Official figures and this site's calculations
Why believe this?
Figures of one view and year of the diagram, with their sources and how they were computed, each under its own anchor. Back to Public money.
17 parts: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Why believe this?
Direct tax rate, P99–99.9
42%EstimatedCalculated by this site2016
Definition
- What it counts
- Every direct tax of the tax households between P99 and P99.9 as a share of their economic income, 2016: IPP's rates by g-percentile weighted by the income of each slice.
Calculation
- Computed as
Σ (economic income of a slice × its part in P99–99.9 × its rate) ÷ Σ (economic income × part), over P99–99.9- From
- Economic income of P99–99.9, 2016 €91.5bn, estimated
- Direct tax rate, P99–99.9, 2016 42%, estimated
- Result
- 42.0%
Why believe this?
Personal tax rate, top 0.1%
9.8%EstimatedCalculated by this site2016
Definition
- What it counts
- Wealth tax, income tax and social levies of the richest 0.1% of tax households as a share of their economic income, 2016: IPP's rates by g-percentile weighted by the income of each slice.
Calculation
- Computed as
Σ (economic income of a slice × its part in P99.9–100 × its rate) ÷ Σ (economic income × part), over P99.9–99.99, P99.99–99.999, P99.999–99.9998, P99.9998–100- From
- Economic income of P99.9–99.99, 2016 €39bn, estimated
- Economic income of P99.99–99.999, 2016 €24bn, estimated
- Economic income of P99.999–99.9998, 2016 €17.4bn, estimated
- Economic income of P99.9998–100, 2016 €47.6bn, estimated
- Personal tax rate, P99.9–99.99, 2016 20%, estimated
- Personal tax rate, P99.99–99.999, 2016 10%, estimated
- Personal tax rate, P99.999–99.9998, 2016 5%, estimated
- Personal tax rate, P99.9998–100, 2016 3%, estimated
- Result
- 9.8%
Why believe this?
V7, Extended primary income, Insee
€54.7bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Income before any public transfer: labour income with all social contributions, property and self-employment income, retained profits attributed to owners and a share of public bodies' primary income.
- Caveat
- Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 14 “Revenu primaire élargi (D=A+B+C)”, column I (V7)
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- As published
- €54.7 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
V11, Extended primary income, Insee
€80.6bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Income before any public transfer: labour income with all social contributions, property and self-employment income, retained profits attributed to owners and a share of public bodies' primary income.
- Caveat
- Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 14 “Revenu primaire élargi (D=A+B+C)”, column M (V11)
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- As published
- €80.6 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 13–20%, Taxes on products
€27.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 18 “Taxes sur les produits (TVA, TICPE, accises, DMTO, etc.)”, columns R and S and T (0.0531 × V16 + 1.0000 × V17 + 0.3247 × V18), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 18, V16: -19.4; row 18, V17: -19.7; row 18, V18: -21.7
- As published
- €27.8 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 20–29%, Taxes on production
€13.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 20 “Taxes sur la production (taxes patronales, TF, etc.)”, columns Q and R (0.7176 × V15 + 0.9469 × V16), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 20, V15: -7.9; row 20, V16: -8.6
- As published
- €13.8 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Taxes on production
€12.4bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 3.5–7.9%, Taxes on production, below P95 + Top 3.5–7.9%, Taxes on production, above P95- From
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Taxes on production, below P95 €7.6bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Taxes on production, above P95 €4.8bn, estimated
- Result
- €12.4 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, Taxes on production
€10.6bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Taxes on production × ∫ level^e over P96.4785–99.0795 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.4755), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.63: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20- From
- Top 5%, Taxes on production €22.2bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- V19, Taxes on production, Insee €13.2bn, estimated
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn, estimated
- V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- V20, Taxes on production, Insee €22.2bn, estimated
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn, estimated
- V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- Result
- €10.6 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.2–0.3%, Taxes on production
€1.4bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Taxes on production × ∫ level^e over P99.6595–99.8457 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0650), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.63: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20- From
- Top 5%, Taxes on production €22.2bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- V19, Taxes on production, Insee €13.2bn, estimated
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn, estimated
- V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- V20, Taxes on production, Insee €22.2bn, estimated
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn, estimated
- V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- Result
- €1.4 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, Taxes on production
€1.2bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Taxes on production × ∫ level^e over P99.8457–99.9602 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0541), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.63: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20- From
- Top 5%, Taxes on production €22.2bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- V19, Taxes on production, Insee €13.2bn, estimated
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn, estimated
- V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- V20, Taxes on production, Insee €22.2bn, estimated
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn, estimated
- V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- Result
- €1.2 billion
Why believe this?
Other taxes on income and wealth
€24.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 25 “Autres impôts sur les revenus et le patrimoine (TH, ISF/IFI, CRDS, etc.)”, column B (Ensemble)
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- As published
- €24.3 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 33–49%, Corporate tax
€1.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 22 “Impôt sur les sociétés”, columns I and J and K and L (0.3399 × V7 + 1.0000 × V8 + 1.0000 × V9 + 0.7913 × V10), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 22, V7: -0.3; row 22, V8: -0.4; row 22, V9: -0.4; row 22, V10: -0.4
- As published
- €1.2 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, CSG
€1.5bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.
Calculation
- Computed as
CSG × Top 0.04%, CSG ÷ All groups, CSG- From
- CSG €149.8bn, estimated
- Top 0.04%, CSG €1.4bn, estimated
- All groups, CSG €147.2bn, estimated
- Result
- €1.5 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, Income tax
€5.6bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Income tax × ∫ level^e over P99.8457–99.9602 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.1127), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.37: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20- From
- Top 5%, Income tax €49.4bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- V19, Income tax, Insee €15.9bn, estimated
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn, estimated
- V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- V20, Income tax, Insee €49.4bn, estimated
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn, estimated
- V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- Result
- €5.6 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 33%, Pension contributions
€34.5bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 26 “Cotisations sociales retraite1”, columns C and D and E and F and G and H and I (1.0000 × V1 + 1.0000 × V2 + 1.0000 × V3 + 1.0000 × V4 + 1.0000 × V5 + 1.0000 × V6 + 0.6601 × V7), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 26, V1: -1.4; row 26, V2: -2.5; row 26, V3: -4.2; row 26, V4: -5.6; row 26, V5: -6.9; row 26, V6: -7.8; row 26, V7: -9.3
- As published
- €34.5 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Taxes on products
€2.6bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
- Caveat
- Insee attributes the whole amount to residents; the part falling outside France is taken out of every group in proportion.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 0.04%, Taxes on products × (1 − Share of consumption by visitors ÷ 100)- From
- Top 0.04%, Taxes on products €2.7bn, estimated
- Share of consumption by visitors 4.4%, estimated
- Result
- €2.6 billion
Why believe this?
Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Taxes on products
€39.5bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 18 “Taxes sur les produits (TVA, TICPE, accises, DMTO, etc.)”, columns L and M and N and O (0.2087 × V10 + 1.0000 × V11 + 1.0000 × V12 + 0.2689 × V13), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 18, V10: -14.6; row 18, V11: -15.5; row 18, V12: -16.5; row 18, V13: -16.7
- As published
- €39.5 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Taxes on production
€1.8bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
Calculation
- Computed as
Taxes on production × Top 0.04%, Taxes on production ÷ All groups, Taxes on production- From
- Taxes on production €128.1bn, estimated
- Top 0.04%, Taxes on production €1.8bn, estimated
- All groups, Taxes on production €127.9bn, estimated
- Result
- €1.8 billion
Why believe this?
Top 13–20%, Taxes on production
€13.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 20 “Taxes sur la production (taxes patronales, TF, etc.)”, columns R and S and T (0.0531 × V16 + 1.0000 × V17 + 0.3247 × V18), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 20, V16: -8.6; row 20, V17: -9.3; row 20, V18: -11
- As published
- €13.3 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, CSG
€2.4bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, CSG × ∫ level^e over P99.9602–100 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0807), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.479), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, CSG €29.3bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €2.4 billion
Why believe this?
Top 20–29%, Net financial income
€8.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Interest, dividends and other property income households receive, less the interest they pay.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 8 “Revenus financiers nets (intérêts, dividendes, etc.)”, columns Q and R (0.7176 × V15 + 0.9469 × V16), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 8, V15: 4.9; row 8, V16: 5.6
- As published
- €8.8 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 7.9–13%, Net financial income
€13.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Interest, dividends and other property income households receive, less the interest they pay.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 8 “Revenus financiers nets (intérêts, dividendes, etc.)”, columns T and U (0.6753 × V18 + 0.4270 × V19), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 8, V18: 9.6; row 8, V19: 15.6
- As published
- €13.1 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.2–0.3%, Net financial income
€5.2bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Interest, dividends and other property income households receive, less the interest they pay.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Net financial income × ∫ level^e over P99.6595–99.8457 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0834), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.479), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Net financial income €62.3bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €5.2 billion
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Rents, actual and imputed, below P95
€8.5bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Rents landlords receive and the rent owner-occupiers are deemed to pay themselves, net of costs.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 9 “Loyers réels et imputés aux propriétaires”, column U (0.5730 × V19), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 9, V19: 14.9
- As published
- €8.5 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, Income tax
€20.7bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Income tax × ∫ level^e over P96.4785–99.0795 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.4189), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.479), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Income tax €49.4bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €20.7 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.6–0.9%, Income tax
€4.1bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Income tax × ∫ level^e over P99.0795–99.4036 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0838), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.479), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Income tax €49.4bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €4.1 billion
Why believe this?
All groups, Other contributions
€214bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 33%, Other contributions + Bottom 33–49%, Other contributions + Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Other contributions + Top 29–39%, Other contributions + Top 20–29%, Other contributions + Top 13–20%, Other contributions + Top 7.9–13%, Other contributions + Top 3.5–7.9%, Other contributions + Top 0.9–3.5%, Other contributions + Top 0.6–0.9%, Other contributions + Top 0.3–0.6%, Other contributions + Top 0.2–0.3%, Other contributions + Top 0.04–0.2%, Other contributions + Top 0.04%, Other contributions- From
- Bottom 33%, Other contributions €17.9bn, estimated
- Bottom 33–49%, Other contributions €20.2bn, estimated
- Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Other contributions €21.2bn, estimated
- Top 29–39%, Other contributions €22.3bn, estimated
- Top 20–29%, Other contributions €23.2bn, estimated
- Top 13–20%, Other contributions €24.1bn, estimated
- Top 7.9–13%, Other contributions €25.1bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Other contributions €22.4bn, estimated
- Top 0.9–3.5%, Other contributions €18.9bn, estimated
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Other contributions €3.8bn, estimated
- Top 0.3–0.6%, Other contributions €3.8bn, estimated
- Top 0.2–0.3%, Other contributions €3.8bn, estimated
- Top 0.04–0.2%, Other contributions €3.7bn, estimated
- Top 0.04%, Other contributions €3.6bn, estimated
- Result
- €214.0 billion
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Taxes on products
€17bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 3.5–7.9%, Taxes on products, below P95 + Top 3.5–7.9%, Taxes on products, above P95- From
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Taxes on products, below P95 €11.4bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Taxes on products, above P95 €5.5bn, estimated
- Result
- €17.0 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.3–0.6%, Taxes on products
€2.8bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Taxes on products × ∫ level^e over P99.4036–99.6595 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Taxes on products €33.3bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €2.8 billion
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Corporate tax, below P95
€3.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 22 “Impôt sur les sociétés”, column U (0.5730 × V19), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 22, V19: -6.7
- As published
- €3.8 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 20–29%, Net financial income
€8.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Interest, dividends and other property income households receive, less the interest they pay.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 8 “Revenus financiers nets (intérêts, dividendes, etc.)”, columns Q and R (0.7176 × V15 + 0.9469 × V16), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 8, V15: 4.9; row 8, V16: 5.6
- As published
- €8.8 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.6–0.9%, Rents, actual and imputed
€1.8bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Rents landlords receive and the rent owner-occupiers are deemed to pay themselves, net of costs.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Rents, actual and imputed × ∫ level^e over P99.0795–99.4036 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Rents, actual and imputed €21.4bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €1.8 billion
Why believe this?
Top 7.9–13%, Other taxes on income and wealth
€2.5bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 25 “Autres impôts sur les revenus et le patrimoine (TH, ISF/IFI, CRDS, etc.)”, columns T and U (0.6753 × V18 + 0.4270 × V19), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 25, V18: -1.9; row 25, V19: -2.9
- As published
- €2.5 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
WID pre-tax income share above P95
24.4%Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Share of pre-tax national income going to the adults above this percentile, adults ranked by their own pre-tax income, income split equally between spouses.
Where it comes from
- Source
- World Inequality Database, WID_data_FR.csv, wid_all_data.zip (last modified 9 September 2026)
- Where
- variable sptincj992, percentile p95p100, year 2023; extract raw/wid_FR_top_shares.csv
- Published
- 2026
- As published
- 24.4%
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 33%, people
22.8 millionEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Individuals of all ages, as Insee counts them in its distributional accounts.
Calculation
- Computed as
(Everyone, Individuals, millions, Insee × (upper percentile − lower percentile) ÷ 100) × 1,000,000- From
- Everyone, Individuals, millions, Insee 68.4, estimated
- Rank above which people hold 90% of income 33.3, estimated
- Result
- 22,777,700
Why believe this?
Bottom 33%, profits kept in companies, monthly equivalent per resident, 2023 data
€10EstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
- Competing figures
- €10, Central. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €10, a strict Pareto tail above P95. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €10, a tail as concentrated as WID's ranking by own income. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €10, each item along Insee's V19 to V20 gradient. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €10, personal taxes, contributions and corporate tax along IPP's rates. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 33%, Profits kept in companies × 10⁹ ÷ Bottom 33%, people ÷ 12- From
- Bottom 33%, Profits kept in companies €3.6bn, estimated
- Bottom 33%, people 22.8 million, estimated
- Result
- €10
Why believe this?
Top 0.2–0.3%, Subsidies on production
€642mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Subsidies on production × ∫ level^e over P99.6595–99.8457 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Subsidies on production €7.7bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €0.6 billion
Why believe this?
Top 13–20%, Pensions
€34.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 31 “Pensions de retraite”, columns R and S and T (0.0531 × V16 + 1.0000 × V17 + 0.3247 × V18), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 31, V16: 24.7; row 31, V17: 24.4; row 31, V18: 27.9
- As published
- €34.8 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.2–0.3%, Unemployment benefits
€93.1mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Unemployment benefits × ∫ level^e over P99.6595–99.8457 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0372), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.00: the same per person, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Unemployment benefits €2.5bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €0.1 billion
Why believe this?
Top 29–39%, Other cash benefits
€11.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 33 “Autres revenus de remplacement (IJ, ATMP)”; 34 “Famille”; 35 “Exclusion sociale”; 36 “Invalidité”; 37 “Remboursements des contrats collectifs de complémentaires santé”, columns O and P and Q (0.7311 × V13 + 1.0000 × V14 + 0.2824 × V15), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 33, V13: 2; row 33, V14: 2.1; row 33, V15: 2.4; row 34, V13: 1; row 34, V14: 0.9; row 34, V15: 0.8; row 35, V13: 0.6; row 35, V14: 0.6; row 35, V15: 0.5; row 36, V13: 1.2; row 36, V14: 1.2; row 36, V15: 1; row 37, V13: 1.1; row 37, V14: 1.1; row 37, V15: 1.1
- As published
- €11.9 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Other cash benefits
€66.8mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Other cash benefits × ∫ level^e over P99.9602–100 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0080), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.00: the same per person, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Other cash benefits €8.4bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €0.1 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.6–0.9%, Health care
€512mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Health care × ∫ level^e over P99.0795–99.4036 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0648), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.00: the same per person, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Health care €7.9bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €0.5 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.6–0.9%, Education
€344mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Education × ∫ level^e over P99.0795–99.4036 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0648), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.00: the same per person, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Education €5.3bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €0.3 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, Social care and housing aid
€61.8mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care for dependent elderly and disabled people, childcare and other social action, housing benefits and the energy cheque, and the running costs of social security, received in kind.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Social care and housing aid × ∫ level^e over P99.8457–99.9602 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0229), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.00: the same per person, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Social care and housing aid €2.7bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €0.1 billion
Why believe this?
Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Culture and leisure
€6.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 43 “Culture et loisirs”, columns L and M and N and O (0.2087 × V10 + 1.0000 × V11 + 1.0000 × V12 + 0.2689 × V13), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 43, V10: 2.6; row 43, V11: 2.6; row 43, V12: 2.6; row 43, V13: 2.6
- As published
- €6.4 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 29–39%, Culture and leisure
€5.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 43 “Culture et loisirs”, columns O and P and Q (0.7311 × V13 + 1.0000 × V14 + 0.2824 × V15), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 43, V13: 2.6; row 43, V14: 2.6; row 43, V15: 2.6
- As published
- €5.2 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 33%, paid a month per person
€570EstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
- Competing figures
- €570, Central. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €570, a strict Pareto tail above P95. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €570, a tail as concentrated as WID's ranking by own income. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €570, each item along Insee's V19 to V20 gradient. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €570, personal taxes, contributions and corporate tax along IPP's rates. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 33%, levies paid × 10⁹ ÷ Bottom 33%, people ÷ 12- From
- Bottom 33%, levies paid €155.6bn, estimated
- Bottom 33%, people 22.8 million, estimated
- Result
- €570
Why believe this?
Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, net financial income, monthly equivalent per resident, 2023 data
€70EstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
- Competing figures
- €70, Central. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €70, a strict Pareto tail above P95. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €70, a tail as concentrated as WID's ranking by own income. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €70, each item along Insee's V19 to V20 gradient. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €70, personal taxes, contributions and corporate tax along IPP's rates. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
Calculation
- Computed as
Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Net financial income × 10⁹ ÷ Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, people ÷ 12- From
- Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Net financial income €7.3bn, estimated
- Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, people 8.5 million, estimated
- Result
- €70
Why believe this?
Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Culture and leisure
€5.3bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.
Calculation
- Computed as
Culture and leisure × Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Culture and leisure ÷ All groups, Culture and leisure- From
- Culture and leisure €43.1bn, estimated
- Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Culture and leisure €6.4bn, estimated
- All groups, Culture and leisure €52bn, estimated
- Result
- €5.3 billion
Why believe this?
Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Taxes on production
€14.5bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
Calculation
- Computed as
Taxes on production × Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Taxes on production ÷ All groups, Taxes on production- From
- Taxes on production €130.7bn, estimated
- Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Taxes on production €14.2bn, estimated
- All groups, Taxes on production €127.9bn, estimated
- Result
- €14.5 billion
Why believe this?
Top 29–39%, Unemployment benefits
€3.7bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.
Calculation
- Computed as
Unemployment benefits × Top 29–39%, Unemployment benefits ÷ All groups, Unemployment benefits- From
- Unemployment benefits €45.2bn, estimated
- Top 29–39%, Unemployment benefits €3.8bn, estimated
- All groups, Unemployment benefits €45.8bn, estimated
- Result
- €3.7 billion
Why believe this?
Top 29–39%, Other contributions
€19.9bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.
Calculation
- Computed as
Other contributions × Top 29–39%, Other contributions ÷ All groups, Other contributions- From
- Other contributions €190.6bn, estimated
- Top 29–39%, Other contributions €22.3bn, estimated
- All groups, Other contributions €214bn, estimated
- Result
- €19.9 billion
Why believe this?
Top 20–29%, transfers received
€123.7bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Every transfer attributed to the group, subsidies included.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 20–29%, Subsidies on products + Top 20–29%, Subsidies on production + Top 20–29%, Pensions + Top 20–29%, Unemployment benefits + Top 20–29%, Other cash benefits + Top 20–29%, Health care + Top 20–29%, Education + Top 20–29%, Social care and housing aid + Top 20–29%, Culture and leisure + Top 20–29%, Collective services- From
- Top 20–29%, Subsidies on products €3.9bn, estimated
- Top 20–29%, Subsidies on production €5.6bn, estimated
- Top 20–29%, Pensions €39.2bn, estimated
- Top 20–29%, Unemployment benefits €2.8bn, estimated
- Top 20–29%, Other cash benefits €9.7bn, estimated
- Top 20–29%, Health care €16.2bn, estimated
- Top 20–29%, Education €10.5bn, estimated
- Top 20–29%, Social care and housing aid €5.3bn, estimated
- Top 20–29%, Culture and leisure €3.6bn, estimated
- Top 20–29%, Collective services €26.9bn, estimated
- Result
- €123.7 billion
Why believe this?
Top 20–29%, Taxes on products
€30.5bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
- Caveat
- Insee attributes the whole amount to residents; the part falling outside France is taken out of every group in proportion.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 20–29%, Taxes on products × (1 − Share of consumption by visitors ÷ 100)- From
- Top 20–29%, Taxes on products €32bn, estimated
- Share of consumption by visitors 4.6%, estimated
- Result
- €30.5 billion
Why believe this?
Top 13–20%, net financial income, monthly equivalent per resident, 2023 data
€190EstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
- Competing figures
- €190, Central. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €190, a strict Pareto tail above P95. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €190, a tail as concentrated as WID's ranking by own income. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €190, each item along Insee's V19 to V20 gradient. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €190, personal taxes, contributions and corporate tax along IPP's rates. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 13–20%, Net financial income × 10⁹ ÷ Top 13–20%, people ÷ 12- From
- Top 13–20%, Net financial income €10.8bn, estimated
- Top 13–20%, people 4.7 million, estimated
- Result
- €190
Why believe this?
Top 13–20%, Profits kept in companies
€4.6bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The part of companies' profits that is not paid out, attributed to the households that own them.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 10 “Profits des entreprises non distribués aux ménages (B)”, columns R and S and T (0.0531 × V16 + 1.0000 × V17 + 0.3247 × V18), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 10, V16: 2.7; row 10, V17: 3.1; row 10, V18: 4.1
- As published
- €4.6 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 13–20%, Social care and housing aid
€4.2bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Care for dependent elderly and disabled people, childcare and other social action, housing benefits and the energy cheque, and the running costs of social security, received in kind.
Calculation
- Computed as
Social care and housing aid × Top 13–20%, Social care and housing aid ÷ All groups, Social care and housing aid- From
- Social care and housing aid €113.4bn, estimated
- Top 13–20%, Social care and housing aid €4.3bn, estimated
- All groups, Social care and housing aid €116.3bn, estimated
- Result
- €4.2 billion
Why believe this?
Top 13–20%, Corporate tax
€3.1bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
Calculation
- Computed as
Corporate tax × Top 13–20%, Corporate tax ÷ All groups, Corporate tax- From
- Corporate tax €81.2bn, estimated
- Top 13–20%, Corporate tax €2.9bn, estimated
- All groups, Corporate tax €78.1bn, estimated
- Result
- €3.1 billion
Why believe this?
Top 7.9–13%, net financial income, monthly equivalent per resident, 2023 data
€290EstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
- Competing figures
- €290, Central. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €290, a strict Pareto tail above P95. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €290, a tail as concentrated as WID's ranking by own income. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €290, each item along Insee's V19 to V20 gradient. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €290, personal taxes, contributions and corporate tax along IPP's rates. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 7.9–13%, Net financial income × 10⁹ ÷ Top 7.9–13%, people ÷ 12- From
- Top 7.9–13%, Net financial income €13.1bn, estimated
- Top 7.9–13%, people 3.8 million, estimated
- Result
- €290
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Rents, actual and imputed, above P95
€5.2bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Rents landlords receive and the rent owner-occupiers are deemed to pay themselves, net of costs.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Rents, actual and imputed × ∫ level^e over P95–96.4785 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.2422), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.44: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20- From
- Top 5%, Rents, actual and imputed €21.4bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- V19, Loyers réels et imputés aux propriétaires, Insee €14.9bn, estimated
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn, estimated
- V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- V20, Loyers réels et imputés aux propriétaires, Insee €21.4bn, estimated
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn, estimated
- V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- Result
- €5.2 billion
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, profits kept in companies, monthly equivalent per resident, 2023 data
€220EstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 3.5–7.9%, Profits kept in companies × 10⁹ ÷ Top 3.5–7.9%, people ÷ 12- From
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Profits kept in companies €7.7bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, people 3.0 million, estimated
- Result
- €220
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Profits kept in companies
€7.7bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The part of companies' profits that is not paid out, attributed to the households that own them.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 3.5–7.9%, Profits kept in companies, below P95 + Top 3.5–7.9%, Profits kept in companies, above P95- From
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Profits kept in companies, below P95 €6bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Profits kept in companies, above P95 €1.7bn, estimated
- Result
- €7.7 billion
Why believe this?
V19, Subsidies on products, Insee
€1.7bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.
- Caveat
- Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 19 “Subventions sur les produits (transports, etc.)”, column U (V19)
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- As published
- €1.7 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Subsidies on production
€3.9bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 3.5–7.9%, Subsidies on production, below P95 + Top 3.5–7.9%, Subsidies on production, above P95- From
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Subsidies on production, below P95 €2.3bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Subsidies on production, above P95 €1.5bn, estimated
- Result
- €3.9 billion
Why believe this?
V19, Pensions, Insee
€30.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.
- Caveat
- Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 31 “Pensions de retraite”, column U (V19)
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- As published
- €30.2 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 33–49%, Pensions
€58.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 31 “Pensions de retraite”, columns I and J and K and L (0.3399 × V7 + 1.0000 × V8 + 1.0000 × V9 + 0.7913 × V10), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 31, V7: 18.6; row 31, V8: 17.7; row 31, V9: 18.9; row 31, V10: 20.1
- As published
- €58.8 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.6–0.9%, Pensions
€2.6bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Pensions × ∫ level^e over P99.0795–99.4036 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0709), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.23: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20- From
- Top 5%, Pensions €36.4bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- V19, Pensions, Insee €30.2bn, estimated
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn, estimated
- V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- V20, Pensions, Insee €36.4bn, estimated
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn, estimated
- V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- Result
- €2.6 billion
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Unemployment benefits
€2.5bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 3.5–7.9%, Unemployment benefits, below P95 + Top 3.5–7.9%, Unemployment benefits, above P95- From
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Unemployment benefits, below P95 €1.7bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Unemployment benefits, above P95 €791m, estimated
- Result
- €2.5 billion
Why believe this?
V20, Unemployment benefits, Insee
€2.5bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.
- Caveat
- Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 32 “Allocations chômage”, column V (V20)
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- As published
- €2.5 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
V20, Famille, Insee
€300mEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- A row of Insee's distributional accounts, read as published.
- Caveat
- Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 34 “Famille”, column V (V20)
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- As published
- €0.3 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
All groups, Other cash benefits
€147.6bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 33%, Other cash benefits + Bottom 33–49%, Other cash benefits + Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Other cash benefits + Top 29–39%, Other cash benefits + Top 20–29%, Other cash benefits + Top 13–20%, Other cash benefits + Top 7.9–13%, Other cash benefits + Top 3.5–7.9%, Other cash benefits + Top 0.9–3.5%, Other cash benefits + Top 0.6–0.9%, Other cash benefits + Top 0.3–0.6%, Other cash benefits + Top 0.2–0.3%, Other cash benefits + Top 0.04–0.2%, Other cash benefits + Top 0.04%, Other cash benefits- From
- Bottom 33%, Other cash benefits €62.8bn, estimated
- Bottom 33–49%, Other cash benefits €21bn, estimated
- Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Other cash benefits €14.9bn, estimated
- Top 29–39%, Other cash benefits €11.9bn, estimated
- Top 20–29%, Other cash benefits €9.9bn, estimated
- Top 13–20%, Other cash benefits €8.1bn, estimated
- Top 7.9–13%, Other cash benefits €6.9bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Other cash benefits €5.8bn, estimated
- Top 0.9–3.5%, Other cash benefits €4.2bn, estimated
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Other cash benefits €618m, estimated
- Top 0.3–0.6%, Other cash benefits €527m, estimated
- Top 0.2–0.3%, Other cash benefits €425m, estimated
- Top 0.04–0.2%, Other cash benefits €306m, estimated
- Top 0.04%, Other cash benefits €144m, estimated
- Result
- €147.6 billion
Why believe this?
Top 20–29%, Other cash benefits
€9.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 33 “Autres revenus de remplacement (IJ, ATMP)”; 34 “Famille”; 35 “Exclusion sociale”; 36 “Invalidité”; 37 “Remboursements des contrats collectifs de complémentaires santé”, columns Q and R (0.7176 × V15 + 0.9469 × V16), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 33, V15: 2.4; row 33, V16: 2.6; row 34, V15: 0.8; row 34, V16: 0.8; row 35, V15: 0.5; row 35, V16: 0.4; row 36, V15: 1; row 36, V16: 1.2; row 37, V15: 1.1; row 37, V16: 1.1
- As published
- €9.9 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 33–49%, Health care
€35.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 40 “Santé”, columns I and J and K and L (0.3399 × V7 + 1.0000 × V8 + 1.0000 × V9 + 0.7913 × V10), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 40, V7: 13.8; row 40, V8: 13.6; row 40, V9: 9.8; row 40, V10: 9.7
- As published
- €35.8 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 7.9–13%, Health care
€9.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 40 “Santé”, columns T and U (0.6753 × V18 + 0.4270 × V19), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 40, V18: 9.4; row 40, V19: 8
- As published
- €9.8 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
V20, Education, Insee
€5.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.
- Caveat
- Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 41 “Enseignement2”, column V (V20)
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- As published
- €5.3 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, Education
€130mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Education × ∫ level^e over P99.8457–99.9602 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0245), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.05: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20- From
- Top 5%, Education €5.3bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- V19, Education, Insee €5.1bn, estimated
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn, estimated
- V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- V20, Education, Insee €5.3bn, estimated
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn, estimated
- V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- Result
- €0.1 billion
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Culture and leisure
€1.9bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.
Calculation
- Computed as
Culture and leisure × Top 3.5–7.9%, Culture and leisure ÷ All groups, Culture and leisure- From
- Culture and leisure €43.1bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Culture and leisure €2.3bn, estimated
- All groups, Culture and leisure €52bn, estimated
- Result
- €1.9 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, Culture and leisure
€59.6mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Culture and leisure × ∫ level^e over P99.8457–99.9602 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0229), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.00: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20- From
- Top 5%, Culture and leisure €2.6bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- V19, Culture and leisure, Insee €2.6bn, estimated
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn, estimated
- V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- V20, Culture and leisure, Insee €2.6bn, estimated
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn, estimated
- V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- Result
- €0.1 billion
Why believe this?
All groups, Collective services
€239.5bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 33%, Collective services + Bottom 33–49%, Collective services + Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Collective services + Top 29–39%, Collective services + Top 20–29%, Collective services + Top 13–20%, Collective services + Top 7.9–13%, Collective services + Top 3.5–7.9%, Collective services + Top 0.9–3.5%, Collective services + Top 0.6–0.9%, Collective services + Top 0.3–0.6%, Collective services + Top 0.2–0.3%, Collective services + Top 0.04–0.2%, Collective services + Top 0.04%, Collective services- From
- Bottom 33%, Collective services €83.4bn, estimated
- Bottom 33–49%, Collective services €36.9bn, estimated
- Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Collective services €28.9bn, estimated
- Top 29–39%, Collective services €23.5bn, estimated
- Top 20–29%, Collective services €19.2bn, estimated
- Top 13–20%, Collective services €15.7bn, estimated
- Top 7.9–13%, Collective services €13.4bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Collective services €10.6bn, estimated
- Top 0.9–3.5%, Collective services €6bn, estimated
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Collective services €720m, estimated
- Top 0.3–0.6%, Collective services €557m, estimated
- Top 0.2–0.3%, Collective services €395m, estimated
- Top 0.04–0.2%, Collective services €234m, estimated
- Top 0.04%, Collective services €75.7m, estimated
- Result
- €239.5 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.6–0.9%, Collective services
€720mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Defence, police, justice, general administration and other collective spending, spread over people, net of other transfers and of balances with the rest of the world, which are small and negative overall.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Collective services × ∫ level^e over P99.0795–99.4036 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0626), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = -0.08: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20- From
- Top 5%, Collective services €11.5bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- V19, Collective services, Insee €12.3bn, estimated
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn, estimated
- V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- V20, Collective services, Insee €11.5bn, estimated
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn, estimated
- V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- Result
- €0.7 billion
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Taxes on products
€17.3bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
Calculation
- Computed as
Taxes on products × Top 3.5–7.9%, Taxes on products ÷ All groups, Taxes on products- From
- Taxes on products €325.4bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Taxes on products €17bn, estimated
- All groups, Taxes on products €318.6bn, estimated
- Result
- €17.3 billion
Why believe this?
All groups, Taxes on products
€318.6bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 33%, Taxes on products + Bottom 33–49%, Taxes on products + Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Taxes on products + Top 29–39%, Taxes on products + Top 20–29%, Taxes on products + Top 13–20%, Taxes on products + Top 7.9–13%, Taxes on products + Top 3.5–7.9%, Taxes on products + Top 0.9–3.5%, Taxes on products + Top 0.6–0.9%, Taxes on products + Top 0.3–0.6%, Taxes on products + Top 0.2–0.3%, Taxes on products + Top 0.04–0.2%, Taxes on products + Top 0.04%, Taxes on products- From
- Bottom 33%, Taxes on products €73.4bn, estimated
- Bottom 33–49%, Taxes on products €43.8bn, estimated
- Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Taxes on products €39.5bn, estimated
- Top 29–39%, Taxes on products €34.8bn, estimated
- Top 20–29%, Taxes on products €31.4bn, estimated
- Top 13–20%, Taxes on products €27.8bn, estimated
- Top 7.9–13%, Taxes on products €23.2bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Taxes on products €17bn, estimated
- Top 0.9–3.5%, Taxes on products €13.9bn, estimated
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Taxes on products €2.8bn, estimated
- Top 0.3–0.6%, Taxes on products €2.8bn, estimated
- Top 0.2–0.3%, Taxes on products €2.8bn, estimated
- Top 0.04–0.2%, Taxes on products €2.8bn, estimated
- Top 0.04%, Taxes on products €2.8bn, estimated
- Result
- €318.6 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.6–0.9%, Taxes on products
€2.8bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Taxes on products × ∫ level^e over P99.0795–99.4036 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: one plus the change in log of IPP's 2016 rate over the change in log of economic income, between P99–99.9 and P99.9–100- From
- Top 5%, Taxes on products €33.3bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €2.8 billion
Why believe this?
Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Taxes on production
€14.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 20 “Taxes sur la production (taxes patronales, TF, etc.)”, columns L and M and N and O (0.2087 × V10 + 1.0000 × V11 + 1.0000 × V12 + 0.2689 × V13), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 20, V10: -5.1; row 20, V11: -5.5; row 20, V12: -5.8; row 20, V13: -6.7
- As published
- €14.2 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Other taxes on income and wealth, above P95
€1.9bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Other taxes on income and wealth × ∫ level^e over P95–96.4785 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.2129), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.66: one plus the change in log of IPP's 2016 rate over the change in log of economic income, between P99–99.9 and P99.9–100- From
- Top 5%, Other taxes on income and wealth €8.8bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Personal tax rate, P99–99.9, 2016 23%, estimated
- Personal tax rate, top 0.1% 9.8%, estimated
- Economic income of P99–99.9, 2016 €91.5bn, estimated
- Result
- €1.9 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 33–49%, Other taxes on income and wealth
€1.7bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 25 “Autres impôts sur les revenus et le patrimoine (TH, ISF/IFI, CRDS, etc.)”, columns I and J and K and L (0.3399 × V7 + 1.0000 × V8 + 1.0000 × V9 + 0.7913 × V10), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 25, V7: -0.5; row 25, V8: -0.5; row 25, V9: -0.6; row 25, V10: -0.6
- As published
- €1.7 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 20–29%, Pension contributions
€36.5bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 26 “Cotisations sociales retraite1”, columns Q and R (0.7176 × V15 + 0.9469 × V16), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 26, V15: -20.6; row 26, V16: -22.9
- As published
- €36.5 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Other contributions
€21.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 27 “Cotisations sociales chômage1”; 28 “Cotisations sociales famille1”; 29 “Autres cotisations sociales (maladie, invalidité, ATMP)1”, columns L and M and N and O (0.2087 × V10 + 1.0000 × V11 + 1.0000 × V12 + 0.2689 × V13), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 29, V10: -4.8; row 29, V11: -5.1; row 29, V12: -5.6; row 29, V13: -6.7; row 27, V10: -1.3; row 27, V11: -1.4; row 27, V12: -1.5; row 27, V13: -1.9; row 28, V10: -1.5; row 28, V11: -1.6; row 28, V12: -1.6; row 28, V13: -1.9
- As published
- €21.2 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 29–39%, Other contributions
€22.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 27 “Cotisations sociales chômage1”; 28 “Cotisations sociales famille1”; 29 “Autres cotisations sociales (maladie, invalidité, ATMP)1”, columns O and P and Q (0.7311 × V13 + 1.0000 × V14 + 0.2824 × V15), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 29, V13: -6.7; row 29, V14: -7.1; row 29, V15: -8.4; row 27, V13: -1.9; row 27, V14: -1.9; row 27, V15: -2.2; row 28, V13: -1.9; row 28, V14: -2; row 28, V15: -2.2
- As published
- €22.3 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, CSG on earnings and benefits
€13.2bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- The CSG on earnings, pensions and other replacement income, and on gaming: the CSG less its part on capital income.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 3.5–7.9%, CSG − Top 3.5–7.9%, CSG on capital income- From
- Top 3.5–7.9%, CSG €15.2bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, CSG on capital income €2.1bn, estimated
- Result
- €13.2 billion
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Income tax
€15.3bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
Calculation
- Computed as
Income tax × Top 3.5–7.9%, Income tax ÷ All groups, Income tax- From
- Income tax €105.8bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Income tax €14.7bn, estimated
- All groups, Income tax €101.5bn, estimated
- Result
- €15.3 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, net financial income, monthly equivalent per resident, 2023 data
€1,220EstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 0.9–3.5%, Net financial income × 10⁹ ÷ Top 0.9–3.5%, people ÷ 12- From
- Top 0.9–3.5%, Net financial income €26bn, estimated
- Top 0.9–3.5%, people 1.8 million, estimated
- Result
- €1,220
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, Education
€3.2bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.
Calculation
- Computed as
Education × Top 0.9–3.5%, Education ÷ All groups, Education- From
- Education €148.6bn, estimated
- Top 0.9–3.5%, Education €2.7bn, estimated
- All groups, Education €128.1bn, estimated
- Result
- €3.2 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 33–49%, Subsidies on production
€4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 21 “Subventions sur la production (aides à l'apprentissage, aides sectorielles, etc.)”, columns I and J and K and L (0.3399 × V7 + 1.0000 × V8 + 1.0000 × V9 + 0.7913 × V10), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 21, V7: 1.1; row 21, V8: 1.2; row 21, V9: 1.3; row 21, V10: 1.4
- As published
- €4.0 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.3–0.6%, Subsidies on production
€588mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Subsidies on production × ∫ level^e over P99.4036–99.6595 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0764), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.642), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Subsidies on production €7.7bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.6, estimated
- Result
- €0.6 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Subsidies on production
€1bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Subsidies on production × ∫ level^e over P99.9602–100 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.1341), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.642), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Subsidies on production €7.7bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.6, estimated
- Result
- €1.0 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 33%, Pensions
€79.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 31 “Pensions de retraite”, columns C and D and E and F and G and H and I (1.0000 × V1 + 1.0000 × V2 + 1.0000 × V3 + 1.0000 × V4 + 1.0000 × V5 + 1.0000 × V6 + 0.6601 × V7), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 31, V1: 2.4; row 31, V2: 8.2; row 31, V3: 10.5; row 31, V4: 12.2; row 31, V5: 15.3; row 31, V6: 18.9; row 31, V7: 18.6
- As published
- €79.8 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 13–20%, Unemployment benefits
€2.6bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 32 “Allocations chômage”, columns R and S and T (0.0531 × V16 + 1.0000 × V17 + 0.3247 × V18), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 32, V16: 1.6; row 32, V17: 1.9; row 32, V18: 1.8
- As published
- €2.6 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Other cash benefits
€14.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 33 “Autres revenus de remplacement (IJ, ATMP)”; 34 “Famille”; 35 “Exclusion sociale”; 36 “Invalidité”; 37 “Remboursements des contrats collectifs de complémentaires santé”, columns L and M and N and O (0.2087 × V10 + 1.0000 × V11 + 1.0000 × V12 + 0.2689 × V13), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 33, V10: 1.6; row 33, V11: 1.7; row 33, V12: 1.8; row 33, V13: 2; row 34, V10: 1.7; row 34, V11: 1.5; row 34, V12: 1.2; row 34, V13: 1; row 35, V10: 0.9; row 35, V11: 0.8; row 35, V12: 0.8; row 35, V13: 0.6; row 36, V10: 1.1; row 36, V11: 1.3; row 36, V12: 0.9; row 36, V13: 1.2; row 37, V10: 1; row 37, V11: 1; row 37, V12: 1; row 37, V13: 1.1
- As published
- €14.9 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Health care, below P95
€4.6bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 40 “Santé”, column U (0.5730 × V19), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 40, V19: 8
- As published
- €4.6 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 33–49%, Education
€19.7bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 41 “Enseignement2”, columns I and J and K and L (0.3399 × V7 + 1.0000 × V8 + 1.0000 × V9 + 0.7913 × V10), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 41, V7: 6.3; row 41, V8: 6.6; row 41, V9: 6; row 41, V10: 6.3
- As published
- €19.7 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 20–29%, Culture and leisure
€4.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 43 “Culture et loisirs”, columns Q and R (0.7176 × V15 + 0.9469 × V16), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 43, V15: 2.6; row 43, V16: 2.6
- As published
- €4.3 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Culture and leisure
€20.7mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Culture and leisure × ∫ level^e over P99.9602–100 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0080), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.642), e = 0.00: the same per person, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Culture and leisure €2.6bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.6, estimated
- Result
- €0.0 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, CSG on capital income
€2.5bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- The part of the CSG levied on capital income: interest, dividends, life insurance, rents and capital gains.
- Competing figures
- €3.4bn, the CSG on capital income by financial income alone. The same computation with another key for the CSG on capital income.
- €3bn, the CSG on capital income by all capital income. The same computation with another key for the CSG on capital income.
- Caveat
- An allocation scenario: Insee attributes the whole CSG to each group but does not split it by base, and no source found gives the bases of the CSG on capital income by group. The CSG on investment income (interest, dividends, life insurance) is shared as Insee's net financial income. The CSG on property income is levied on rents landlords receive, capital gains and annuities; Insee's only row near it adds owner-occupiers' imputed rents, which pay no CSG, and holds no capital gains, so sharing it as that row is a convention. The alternatives share all of it as net financial income, or as the group's whole capital income.
Calculation
- Computed as
CSG on capital income × Top 0.9–3.5%, share of the CSG on capital income ÷ 100- From
- CSG on capital income €17.7bn, estimated
- Top 0.9–3.5%, share of the CSG on capital income 13.9%, estimated
- Result
- €2.5 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, paid a month per person
€4,990EstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 0.9–3.5%, levies paid × 10⁹ ÷ Top 0.9–3.5%, people ÷ 12- From
- Top 0.9–3.5%, levies paid €106.5bn, estimated
- Top 0.9–3.5%, people 1.8 million, estimated
- Result
- €4,990
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, CSG on earnings and benefits
€10.3bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- The CSG on earnings, pensions and other replacement income, and on gaming: the CSG less its part on capital income.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 0.9–3.5%, CSG − Top 0.9–3.5%, CSG on capital income- From
- Top 0.9–3.5%, CSG €12.7bn, estimated
- Top 0.9–3.5%, CSG on capital income €2.5bn, estimated
- Result
- €10.3 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, CSG on capital income
€2.5bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- The part of the CSG levied on capital income: interest, dividends, life insurance, rents and capital gains.
- Competing figures
- €3.4bn, the CSG on capital income by financial income alone. The same computation with another key for the CSG on capital income.
- €3bn, the CSG on capital income by all capital income. The same computation with another key for the CSG on capital income.
- Caveat
- An allocation scenario: Insee attributes the whole CSG to each group but does not split it by base, and no source found gives the bases of the CSG on capital income by group. The CSG on investment income (interest, dividends, life insurance) is shared as Insee's net financial income. The CSG on property income is levied on rents landlords receive, capital gains and annuities; Insee's only row near it adds owner-occupiers' imputed rents, which pay no CSG, and holds no capital gains, so sharing it as that row is a convention. The alternatives share all of it as net financial income, or as the group's whole capital income.
Calculation
- Computed as
CSG on capital income × Top 0.9–3.5%, share of the CSG on capital income ÷ 100- From
- CSG on capital income €17.7bn, estimated
- Top 0.9–3.5%, share of the CSG on capital income 13.9%, estimated
- Result
- €2.5 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, Income tax
€21.5bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
Calculation
- Computed as
Income tax × Top 0.9–3.5%, Income tax ÷ All groups, Income tax- From
- Income tax €105.8bn, estimated
- Top 0.9–3.5%, Income tax €20.6bn, estimated
- All groups, Income tax €101.5bn, estimated
- Result
- €21.5 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.6–0.9%, people
221,681EstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Individuals of all ages, as Insee counts them in its distributional accounts.
Calculation
- Computed as
(Everyone, Individuals, millions, Insee × (upper percentile − lower percentile) ÷ 100) × 1,000,000- From
- Everyone, Individuals, millions, Insee 68.4, estimated
- Rank above which people hold 10% of income 99.1, estimated
- Rank above which people hold 8% of income 99.4, estimated
- Result
- 221,681
Why believe this?
Top 0.6–0.9%, Profits kept in companies
€7.6bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The part of companies' profits that is not paid out, attributed to the households that own them.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Profits kept in companies × ∫ level^e over P99.0795–99.4036 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0838), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.479), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Profits kept in companies €90.4bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €7.6 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.6–0.9%, Social care and housing aid
€171mEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Care for dependent elderly and disabled people, childcare and other social action, housing benefits and the energy cheque, and the running costs of social security, received in kind.
Calculation
- Computed as
Social care and housing aid × Top 0.6–0.9%, Social care and housing aid ÷ All groups, Social care and housing aid- From
- Social care and housing aid €113.4bn, estimated
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Social care and housing aid €175m, estimated
- All groups, Social care and housing aid €116.3bn, estimated
- Result
- €0.2 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.6–0.9%, Corporate tax
€5bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
Calculation
- Computed as
Corporate tax × Top 0.6–0.9%, Corporate tax ÷ All groups, Corporate tax- From
- Corporate tax €81.2bn, estimated
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Corporate tax €4.8bn, estimated
- All groups, Corporate tax €78.1bn, estimated
- Result
- €5.0 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.6–0.9%, CSG
€2.6bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.
Calculation
- Computed as
CSG × Top 0.6–0.9%, CSG ÷ All groups, CSG- From
- CSG €153.4bn, estimated
- Top 0.6–0.9%, CSG €2.5bn, estimated
- All groups, CSG €147.2bn, estimated
- Result
- €2.6 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.6–0.9%, share of the CSG on capital income
2.8%EstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's part of the CSG on capital income: of the CSG on investment income, its share of net financial income; of the CSG on property income, its share of rents, actual and imputed (an allocation scenario).
- Caveat
- An allocation scenario: Insee attributes the whole CSG to each group but does not split it by base, and no source found gives the bases of the CSG on capital income by group. The CSG on investment income (interest, dividends, life insurance) is shared as Insee's net financial income. The CSG on property income is levied on rents landlords receive, capital gains and annuities; Insee's only row near it adds owner-occupiers' imputed rents, which pay no CSG, and holds no capital gains, so sharing it as that row is a convention. The alternatives share all of it as net financial income, or as the group's whole capital income.
Calculation
- Computed as
(CSG on income from investments, 2024 × Top 0.6–0.9%, Net financial income ÷ All groups, Net financial income + CSG on income from property, 2024 × Top 0.6–0.9%, Rents, actual and imputed ÷ All groups, Rents, actual and imputed) ÷ (CSG on income from investments, 2024 + CSG on income from property, 2024) × 100- From
- CSG on income from investments, 2024 €10.7bn, estimated
- CSG on income from property, 2024 €6.9bn, estimated
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Net financial income €5.2bn, estimated
- All groups, Net financial income €133.9bn, estimated
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Rents, actual and imputed €1.8bn, estimated
- All groups, Rents, actual and imputed €166.8bn, estimated
- Result
- 2.8%
Why believe this?
Top 0.6–0.9%, Corporate tax
€4bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
- Caveat
- Insee attributes the whole amount to residents; the part falling outside France is taken out of every group in proportion.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 0.6–0.9%, Corporate tax × (1 − Share of French companies' equity held outside France ÷ 100)- From
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Corporate tax €5bn, estimated
- Share of French companies' equity held outside France 20.2%, estimated
- Result
- €4.0 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.6–0.9%, Other taxes on income and wealth
€770mEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
Calculation
- Computed as
Other taxes on income and wealth × Top 0.6–0.9%, Other taxes on income and wealth ÷ All groups, Other taxes on income and wealth- From
- Other taxes on income and wealth €25.3bn, estimated
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Other taxes on income and wealth €733m, estimated
- All groups, Other taxes on income and wealth €24.1bn, estimated
- Result
- €0.8 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.3–0.6%, Profits kept in companies
€7.6bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The part of companies' profits that is not paid out, attributed to the households that own them.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Profits kept in companies × ∫ level^e over P99.4036–99.6595 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0837), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.479), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Profits kept in companies €90.4bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €7.6 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.3–0.6%, Culture and leisure
€110mEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.
Calculation
- Computed as
Culture and leisure × Top 0.3–0.6%, Culture and leisure ÷ All groups, Culture and leisure- From
- Culture and leisure €43.1bn, estimated
- Top 0.3–0.6%, Culture and leisure €133m, estimated
- All groups, Culture and leisure €52bn, estimated
- Result
- €0.1 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.3–0.6%, Pension contributions
€3.6bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
Calculation
- Computed as
Pension contributions × Top 0.3–0.6%, Pension contributions ÷ All groups, Pension contributions- From
- Pension contributions €293bn, estimated
- Top 0.3–0.6%, Pension contributions €4.1bn, estimated
- All groups, Pension contributions €328.7bn, estimated
- Result
- €3.6 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.2–0.3%, Culture and leisure
€80.2mEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.
Calculation
- Computed as
Culture and leisure × Top 0.2–0.3%, Culture and leisure ÷ All groups, Culture and leisure- From
- Culture and leisure €43.1bn, estimated
- Top 0.2–0.3%, Culture and leisure €96.8m, estimated
- All groups, Culture and leisure €52bn, estimated
- Result
- €0.1 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.2–0.3%, Other contributions
€3.3bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.
Calculation
- Computed as
Other contributions × Top 0.2–0.3%, Other contributions ÷ All groups, Other contributions- From
- Other contributions €190.6bn, estimated
- Top 0.2–0.3%, Other contributions €3.8bn, estimated
- All groups, Other contributions €214bn, estimated
- Result
- €3.3 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.2–0.3%, paid a month per person
€12,410EstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 0.2–0.3%, levies paid × 10⁹ ÷ Top 0.2–0.3%, people ÷ 12- From
- Top 0.2–0.3%, levies paid €19bn, estimated
- Top 0.2–0.3%, people 127,358, estimated
- Result
- €12,410
Why believe this?
Top 0.2–0.3%, Taxes on products
€2.1bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
- Caveat
- Insee attributes the whole amount to residents; the part falling outside France is taken out of every group in proportion.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 0.2–0.3%, Taxes on products × (1 − Share of consumption by visitors ÷ 100)- From
- Top 0.2–0.3%, Taxes on products €2.2bn, estimated
- Share of consumption by visitors 4.6%, estimated
- Result
- €2.1 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.2–0.3%, Corporate tax
€1.6bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
- Caveat
- Insee attributes the whole amount to residents; the part falling outside France is taken out of every group in proportion.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 0.2–0.3%, Corporate tax × (1 − Share of French companies' equity held outside France ÷ 100)- From
- Top 0.2–0.3%, Corporate tax €2bn, estimated
- Share of French companies' equity held outside France 20.2%, estimated
- Result
- €1.6 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.2–0.3%, Pension contributions
€3.2bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
Calculation
- Computed as
Pension contributions × Top 0.2–0.3%, Pension contributions ÷ All groups, Pension contributions- From
- Pension contributions €293bn, estimated
- Top 0.2–0.3%, Pension contributions €3.6bn, estimated
- All groups, Pension contributions €328.7bn, estimated
- Result
- €3.2 billion
Why believe this?
Living standard at P99.8, constant 2024 euros, a month
€19,200EstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- The yearly amount divided by twelve, rounded to a hundred euros.
Calculation
- Computed as
Living standard at P99.8, constant 2024 euros ÷ 12, rounded to €100- From
- Living standard at P99.8, constant 2024 euros €230,554, estimated
- Result
- €19,200
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, people
78,339EstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Individuals of all ages, as Insee counts them in its distributional accounts.
Calculation
- Computed as
(Everyone, Individuals, millions, Insee × (upper percentile − lower percentile) ÷ 100) × 1,000,000- From
- Everyone, Individuals, millions, Insee 68.4, estimated
- Rank above which people hold 4% of income 99.8, estimated
- Rank above which people hold 2% of income 100, estimated
- Result
- 78,339
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, Social care and housing aid
€60.3mEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Care for dependent elderly and disabled people, childcare and other social action, housing benefits and the energy cheque, and the running costs of social security, received in kind.
Calculation
- Computed as
Social care and housing aid × Top 0.04–0.2%, Social care and housing aid ÷ All groups, Social care and housing aid- From
- Social care and housing aid €113.4bn, estimated
- Top 0.04–0.2%, Social care and housing aid €61.8m, estimated
- All groups, Social care and housing aid €116.3bn, estimated
- Result
- €0.1 billion
Why believe this?
All groups, Subsidies on products
€32bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 33%, Subsidies on products + Bottom 33–49%, Subsidies on products + Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Subsidies on products + Top 29–39%, Subsidies on products + Top 20–29%, Subsidies on products + Top 13–20%, Subsidies on products + Top 7.9–13%, Subsidies on products + Top 3.5–7.9%, Subsidies on products + Top 0.9–3.5%, Subsidies on products + Top 0.6–0.9%, Subsidies on products + Top 0.3–0.6%, Subsidies on products + Top 0.2–0.3%, Subsidies on products + Top 0.04–0.2%, Subsidies on products + Top 0.04%, Subsidies on products- From
- Bottom 33%, Subsidies on products €9.7bn, estimated
- Bottom 33–49%, Subsidies on products €4.7bn, estimated
- Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Subsidies on products €3.8bn, estimated
- Top 29–39%, Subsidies on products €3.2bn, estimated
- Top 20–29%, Subsidies on products €2.8bn, estimated
- Top 13–20%, Subsidies on products €2.4bn, estimated
- Top 7.9–13%, Subsidies on products €1.9bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Subsidies on products €1.4bn, estimated
- Top 0.9–3.5%, Subsidies on products €1bn, estimated
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Subsidies on products €201m, estimated
- Top 0.3–0.6%, Subsidies on products €201m, estimated
- Top 0.2–0.3%, Subsidies on products €200m, estimated
- Top 0.04–0.2%, Subsidies on products €199m, estimated
- Top 0.04%, Subsidies on products €194m, estimated
- Result
- €32.0 billion
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Subsidies on production, below P95
€2.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 21 “Subventions sur la production (aides à l'apprentissage, aides sectorielles, etc.)”, column U (0.5730 × V19), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 21, V19: 4.1
- As published
- €2.3 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.3–0.6%, Subsidies on production
€644mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Subsidies on production × ∫ level^e over P99.4036–99.6595 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0837), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.479), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Subsidies on production €7.7bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €0.6 billion
Why believe this?
All groups, Pensions
€397.8bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 33%, Pensions + Bottom 33–49%, Pensions + Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Pensions + Top 29–39%, Pensions + Top 20–29%, Pensions + Top 13–20%, Pensions + Top 7.9–13%, Pensions + Top 3.5–7.9%, Pensions + Top 0.9–3.5%, Pensions + Top 0.6–0.9%, Pensions + Top 0.3–0.6%, Pensions + Top 0.2–0.3%, Pensions + Top 0.04–0.2%, Pensions + Top 0.04%, Pensions- From
- Bottom 33%, Pensions €79.8bn, estimated
- Bottom 33–49%, Pensions €58.8bn, estimated
- Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Pensions €53.4bn, estimated
- Top 29–39%, Pensions €45.6bn, estimated
- Top 20–29%, Pensions €40bn, estimated
- Top 13–20%, Pensions €34.8bn, estimated
- Top 7.9–13%, Pensions €31.7bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Pensions €28.1bn, estimated
- Top 0.9–3.5%, Pensions €18.9bn, estimated
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Pensions €2.4bn, estimated
- Top 0.3–0.6%, Pensions €1.9bn, estimated
- Top 0.2–0.3%, Pensions €1.4bn, estimated
- Top 0.04–0.2%, Pensions €834m, estimated
- Top 0.04%, Pensions €290m, estimated
- Result
- €397.8 billion
Why believe this?
Top 20–29%, Unemployment benefits
€2.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 32 “Allocations chômage”, columns Q and R (0.7176 × V15 + 0.9469 × V16), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 32, V15: 1.8; row 32, V16: 1.6
- As published
- €2.8 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 20–29%, Other cash benefits
€9.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 33 “Autres revenus de remplacement (IJ, ATMP)”; 34 “Famille”; 35 “Exclusion sociale”; 36 “Invalidité”; 37 “Remboursements des contrats collectifs de complémentaires santé”, columns Q and R (0.7176 × V15 + 0.9469 × V16), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 33, V15: 2.4; row 33, V16: 2.6; row 34, V15: 0.8; row 34, V16: 0.8; row 35, V15: 0.5; row 35, V16: 0.4; row 36, V15: 1; row 36, V16: 1.2; row 37, V15: 1.1; row 37, V16: 1.1
- As published
- €9.9 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Other cash benefits
€66.8mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Other cash benefits × ∫ level^e over P99.9602–100 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0080), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.479), e = 0.00: the same per person, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Other cash benefits €8.4bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €0.1 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, Health care
€226mEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.
Calculation
- Computed as
Health care × Top 0.04–0.2%, Health care ÷ All groups, Health care- From
- Health care €261.2bn, estimated
- Top 0.04–0.2%, Health care €181m, estimated
- All groups, Health care €209.4bn, estimated
- Result
- €0.2 billion
Why believe this?
Top 20–29%, Health care
€13bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 40 “Santé”, columns Q and R (0.7176 × V15 + 0.9469 × V16), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 40, V15: 7.8; row 40, V16: 7.8
- As published
- €13.0 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
All groups, Education
€128.1bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 33%, Education + Bottom 33–49%, Education + Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Education + Top 29–39%, Education + Top 20–29%, Education + Top 13–20%, Education + Top 7.9–13%, Education + Top 3.5–7.9%, Education + Top 0.9–3.5%, Education + Top 0.6–0.9%, Education + Top 0.3–0.6%, Education + Top 0.2–0.3%, Education + Top 0.04–0.2%, Education + Top 0.04%, Education- From
- Bottom 33%, Education €53bn, estimated
- Bottom 33–49%, Education €19.7bn, estimated
- Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Education €14.3bn, estimated
- Top 29–39%, Education €11bn, estimated
- Top 20–29%, Education €9bn, estimated
- Top 13–20%, Education €7.3bn, estimated
- Top 7.9–13%, Education €5.6bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Education €4.5bn, estimated
- Top 0.9–3.5%, Education €2.8bn, estimated
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Education €344m, estimated
- Top 0.3–0.6%, Education €271m, estimated
- Top 0.2–0.3%, Education €197m, estimated
- Top 0.04–0.2%, Education €121m, estimated
- Top 0.04%, Education €42.2m, estimated
- Result
- €128.1 billion
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Education
€4.5bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 3.5–7.9%, Education, below P95 + Top 3.5–7.9%, Education, above P95- From
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Education, below P95 €2.9bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Education, above P95 €1.6bn, estimated
- Result
- €4.5 billion
Why believe this?
Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Culture and leisure
€6.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 43 “Culture et loisirs”, columns L and M and N and O (0.2087 × V10 + 1.0000 × V11 + 1.0000 × V12 + 0.2689 × V13), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 43, V10: 2.6; row 43, V11: 2.6; row 43, V12: 2.6; row 43, V13: 2.6
- As published
- €6.4 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Collective services
€91.5mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Defence, police, justice, general administration and other collective spending, spread over people, net of other transfers and of balances with the rest of the world, which are small and negative overall.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Collective services × ∫ level^e over P99.9602–100 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0080), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.479), e = 0.00: the same per person, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Collective services €11.5bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €0.1 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, Subsidies on production
€897mEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.
Calculation
- Computed as
Subsidies on production × Top 0.04–0.2%, Subsidies on production ÷ All groups, Subsidies on production- From
- Subsidies on production €53.4bn, estimated
- Top 0.04–0.2%, Subsidies on production €642m, estimated
- All groups, Subsidies on production €38.2bn, estimated
- Result
- €0.9 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, Pensions
€817mEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.
Calculation
- Computed as
Pensions × Top 0.04–0.2%, Pensions ÷ All groups, Pensions- From
- Pensions €389.8bn, estimated
- Top 0.04–0.2%, Pensions €834m, estimated
- All groups, Pensions €397.8bn, estimated
- Result
- €0.8 billion
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Taxes on products, above P95
€5.4bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Taxes on products × ∫ level^e over P95–96.4785 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.1630), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.642), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Taxes on products €33.3bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.6, estimated
- Result
- €5.4 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.3–0.6%, Taxes on products
€2.5bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Taxes on products × ∫ level^e over P99.4036–99.6595 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0764), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.642), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Taxes on products €33.3bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.6, estimated
- Result
- €2.5 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, CSG
€2.7bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.
Calculation
- Computed as
CSG × Top 0.04–0.2%, CSG ÷ All groups, CSG- From
- CSG €153.4bn, estimated
- Top 0.04–0.2%, CSG €2.6bn, estimated
- All groups, CSG €147.2bn, estimated
- Result
- €2.7 billion
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Net financial income, below P95
€8.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Interest, dividends and other property income households receive, less the interest they pay.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 8 “Revenus financiers nets (intérêts, dividendes, etc.)”, column U (0.5730 × V19), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 8, V19: 15.6
- As published
- €8.9 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Rents, actual and imputed
€19.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Rents landlords receive and the rent owner-occupiers are deemed to pay themselves, net of costs.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 9 “Loyers réels et imputés aux propriétaires”, columns L and M and N and O (0.2087 × V10 + 1.0000 × V11 + 1.0000 × V12 + 0.2689 × V13), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 9, V10: 7.1; row 9, V11: 7.6; row 9, V12: 8.4; row 9, V13: 8.7
- As published
- €19.8 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 7.9–13%, Other taxes on income and wealth
€2.5bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 25 “Autres impôts sur les revenus et le patrimoine (TH, ISF/IFI, CRDS, etc.)”, columns T and U (0.6753 × V18 + 0.4270 × V19), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 25, V18: -1.9; row 25, V19: -2.9
- As published
- €2.5 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.3–0.6%, Other taxes on income and wealth
€672mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Other taxes on income and wealth × ∫ level^e over P99.4036–99.6595 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0764), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.642), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Other taxes on income and wealth €8.8bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.6, estimated
- Result
- €0.7 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 33–49%, Pension contributions
€36.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 26 “Cotisations sociales retraite1”, columns I and J and K and L (0.3399 × V7 + 1.0000 × V8 + 1.0000 × V9 + 0.7913 × V10), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 26, V7: -9.3; row 26, V8: -10.9; row 26, V9: -12; row 26, V10: -12.9
- As published
- €36.3 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 13–20%, Pension contributions
€35.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 26 “Cotisations sociales retraite1”, columns R and S and T (0.0531 × V16 + 1.0000 × V17 + 0.3247 × V18), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 26, V16: -22.9; row 26, V17: -25; row 26, V18: -29.7
- As published
- €35.9 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, Other contributions
€3.6bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.
Calculation
- Computed as
Other contributions × Top 0.04–0.2%, Other contributions ÷ All groups, Other contributions- From
- Other contributions €190.6bn, estimated
- Top 0.04–0.2%, Other contributions €4bn, estimated
- All groups, Other contributions €214bn, estimated
- Result
- €3.6 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, profits kept in companies, monthly equivalent per resident, 2023 data
€215,850EstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 0.04%, Profits kept in companies × 10⁹ ÷ Top 0.04%, people ÷ 12- From
- Top 0.04%, Profits kept in companies €70.5bn, estimated
- Top 0.04%, people 27,208, estimated
- Result
- €215,850
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Profits kept in companies
€70.5bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The part of companies' profits that is not paid out, attributed to the households that own them.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Profits kept in companies × ∫ level^e over P99.9602–100 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.7796), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.94: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20- From
- Top 5%, Profits kept in companies €90.4bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- V19, Profits des entreprises non distribués aux ménages (B), Insee €10.5bn, estimated
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn, estimated
- V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- V20, Profits des entreprises non distribués aux ménages (B), Insee €90.4bn, estimated
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn, estimated
- V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- Result
- €70.5 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, received a month per person
€7,830EstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 0.04%, transfers received × 10⁹ ÷ Top 0.04%, people ÷ 12- From
- Top 0.04%, transfers received €2.6bn, estimated
- Top 0.04%, people 27,208, estimated
- Result
- €7,830
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Subsidies on products
€449mEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.
Calculation
- Computed as
Subsidies on products × Top 0.04%, Subsidies on products ÷ All groups, Subsidies on products- From
- Subsidies on products €44.6bn, estimated
- Top 0.04%, Subsidies on products €322m, estimated
- All groups, Subsidies on products €32bn, estimated
- Result
- €0.4 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Other cash benefits
€65.5mEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.
Calculation
- Computed as
Other cash benefits × Top 0.04%, Other cash benefits ÷ All groups, Other cash benefits- From
- Other cash benefits €144.7bn, estimated
- Top 0.04%, Other cash benefits €66.8m, estimated
- All groups, Other cash benefits €147.6bn, estimated
- Result
- €0.1 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Subsidies on products
€70.6mEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.
Calculation
- Computed as
Subsidies on products × Top 0.04%, Subsidies on products ÷ All groups, Subsidies on products- From
- Subsidies on products €44.6bn, estimated
- Top 0.04%, Subsidies on products €50.6m, estimated
- All groups, Subsidies on products €32bn, estimated
- Result
- €0.1 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Education
€48.9mEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.
Calculation
- Computed as
Education × Top 0.04%, Education ÷ All groups, Education- From
- Education €148.6bn, estimated
- Top 0.04%, Education €42.2m, estimated
- All groups, Education €128.1bn, estimated
- Result
- €0.0 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Corporate tax
€46.5bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
Calculation
- Computed as
Corporate tax × Top 0.04%, Corporate tax ÷ All groups, Corporate tax- From
- Corporate tax €81.2bn, estimated
- Top 0.04%, Corporate tax €44.7bn, estimated
- All groups, Corporate tax €78.1bn, estimated
- Result
- €46.5 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Taxes on production
€1.8bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
Calculation
- Computed as
Taxes on production × Top 0.04%, Taxes on production ÷ All groups, Taxes on production- From
- Taxes on production €130.7bn, estimated
- Top 0.04%, Taxes on production €1.8bn, estimated
- All groups, Taxes on production €127.9bn, estimated
- Result
- €1.8 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Income tax
€4.3bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
Calculation
- Computed as
Income tax × Top 0.04%, Income tax ÷ All groups, Income tax- From
- Income tax €105.8bn, estimated
- Top 0.04%, Income tax €4.1bn, estimated
- All groups, Income tax €101.5bn, estimated
- Result
- €4.3 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Pension contributions
€4.3bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
Calculation
- Computed as
Pension contributions × Top 0.04%, Pension contributions ÷ All groups, Pension contributions- From
- Pension contributions €293bn, estimated
- Top 0.04%, Pension contributions €4.8bn, estimated
- All groups, Pension contributions €328.7bn, estimated
- Result
- €4.3 billion
Why believe this?
Share of net borrowing from other lenders in France
38.1%EstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- A holder's net take-up of public debt over the year, as a share of all holders': the change in its holdings at face value.
- Caveat
- Net take-up at face value: the change in what each sector holds over the year, which also moves when bonds change hands between sectors. Eurostat does not publish government debt transactions by holder; changes at face value carry no market revaluation, so they are the closest published measure. The total change in debt differs from the deficit by the stock-flow adjustment (cash buffers, premiums and discounts at issue), so the shares, not the amounts, are applied to the deficit.
Calculation
- Computed as
((Public debt held in France, end 2024 − Public debt held in France, end 2023) − (Public debt held by the central bank, end 2024 − Public debt held by the central bank, end 2023)) ÷ (Public debt, all holders, end 2024 − Public debt, all holders, end 2023) × 100- From
- Result
- 38.1%
Why believe this?
Top 29–39%, levies through companies
€49.7bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Taxes on products and on production and corporate tax that companies hand over but whose incidence Insee attributes to the group.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 29–39%, Taxes on products + Top 29–39%, Taxes on production + Top 29–39%, Corporate tax- From
- Top 29–39%, Taxes on products €33.9bn, estimated
- Top 29–39%, Taxes on production €14.4bn, estimated
- Top 29–39%, Corporate tax €1.3bn, estimated
- Result
- €49.7 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, levies through companies
€8.6bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Taxes on products and on production and corporate tax that companies hand over but whose incidence Insee attributes to the group.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 0.04–0.2%, Taxes on products + Top 0.04–0.2%, Taxes on production + Top 0.04–0.2%, Corporate tax- From
- Top 0.04–0.2%, Taxes on products €2.7bn, estimated
- Top 0.04–0.2%, Taxes on production €1.9bn, estimated
- Top 0.04–0.2%, Corporate tax €4bn, estimated
- Result
- €8.6 billion