–3.5%, levies paid €123.6bn, estimated
- Top 0.9–3.5%, people 1.8 million, estimated
- Result
- €5,790
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, share of the CSG on capital income
13.9%EstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's part of the CSG on capital income: of the CSG on investment income, its share of net financial income; of the CSG on property income, its share of rents, actual and imputed (an allocation scenario).
- Caveat
- An allocation scenario: Insee attributes the whole CSG to each group but does not split it by base, and no source found gives the bases of the CSG on capital income by group. The CSG on investment income (interest, dividends, life insurance) is shared as Insee's net financial income. The CSG on property income is levied on rents landlords receive, capital gains and annuities; Insee's only row near it adds owner-occupiers' imputed rents, which pay no CSG, and holds no capital gains, so sharing it as that row is a convention. The alternatives share all of it as net financial income, or as the group's whole capital income.
Calculation
- Computed as
(CSG on income from investments, 2024 × Top 0.9–3.5%, Net financial income ÷ All groups, Net financial income + CSG on income from property, 2024 × Top 0.9–3.5%, Rents, actual and imputed ÷ All groups, Rents, actual and imputed) ÷ (CSG on income from investments, 2024 + CSG on income from property, 2024) × 100- From
- CSG on income from investments, 2024 €10.7bn, estimated
- CSG on income from property, 2024 €6.9bn, estimated
- Top 0.9–3.5%, Net financial income €26bn, estimated
- All groups, Net financial income €133.9bn, estimated
- Top 0.9–3.5%, Rents, actual and imputed €8.9bn, estimated
- All groups, Rents, actual and imputed €166.8bn, estimated
- Result
- 13.9%
Why believe this?
Living standard at P99.9, Filosofi 2021
€234,170Observed2021
Definition
- What it counts
- Disposable income per consumption unit a year at the threshold, in current euros of the year: metropolitan France, people of tax households in ordinary dwellings with a declared income of zero or more, from tax and benefit files (Filosofi).
- Caveat
- Filosofi's disposable income leaves out the financial income the survey on tax and social incomes imputes, so its thresholds sit a little below the survey's; the page uses them as multiples of Filosofi's own 9th decile.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Les revenus et le patrimoine des ménages, édition 2024, fiche « Très hauts revenus »
- Where
- Sheet “Figure 1”, row 8 “0,1 % les plus aisées”, column D “Niveau de vie” (2021), montants annuels en euros; raw/insee_rpm2024_f10.xlsx
- Published
- 2024-10-17
- As published
- €234,170
- Read
- 2026-10-16
Why believe this?
Top 0.6–0.9%, profits kept in companies, monthly equivalent per resident, 2023 data
€2,850EstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 0.6–0.9%, Profits kept in companies × 10⁹ ÷ Top 0.6–0.9%, people ÷ 12- From
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Profits kept in companies €7.6bn, estimated
- Top 0.6–0.9%, people 221,681, estimated
- Result
- €2,850
Why believe this?
Top 0.6–0.9%, received a month per person
€2,430EstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 0.6–0.9%, transfers received × 10⁹ ÷ Top 0.6–0.9%, people ÷ 12- From
- Top 0.6–0.9%, transfers received €6.5bn, estimated
- Top 0.6–0.9%, people 221,681, estimated
- Result
- €2,430
Why believe this?
Top 0.6–0.9%, Other taxes on income and wealth
€715mEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
Calculation
- Computed as
Other taxes on income and wealth × Top 0.6–0.9%, Other taxes on income and wealth ÷ All groups, Other taxes on income and wealth- From
- Other taxes on income and wealth €25.3bn, estimated
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Other taxes on income and wealth €681m, estimated
- All groups, Other taxes on income and wealth €24.1bn, estimated
- Result
- €0.7 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.6–0.9%, Taxes on production
€1.9bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
Calculation
- Computed as
Taxes on production × Top 0.6–0.9%, Taxes on production ÷ All groups, Taxes on production- From
- Taxes on production €130.7bn, estimated
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Taxes on production €1.9bn, estimated
- All groups, Taxes on production €127.9bn, estimated
- Result
- €1.9 billion
Why believe this?
Rank above which people hold 6% of income
99.7EstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The rank in Insee's ranking by living standard above which people hold this share of extended primary income: linear between Insee's twentieths below P95, on the generalized Pareto tail above.
Calculation
- Computed as
share of primary income above the rank = 6%, on Insee's curve (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490 above P95)- From
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- V1, Extended primary income, Insee €10.4bn, estimated
- V2, Extended primary income, Insee €16.6bn, estimated
- V3, Extended primary income, Insee €25.3bn, estimated
- V4, Extended primary income, Insee €32.4bn, estimated
- V5, Extended primary income, Insee €40.5bn, estimated
- V6, Extended primary income, Insee €47bn, estimated
- V7, Extended primary income, Insee €54.7bn, estimated
- V8, Extended primary income, Insee €63.1bn, estimated
- V9, Extended primary income, Insee €68.3bn, estimated
- V10, Extended primary income, Insee €73.7bn, estimated
- V11, Extended primary income, Insee €80.6bn, estimated
- V12, Extended primary income, Insee €85.9bn, estimated
- V13, Extended primary income, Insee €98.3bn, estimated
- V14, Extended primary income, Insee €103.2bn, estimated
- V15, Extended primary income, Insee €117.7bn, estimated
- V16, Extended primary income, Insee €130.8bn, estimated
- V17, Extended primary income, Insee €146bn, estimated
- V18, Extended primary income, Insee €170.5bn, estimated
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn, estimated
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn, estimated
- Result
- 100
Why believe this?
Top 0.3–0.6%, Net financial income
€4.1bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Interest, dividends and other property income households receive, less the interest they pay.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Net financial income × ∫ level^e over P99.4036–99.6595 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0659), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.67: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20- From
- Top 5%, Net financial income €62.3bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- V19, Revenus financiers nets (intérêts, dividendes, etc.), Insee €15.6bn, estimated
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn, estimated
- V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- V20, Revenus financiers nets (intérêts, dividendes, etc.), Insee €62.3bn, estimated
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn, estimated
- V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- Result
- €4.1 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.3–0.6%, rents, actual and imputed, monthly equivalent per resident, 2023 data
€850EstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 0.3–0.6%, Rents, actual and imputed × 10⁹ ÷ Top 0.3–0.6%, people ÷ 12- From
- Top 0.3–0.6%, Rents, actual and imputed €1.8bn, estimated
- Top 0.3–0.6%, people 175,047, estimated
- Result
- €850
Why believe this?
Top 0.3–0.6%, Education
€324mEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.
Calculation
- Computed as
Education × Top 0.3–0.6%, Education ÷ All groups, Education- From
- Education €148.6bn, estimated
- Top 0.3–0.6%, Education €280m, estimated
- All groups, Education €128.1bn, estimated
- Result
- €0.3 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.3–0.6%, transfers received
€5.4bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Every transfer attributed to the group, subsidies included.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 0.3–0.6%, Subsidies on products + Top 0.3–0.6%, Subsidies on production + Top 0.3–0.6%, Pensions + Top 0.3–0.6%, Unemployment benefits + Top 0.3–0.6%, Other cash benefits + Top 0.3–0.6%, Health care + Top 0.3–0.6%, Education + Top 0.3–0.6%, Social care and housing aid + Top 0.3–0.6%, Culture and leisure + Top 0.3–0.6%, Collective services- From
- Top 0.3–0.6%, Subsidies on products €279m, estimated
- Top 0.3–0.6%, Subsidies on production €897m, estimated
- Top 0.3–0.6%, Pensions €1.8bn, estimated
- Top 0.3–0.6%, Unemployment benefits €126m, estimated
- Top 0.3–0.6%, Other cash benefits €421m, estimated
- Top 0.3–0.6%, Health care €504m, estimated
- Top 0.3–0.6%, Education €315m, estimated
- Top 0.3–0.6%, Social care and housing aid €135m, estimated
- Top 0.3–0.6%, Culture and leisure €110m, estimated
- Top 0.3–0.6%, Collective services €825m, estimated
- Result
- €5.4 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.3–0.6%, CSG on earnings and benefits
€2.1bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- The CSG on earnings, pensions and other replacement income, and on gaming: the CSG less its part on capital income.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 0.3–0.6%, CSG − Top 0.3–0.6%, CSG on capital income- From
- Top 0.3–0.6%, CSG €2.6bn, estimated
- Top 0.3–0.6%, CSG on capital income €492m, estimated
- Result
- €2.1 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.3–0.6%, Pension contributions
€4.3bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
Calculation
- Computed as
Pension contributions × Top 0.3–0.6%, Pension contributions ÷ All groups, Pension contributions- From
- Pension contributions €293bn, estimated
- Top 0.3–0.6%, Pension contributions €4.8bn, estimated
- All groups, Pension contributions €328.7bn, estimated
- Result
- €4.3 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.3–0.6%, CSG on earnings and benefits
€2.1bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- The CSG on earnings, pensions and other replacement income, and on gaming: the CSG less its part on capital income.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 0.3–0.6%, CSG − Top 0.3–0.6%, CSG on capital income- From
- Top 0.3–0.6%, CSG €2.5bn, estimated
- Top 0.3–0.6%, CSG on capital income €490m, estimated
- Result
- €2.1 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.3–0.6%, CSG on capital income
€490mEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- The part of the CSG levied on capital income: interest, dividends, life insurance, rents and capital gains.
- Competing figures
- €684m, the CSG on capital income by financial income alone. The same computation with another key for the CSG on capital income.
- €604m, the CSG on capital income by all capital income. The same computation with another key for the CSG on capital income.
- Caveat
- An allocation scenario: Insee attributes the whole CSG to each group but does not split it by base, and no source found gives the bases of the CSG on capital income by group. The CSG on investment income (interest, dividends, life insurance) is shared as Insee's net financial income. The CSG on property income is levied on rents landlords receive, capital gains and annuities; Insee's only row near it adds owner-occupiers' imputed rents, which pay no CSG, and holds no capital gains, so sharing it as that row is a convention. The alternatives share all of it as net financial income, or as the group's whole capital income.
Calculation
- Computed as
CSG on capital income × Top 0.3–0.6%, share of the CSG on capital income ÷ 100- From
- CSG on capital income €17.7bn, estimated
- Top 0.3–0.6%, share of the CSG on capital income 2.8%, estimated
- Result
- €0.5 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, Profits kept in companies
€5bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The part of companies' profits that is not paid out, attributed to the households that own them.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Profits kept in companies × ∫ level^e over P99.8457–99.9602 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0553), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.94: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20- From
- Top 5%, Profits kept in companies €90.4bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- V19, Profits des entreprises non distribués aux ménages (B), Insee €10.5bn, estimated
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn, estimated
- V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- V20, Profits des entreprises non distribués aux ménages (B), Insee €90.4bn, estimated
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn, estimated
- V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- Result
- €5.0 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 33%, Pensions
€79.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 31 “Pensions de retraite”, columns C and D and E and F and G and H and I (1.0000 × V1 + 1.0000 × V2 + 1.0000 × V3 + 1.0000 × V4 + 1.0000 × V5 + 1.0000 × V6 + 0.6601 × V7), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 31, V1: 2.4; row 31, V2: 8.2; row 31, V3: 10.5; row 31, V4: 12.2; row 31, V5: 15.3; row 31, V6: 18.9; row 31, V7: 18.6
- As published
- €79.8 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 29–39%, Pensions
€45.6bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 31 “Pensions de retraite”, columns O and P and Q (0.7311 × V13 + 1.0000 × V14 + 0.2824 × V15), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 31, V13: 20.9; row 31, V14: 23.8; row 31, V15: 23.1
- As published
- €45.6 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, Pensions
€18.9bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Pensions × ∫ level^e over P96.4785–99.0795 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.5202), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.479), e = 0.00: the same per person, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Pensions €36.4bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €18.9 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, Social care and housing aid
€61.8mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care for dependent elderly and disabled people, childcare and other social action, housing benefits and the energy cheque, and the running costs of social security, received in kind.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Social care and housing aid × ∫ level^e over P99.8457–99.9602 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0229), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.479), e = 0.00: the same per person, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Social care and housing aid €2.7bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €0.1 billion
Why believe this?
Top 29–39%, Collective services
€23.5bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Defence, police, justice, general administration and other collective spending, spread over people, net of other transfers and of balances with the rest of the world, which are small and negative overall.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 46 “Autres transferts non monétaires”, columns O and P and Q (0.7311 × V13 + 1.0000 × V14 + 0.2824 × V15), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 46, V13: 11.6; row 46, V14: 11.8; row 46, V15: 11.3
- As published
- €23.5 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.2–0.3%, Collective services
€428mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Defence, police, justice, general administration and other collective spending, spread over people, net of other transfers and of balances with the rest of the world, which are small and negative overall.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Collective services × ∫ level^e over P99.6595–99.8457 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0372), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.479), e = 0.00: the same per person, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Collective services €11.5bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €0.4 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, Health care
€226mEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.
Calculation
- Computed as
Health care × Top 0.04–0.2%, Health care ÷ All groups, Health care- From
- Health care €261.2bn, estimated
- Top 0.04–0.2%, Health care €181m, estimated
- All groups, Health care €209.4bn, estimated
- Result
- €0.2 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, paid a month per person
€26,840EstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 0.04–0.2%, levies paid × 10⁹ ÷ Top 0.04–0.2%, people ÷ 12- From
- Top 0.04–0.2%, levies paid €25.2bn, estimated
- Top 0.04–0.2%, people 78,339, estimated
- Result
- €26,840
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, levies paid
€25.2bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Every levy attributed to the group, gross of subsidies.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 0.04–0.2%, Taxes on products + Top 0.04–0.2%, Taxes on production + Top 0.04–0.2%, Corporate tax + Top 0.04–0.2%, CSG on earnings and benefits + Top 0.04–0.2%, CSG on capital income + Top 0.04–0.2%, Income tax + Top 0.04–0.2%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Top 0.04–0.2%, Pension contributions + Top 0.04–0.2%, Other contributions- From
- Top 0.04–0.2%, Taxes on products €2.9bn, estimated
- Top 0.04–0.2%, Taxes on production €2bn, estimated
- Top 0.04–0.2%, Corporate tax €4.2bn, estimated
- Top 0.04–0.2%, CSG on earnings and benefits €2.2bn, estimated
- Top 0.04–0.2%, CSG on capital income €520m, estimated
- Top 0.04–0.2%, Income tax €4.6bn, estimated
- Top 0.04–0.2%, Other taxes on income and wealth €817m, estimated
- Top 0.04–0.2%, Pension contributions €4.5bn, estimated
- Top 0.04–0.2%, Other contributions €3.6bn, estimated
- Result
- €25.2 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, Taxes on production
€2bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
Calculation
- Computed as
Taxes on production × Top 0.04–0.2%, Taxes on production ÷ All groups, Taxes on production- From
- Taxes on production €130.7bn, estimated
- Top 0.04–0.2%, Taxes on production €2bn, estimated
- All groups, Taxes on production €127.9bn, estimated
- Result
- €2.0 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, CSG on earnings and benefits
€2.2bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- The CSG on earnings, pensions and other replacement income, and on gaming: the CSG less its part on capital income.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 0.04–0.2%, CSG − Top 0.04–0.2%, CSG on capital income- From
- Top 0.04–0.2%, CSG €2.7bn, estimated
- Top 0.04–0.2%, CSG on capital income €520m, estimated
- Result
- €2.2 billion
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Rents, actual and imputed, below P95
€8.5bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Rents landlords receive and the rent owner-occupiers are deemed to pay themselves, net of costs.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 9 “Loyers réels et imputés aux propriétaires”, column U (0.5730 × V19), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 9, V19: 14.9
- As published
- €8.5 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 20–29%, Other taxes on income and wealth
€1.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 25 “Autres impôts sur les revenus et le patrimoine (TH, ISF/IFI, CRDS, etc.)”, columns Q and R (0.7176 × V15 + 0.9469 × V16), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 25, V15: -1; row 25, V16: -1.2
- As published
- €1.9 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Other taxes on income and wealth, below P95
€1.7bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 25 “Autres impôts sur les revenus et le patrimoine (TH, ISF/IFI, CRDS, etc.)”, column U (0.5730 × V19), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 25, V19: -2.9
- As published
- €1.7 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
All groups, Pension contributions
€328.7bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 33%, Pension contributions + Bottom 33–49%, Pension contributions + Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Pension contributions + Top 29–39%, Pension contributions + Top 20–29%, Pension contributions + Top 13–20%, Pension contributions + Top 7.9–13%, Pension contributions + Top 3.5–7.9%, Pension contributions + Top 0.9–3.5%, Pension contributions + Top 0.6–0.9%, Pension contributions + Top 0.3–0.6%, Pension contributions + Top 0.2–0.3%, Pension contributions + Top 0.04–0.2%, Pension contributions + Top 0.04%, Pension contributions- From
- Bottom 33%, Pension contributions €34.5bn, estimated
- Bottom 33–49%, Pension contributions €36.3bn, estimated
- Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Pension contributions €35.8bn, estimated
- Top 29–39%, Pension contributions €36.7bn, estimated
- Top 20–29%, Pension contributions €36.5bn, estimated
- Top 13–20%, Pension contributions €35.9bn, estimated
- Top 7.9–13%, Pension contributions €35.3bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Pension contributions €29.8bn, estimated
- Top 0.9–3.5%, Pension contributions €22bn, estimated
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Pension contributions €4.3bn, estimated
- Top 0.3–0.6%, Pension contributions €4.4bn, estimated
- Top 0.2–0.3%, Pension contributions €4.6bn, estimated
- Top 0.04–0.2%, Pension contributions €5.1bn, estimated
- Top 0.04%, Pension contributions €7.7bn, estimated
- Result
- €328.7 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.6–0.9%, Pension contributions
€4.3bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Pension contributions × ∫ level^e over P99.0795–99.4036 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0751), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.642), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Pension contributions €57.3bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.6, estimated
- Result
- €4.3 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, levies paid
€23.8bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Every levy attributed to the group, gross of subsidies.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 0.04–0.2%, Taxes on products + Top 0.04–0.2%, Taxes on production + Top 0.04–0.2%, Corporate tax + Top 0.04–0.2%, CSG on earnings and benefits + Top 0.04–0.2%, CSG on capital income + Top 0.04–0.2%, Income tax + Top 0.04–0.2%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Top 0.04–0.2%, Pension contributions + Top 0.04–0.2%, Other contributions- From
- Top 0.04–0.2%, Taxes on products €2.7bn, estimated
- Top 0.04–0.2%, Taxes on production €1.9bn, estimated
- Top 0.04–0.2%, Corporate tax €4bn, estimated
- Top 0.04–0.2%, CSG on earnings and benefits €2.1bn, estimated
- Top 0.04–0.2%, CSG on capital income €490m, estimated
- Top 0.04–0.2%, Income tax €4.3bn, estimated
- Top 0.04–0.2%, Other taxes on income and wealth €770m, estimated
- Top 0.04–0.2%, Pension contributions €4.3bn, estimated
- Top 0.04–0.2%, Other contributions €3.3bn, estimated
- Result
- €23.8 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, CSG
€2.5bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.
Calculation
- Computed as
CSG × Top 0.04–0.2%, CSG ÷ All groups, CSG- From
- CSG €153.4bn, estimated
- Top 0.04–0.2%, CSG €2.4bn, estimated
- All groups, CSG €147.2bn, estimated
- Result
- €2.5 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, share of the CSG on capital income
2.8%EstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's part of the CSG on capital income: of the CSG on investment income, its share of net financial income; of the CSG on property income, its share of rents, actual and imputed (an allocation scenario).
- Caveat
- An allocation scenario: Insee attributes the whole CSG to each group but does not split it by base, and no source found gives the bases of the CSG on capital income by group. The CSG on investment income (interest, dividends, life insurance) is shared as Insee's net financial income. The CSG on property income is levied on rents landlords receive, capital gains and annuities; Insee's only row near it adds owner-occupiers' imputed rents, which pay no CSG, and holds no capital gains, so sharing it as that row is a convention. The alternatives share all of it as net financial income, or as the group's whole capital income.
Calculation
- Computed as
(CSG on income from investments, 2024 × Top 0.04–0.2%, Net financial income ÷ All groups, Net financial income + CSG on income from property, 2024 × Top 0.04–0.2%, Rents, actual and imputed ÷ All groups, Rents, actual and imputed) ÷ (CSG on income from investments, 2024 + CSG on income from property, 2024) × 100- From
- CSG on income from investments, 2024 €10.7bn, estimated
- CSG on income from property, 2024 €6.9bn, estimated
- Top 0.04–0.2%, Net financial income €5.2bn, estimated
- All groups, Net financial income €133.9bn, estimated
- Top 0.04–0.2%, Rents, actual and imputed €1.8bn, estimated
- All groups, Rents, actual and imputed €166.8bn, estimated
- Result
- 2.8%
Why believe this?
Living standard at P99.96, constant 2024 euros
€462,544EstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- The living standard at this rank on the Pareto curve through the two thresholds around it: the logarithm of the living standard is linear in the logarithm of the share of people above it.
Calculation
- Computed as
Living standard at P99.9, constant 2024 euros × ((100 − 99.9602) ÷ (100 − 99.9))^(−1 ÷ α), with α = ln((100 − 99.9) ÷ (100 − 99.99)) ÷ ln(Living standard at P99.99, constant 2024 euros ÷ Living standard at P99.9, constant 2024 euros) = 1.785- From
- Living standard at P99.9, constant 2024 euros €275,982, estimated
- Living standard at P99.99, constant 2024 euros €1,002,419, estimated
- Result
- €462,544
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, transfers received
€2.6bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Every transfer attributed to the group, subsidies included.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 0.04%, Subsidies on products + Top 0.04%, Subsidies on production + Top 0.04%, Pensions + Top 0.04%, Unemployment benefits + Top 0.04%, Other cash benefits + Top 0.04%, Health care + Top 0.04%, Education + Top 0.04%, Social care and housing aid + Top 0.04%, Culture and leisure + Top 0.04%, Collective services- From
- Top 0.04%, Subsidies on products €449m, estimated
- Top 0.04%, Subsidies on production €1.4bn, estimated
- Top 0.04%, Pensions €284m, estimated
- Top 0.04%, Unemployment benefits €19.6m, estimated
- Top 0.04%, Other cash benefits €65.5m, estimated
- Top 0.04%, Health care €78.4m, estimated
- Top 0.04%, Education €48.9m, estimated
- Top 0.04%, Social care and housing aid €20.9m, estimated
- Top 0.04%, Culture and leisure €17.1m, estimated
- Top 0.04%, Collective services €128m, estimated
- Result
- €2.6 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Other cash benefits
€141mEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.
Calculation
- Computed as
Other cash benefits × Top 0.04%, Other cash benefits ÷ All groups, Other cash benefits- From
- Other cash benefits €144.7bn, estimated
- Top 0.04%, Other cash benefits €144m, estimated
- All groups, Other cash benefits €147.6bn, estimated
- Result
- €0.1 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Culture and leisure
€17.1mEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.
Calculation
- Computed as
Culture and leisure × Top 0.04%, Culture and leisure ÷ All groups, Culture and leisure- From
- Culture and leisure €43.1bn, estimated
- Top 0.04%, Culture and leisure €20.7m, estimated
- All groups, Culture and leisure €52bn, estimated
- Result
- €0.0 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Collective services
€128mEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Defence, police, justice, general administration and other collective spending, spread over people, net of other transfers and of balances with the rest of the world, which are small and negative overall.
Calculation
- Computed as
Collective services × Top 0.04%, Collective services ÷ All groups, Collective services- From
- Collective services €335.7bn, estimated
- Top 0.04%, Collective services €91.5m, estimated
- All groups, Collective services €239.5bn, estimated
- Result
- €0.1 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, paid a month per person
€70,500EstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 0.04%, levies paid × 10⁹ ÷ Top 0.04%, people ÷ 12- From
- Top 0.04%, levies paid €23bn, estimated
- Top 0.04%, people 27,208, estimated
- Result
- €70,500
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, CSG on capital income
€475mEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- The part of the CSG levied on capital income: interest, dividends, life insurance, rents and capital gains.
- Competing figures
- €663m, the CSG on capital income by financial income alone. The same computation with another key for the CSG on capital income.
- €585m, the CSG on capital income by all capital income. The same computation with another key for the CSG on capital income.
- Caveat
- An allocation scenario: Insee attributes the whole CSG to each group but does not split it by base, and no source found gives the bases of the CSG on capital income by group. The CSG on investment income (interest, dividends, life insurance) is shared as Insee's net financial income. The CSG on property income is levied on rents landlords receive, capital gains and annuities; Insee's only row near it adds owner-occupiers' imputed rents, which pay no CSG, and holds no capital gains, so sharing it as that row is a convention. The alternatives share all of it as net financial income, or as the group's whole capital income.
Calculation
- Computed as
CSG on capital income × Top 0.04%, share of the CSG on capital income ÷ 100- From
- CSG on capital income €17.7bn, estimated
- Top 0.04%, share of the CSG on capital income 2.7%, estimated
- Result
- €0.5 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Other contributions
€3.3bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.
Calculation
- Computed as
Other contributions × Top 0.04%, Other contributions ÷ All groups, Other contributions- From
- Other contributions €190.6bn, estimated
- Top 0.04%, Other contributions €3.8bn, estimated
- All groups, Other contributions €214bn, estimated
- Result
- €3.3 billion
Why believe this?
Share of public debt held outside France
51.9%EstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- A holder's average holdings of public debt over the year, as a share of all holders'.
- Caveat
- Interest split by the average of the holdings at the start and end of the year: Eurostat does not publish interest paid by government by holder. Holders of older, low-coupon bonds receive less than their share of the stock. The Banque de France bought most of its holdings in 2015 to 2022 at low coupons; the Eurosystem stopped reinvesting maturing bonds of its asset purchase programme (APP) in July 2023 and of its pandemic programme (PEPP) at the end of 2024 (ECB), so its share of the stock falls.
Calculation
- Computed as
(Public debt held by the rest of the world, end 2023 + Public debt held by the rest of the world, end 2024) ÷ (Public debt, all holders, end 2023 + Public debt, all holders, end 2024) × 100- From
- Result
- 51.9%