Official figures and this site's calculations

Why believe this?

Figures of one view and year of the diagram, with their sources and how they were computed, each under its own anchor. Back to Public money.

17 parts: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

Why believe this?

Economic income of P99.9998–100, 2016

€47.6bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2016

Definition

What it counts: Households above the threshold times their average economic income.

Calculation

Computed as

Tax households above P99.9998, 2016 × Average economic income above P99.9998, 2016 ÷ 10⁹

From

Tax households above P99.9998, 2016 75
Average economic income above P99.9998, 2016 €634,504,000, estimated

Result

€47.6 billion

Why believe this?

V19, Extended primary income, Insee

€218.2bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Income before any public transfer: labour income with all social contributions, property and self-employment income, retained profits attributed to owners and a share of public bodies' primary income.
Caveat: Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.

Where it comes from

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 14 “Revenu primaire élargi (D=A+B+C)”, column U (V19)
Published: 16 April 2026
As published: €218.2 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 0.3–0.6%, Taxes on products

€2.4bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts: VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
Caveat: Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as

Top 5%, Taxes on products × ∫ level^e over P99.4036–99.6595 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0730), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.62: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20

From

Top 5%, Taxes on products €33.3bn, estimated
Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
V19, Taxes on products, Insee €19.9bn, estimated
V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn, estimated
V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
V20, Taxes on products, Insee €33.3bn, estimated
V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn, estimated
V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated

Result

€2.4 billion

Why believe this?

Household consumption on the territory

€1,497bnObserved2023

Definition

What it counts: Final consumption of households on the economic territory, domestic concept (ESA P31, S14), current prices.

Where it comes from

Source: Eurostat, dataset nama_10_fcs (browse the table)
Exact cell: geo=FR unit=CP_MEUR na_item=P31_S14_DC time=2023 · query this cell
As published: €1,496,572.9 million
Dataset version: updated 2026-10-13, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation: Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

Top 29–39%, Taxes on production

€14.1bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.

Where it comes from

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 20 “Taxes sur la production (taxes patronales, TF, etc.)”, columns O and P and Q (0.7311 × V13 + 1.0000 × V14 + 0.2824 × V15), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 20, V13: -6.7; row 20, V14: -7; row 20, V15: -7.9
As published: €14.1 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 0.04%, Corporate tax

€36.4bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts: Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
Caveat: Insee attributes the whole amount to residents; the part falling outside France is taken out of every group in proportion.

Calculation

Computed as

Top 0.04%, Corporate tax × (1 − Share of French companies' equity held outside France ÷ 100)

From

Top 0.04%, Corporate tax €45.5bn, estimated
Share of French companies' equity held outside France 20%, estimated

Result

€36.4 billion

Why believe this?

CSG

€147.3bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.

Where it comes from

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 23 “Contribution sociale généralisée (CSG)”, column B (Ensemble)
Published: 16 April 2026
As published: €147.3 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 33–49%, CSG

€16.3bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.

Where it comes from

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 23 “Contribution sociale généralisée (CSG)”, columns I and J and K and L (0.3399 × V7 + 1.0000 × V8 + 1.0000 × V9 + 0.7913 × V10), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 23, V7: -4.3; row 23, V8: -4.9; row 23, V9: -5.3; row 23, V10: -5.8
As published: €16.3 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 5%, Net financial income

€62.3bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Interest, dividends and other property income households receive, less the interest they pay.

Where it comes from

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 8 “Revenus financiers nets (intérêts, dividendes, etc.)”, column V (V20)
Published: 16 April 2026
As published: €62.3 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 33%, Income tax

€2.9bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.

Where it comes from

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 24 “Impôt sur le revenu (IR)”, columns C and D and E and F and G and H and I (1.0000 × V1 + 1.0000 × V2 + 1.0000 × V3 + 1.0000 × V4 + 1.0000 × V5 + 1.0000 × V6 + 0.6601 × V7), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 24, V1: -2.7; row 24, V2: 0; row 24, V3: 0; row 24, V4: -0.1; row 24, V5: 0; row 24, V6: 0; row 24, V7: -0.2
As published: €2.9 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Income tax

€3.3bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.

Where it comes from

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 24 “Impôt sur le revenu (IR)”, columns L and M and N and O (0.2087 × V10 + 1.0000 × V11 + 1.0000 × V12 + 0.2689 × V13), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 24, V10: -0.7; row 24, V11: -1.1; row 24, V12: -1.5; row 24, V13: -1.9
As published: €3.3 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 3.5–7.9%, Income tax, above P95

€5.6bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts: Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
Caveat: Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as

Top 5%, Income tax × ∫ level^e over P95–96.4785 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.1125), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.37: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20

From

Top 5%, Income tax €49.4bn, estimated
Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
V19, Income tax, Insee €15.9bn, estimated
V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn, estimated
V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
V20, Income tax, Insee €49.4bn, estimated
V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn, estimated
V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated

Result

€5.6 billion

Why believe this?

Other taxes on income and wealth

€24.7bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts: Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
Caveat: Estimated for this page: both years are put on the general-government perimeter (Eurostat S13). Each Insee item is scaled to Eurostat's total of its category for the year, split between the items of the category and between groups as Insee's 2023 accounts split it. Insee's own 2023 levels are wider in places (firms' collective pension and health schemes) and COFOG counts spending gross of the fees that finance part of it; the evidence panels show both.

Calculation

Computed as

Taxes on income and wealth × Other taxes on income and wealth ÷ Insee items in ESA D5, taxes on income and wealth

From

Taxes on income and wealth €357.2bn
Other taxes on income and wealth €24.3bn, estimated
Insee items in ESA D5, taxes on income and wealth €351.2bn, estimated

Result

€24.7 billion

Why believe this?

All groups, Other taxes on income and wealth

€24.1bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts: The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.

Calculation

Computed as

Bottom 33%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Bottom 33–49%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Other taxes on income and wealth + Top 29–39%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Top 20–29%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Top 13–20%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Top 7.9–13%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Top 3.5–7.9%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Top 0.9–3.5%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Top 0.6–0.9%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Top 0.3–0.6%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Top 0.2–0.3%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Top 0.04–0.2%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Top 0.04%, Other taxes on income and wealth

From

Bottom 33%, Other taxes on income and wealth €1.8bn, estimated
Bottom 33–49%, Other taxes on income and wealth €1.7bn, estimated
Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Other taxes on income and wealth €1.8bn, estimated
Top 29–39%, Other taxes on income and wealth €1.8bn, estimated
Top 20–29%, Other taxes on income and wealth €1.9bn, estimated
Top 13–20%, Other taxes on income and wealth €2.1bn, estimated
Top 7.9–13%, Other taxes on income and wealth €2.5bn, estimated
Top 3.5–7.9%, Other taxes on income and wealth €2.7bn, estimated
Top 0.9–3.5%, Other taxes on income and wealth €2.9bn, estimated
Top 0.6–0.9%, Other taxes on income and wealth €681m, estimated
Top 0.3–0.6%, Other taxes on income and wealth €738m, estimated
Top 0.2–0.3%, Other taxes on income and wealth €823m, estimated
Top 0.04–0.2%, Other taxes on income and wealth €976m, estimated
Top 0.04%, Other taxes on income and wealth €1.6bn, estimated

Result

€24.1 billion

Why believe this?

Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Other taxes on income and wealth

€1.8bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.

Where it comes from

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 25 “Autres impôts sur les revenus et le patrimoine (TH, ISF/IFI, CRDS, etc.)”, columns L and M and N and O (0.2087 × V10 + 1.0000 × V11 + 1.0000 × V12 + 0.2689 × V13), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 25, V10: -0.6; row 25, V11: -0.7; row 25, V12: -0.8; row 25, V13: -0.8
As published: €1.8 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 0.04%, Pension contributions

€1.7bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts: Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
Caveat: Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as

Top 5%, Pension contributions × ∫ level^e over P99.9602–100 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0303), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.57: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20

From

Top 5%, Pension contributions €57.3bn, estimated
Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
V19, Pension contributions, Insee €35.7bn, estimated
V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn, estimated
V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
V20, Pension contributions, Insee €57.3bn, estimated
V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn, estimated
V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated

Result

€1.7 billion

Why believe this?

All groups, Pension contributions

€328.7bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts: The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.

Calculation

Computed as

Bottom 33%, Pension contributions + Bottom 33–49%, Pension contributions + Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Pension contributions + Top 29–39%, Pension contributions + Top 20–29%, Pension contributions + Top 13–20%, Pension contributions + Top 7.9–13%, Pension contributions + Top 3.5–7.9%, Pension contributions + Top 0.9–3.5%, Pension contributions + Top 0.6–0.9%, Pension contributions + Top 0.3–0.6%, Pension contributions + Top 0.2–0.3%, Pension contributions + Top 0.04–0.2%, Pension contributions + Top 0.04%, Pension contributions

From

Bottom 33%, Pension contributions €34.5bn, estimated
Bottom 33–49%, Pension contributions €36.3bn, estimated
Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Pension contributions €35.8bn, estimated
Top 29–39%, Pension contributions €36.7bn, estimated
Top 20–29%, Pension contributions €36.5bn, estimated
Top 13–20%, Pension contributions €35.9bn, estimated
Top 7.9–13%, Pension contributions €35.3bn, estimated
Top 3.5–7.9%, Pension contributions €33.3bn, estimated
Top 0.9–3.5%, Pension contributions €27.6bn, estimated
Top 0.6–0.9%, Pension contributions €4.5bn, estimated
Top 0.3–0.6%, Pension contributions €4.1bn, estimated
Top 0.2–0.3%, Pension contributions €3.6bn, estimated
Top 0.04–0.2%, Pension contributions €2.9bn, estimated
Top 0.04%, Pension contributions €1.7bn, estimated

Result

€328.7 billion

Why believe this?

Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Pension contributions

€35.8bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.

Where it comes from

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 26 “Cotisations sociales retraite1”, columns L and M and N and O (0.2087 × V10 + 1.0000 × V11 + 1.0000 × V12 + 0.2689 × V13), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 26, V10: -12.9; row 26, V11: -13.8; row 26, V12: -14.6; row 26, V13: -17.5
As published: €35.8 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 0.04%, levies paid

€22.4bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts: Every levy attributed to the group, gross of subsidies.

Calculation

Computed as

Top 0.04%, Taxes on products + Top 0.04%, Taxes on production + Top 0.04%, Corporate tax + Top 0.04%, CSG on earnings and benefits + Top 0.04%, CSG on capital income + Top 0.04%, Income tax + Top 0.04%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Top 0.04%, Pension contributions + Top 0.04%, Other contributions

From

Top 0.04%, Taxes on products €2.6bn, estimated
Top 0.04%, Taxes on production €1.8bn, estimated
Top 0.04%, Corporate tax €3.8bn, estimated
Top 0.04%, CSG on earnings and benefits €2bn, estimated
Top 0.04%, CSG on capital income €436m, estimated
Top 0.04%, Income tax €4.1bn, estimated
Top 0.04%, Other taxes on income and wealth €728m, estimated
Top 0.04%, Pension contributions €3.9bn, estimated
Top 0.04%, Other contributions €3.1bn, estimated

Result

€22.4 billion

Why believe this?

Top 29–39%, Taxes on production

€14.1bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.

Where it comes from

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 20 “Taxes sur la production (taxes patronales, TF, etc.)”, columns O and P and Q (0.7311 × V13 + 1.0000 × V14 + 0.2824 × V15), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 20, V13: -6.7; row 20, V14: -7; row 20, V15: -7.9
As published: €14.1 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 3.5–7.9%, Taxes on production, above P95

€3.7bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts: Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
Caveat: Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as

Top 5%, Taxes on production × ∫ level^e over P95–96.4785 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.1668), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.479), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure

From

Top 5%, Taxes on production €22.2bn, estimated
Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated

Result

€3.7 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.04–0.2%, Taxes on production

€1.8bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts: Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
Caveat: Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as

Top 5%, Taxes on production × ∫ level^e over P99.8457–99.9602 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0828), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.479), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure

From

Top 5%, Taxes on production €22.2bn, estimated
Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated

Result

€1.8 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.04%, Corporate tax

€4.6bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts: Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
Caveat: Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as

Top 5%, Corporate tax × ∫ level^e over P99.9602–100 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0807), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.479), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure

From

Top 5%, Corporate tax €57.4bn, estimated
Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated

Result

€4.6 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.9–3.5%, Taxes on products

€13.9bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts: VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
Caveat: Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as

Top 5%, Taxes on products × ∫ level^e over P96.4785–99.0795 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.4167), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure

From

Top 5%, Taxes on products €33.3bn, estimated
Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated

Result

€13.9 billion

Why believe this?

Top 13–20%, Taxes on production

€13.3bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.

Where it comes from

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 20 “Taxes sur la production (taxes patronales, TF, etc.)”, columns R and S and T (0.0531 × V16 + 1.0000 × V17 + 0.3247 × V18), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 20, V16: -8.6; row 20, V17: -9.3; row 20, V18: -11
As published: €13.3 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 0.9–3.5%, Corporate tax

€23.9bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts: Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
Caveat: Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as

Top 5%, Corporate tax × ∫ level^e over P96.4785–99.0795 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.4167), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure

From

Top 5%, Corporate tax €57.4bn, estimated
Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated

Result

€23.9 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.04%, Net financial income

€5.2bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts: Interest, dividends and other property income households receive, less the interest they pay.
Caveat: Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as

Top 5%, Net financial income × ∫ level^e over P99.9602–100 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure

From

Top 5%, Net financial income €62.3bn, estimated
Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated

Result

€5.2 billion

Why believe this?

Top 29–39%, Net financial income

€8bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Interest, dividends and other property income households receive, less the interest they pay.

Where it comes from

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 8 “Revenus financiers nets (intérêts, dividendes, etc.)”, columns O and P and Q (0.7311 × V13 + 1.0000 × V14 + 0.2824 × V15), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 8, V13: 3.4; row 8, V14: 4.1; row 8, V15: 4.9
As published: €8.0 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 13–20%, Net financial income

€10.8bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Interest, dividends and other property income households receive, less the interest they pay.

Where it comes from

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 8 “Revenus financiers nets (intérêts, dividendes, etc.)”, columns R and S and T (0.0531 × V16 + 1.0000 × V17 + 0.3247 × V18), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 8, V16: 5.6; row 8, V17: 7.4; row 8, V18: 9.6
As published: €10.8 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 0.3–0.6%, Net financial income

€5.2bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts: Interest, dividends and other property income households receive, less the interest they pay.
Caveat: Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as

Top 5%, Net financial income × ∫ level^e over P99.4036–99.6595 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure

From

Top 5%, Net financial income €62.3bn, estimated
Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated

Result

€5.2 billion

Why believe this?

Top 3.5–7.9%, Other contributions

€22.4bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts: Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.

Calculation

Computed as

Top 3.5–7.9%, Other contributions, below P95 + Top 3.5–7.9%, Other contributions, above P95

From

Top 3.5–7.9%, Other contributions, below P95 €14.9bn, estimated
Top 3.5–7.9%, Other contributions, above P95 €7.5bn, estimated

Result

€22.4 billion

Why believe this?

Housing and community amenities

€42.1bnObserved2024

Definition

What it counts: Housing development, community development, water supply and street lighting.

Where it comes from

Source: Eurostat, dataset gov_10a_exp (browse the table)
Exact cell: geo=FR unit=MIO_EUR sector=S13 na_item=TE cofog99=GF06 time=2024 · query this cell
As published: €42,128.6 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version: updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation: Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

EU contribution (VAT and GNI own resources)

€22.3bnObserved2024

Definition

What it counts: A transfer between French general government and the rest of the world, as Eurostat records it in the government accounts.

Where it comes from

Source: Eurostat, dataset gov_10a_main (browse the table)
Exact cell: geo=FR unit=MIO_EUR sector=S13 na_item=D76PAY time=2024 · query this cell
As published: €22,281.0 million
Dataset version: updated 2026-07-21, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation: Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

Bottom 33%, Subsidies on production

€5.6bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024

Definition

What it counts: Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.

Calculation

Computed as

Subsidies on production × Bottom 33%, Subsidies on production ÷ All groups, Subsidies on production

From

Subsidies on production €53.4bn, estimated
Bottom 33%, Subsidies on production €4bn, estimated
All groups, Subsidies on production €38.2bn, estimated

Result

€5.6 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.6–0.9%, Subsidies on production

€642mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts: Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.
Caveat: Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as

Top 5%, Subsidies on production × ∫ level^e over P99.0795–99.4036 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure

From

Top 5%, Subsidies on production €7.7bn, estimated
Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated

Result

€0.6 billion

Why believe this?

Pensions

€397.9bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.

Where it comes from

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 31 “Pensions de retraite”, column B (Ensemble)
Published: 16 April 2026
As published: €397.9 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 3.5–7.9%, Other cash benefits

€6.2bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts: Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.

Calculation

Computed as

Top 3.5–7.9%, Other cash benefits, below P95 + Top 3.5–7.9%, Other cash benefits, above P95

From

Top 3.5–7.9%, Other cash benefits, below P95 €3.7bn, estimated
Top 3.5–7.9%, Other cash benefits, above P95 €2.5bn, estimated

Result

€6.2 billion

Why believe this?

Health care

€261.2bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024

Definition

What it counts: Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.
Caveat: Estimated for this page: both years are put on the general-government perimeter (Eurostat S13). Each Insee item is scaled to Eurostat's total of its category for the year, split between the items of the category and between groups as Insee's 2023 accounts split it. Insee's own 2023 levels are wider in places (firms' collective pension and health schemes) and COFOG counts spending gross of the fees that finance part of it; the evidence panels show both.

Calculation

Computed as

Health × Health care ÷ Health care

From

Result

€261.2 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 33%, Health care

€78.8bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.

Where it comes from

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 40 “Santé”, columns C and D and E and F and G and H and I (1.0000 × V1 + 1.0000 × V2 + 1.0000 × V3 + 1.0000 × V4 + 1.0000 × V5 + 1.0000 × V6 + 0.6601 × V7), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 40, V1: 9.1; row 40, V2: 8.4; row 40, V3: 14.1; row 40, V4: 14.1; row 40, V5: 11.8; row 40, V6: 12.2; row 40, V7: 13.8
As published: €78.8 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 29–39%, Health care

€20.9bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.

Where it comes from

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 40 “Santé”, columns O and P and Q (0.7311 × V13 + 1.0000 × V14 + 0.2824 × V15), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 40, V13: 10.8; row 40, V14: 10.8; row 40, V15: 7.8
As published: €20.9 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 0.9–3.5%, Health care

€4.1bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts: Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.
Caveat: Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as

Top 5%, Health care × ∫ level^e over P96.4785–99.0795 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.5202), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.00: the same per person, as the top 5%'s structure

From

Top 5%, Health care €7.9bn, estimated
Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated

Result

€4.1 billion

Why believe this?

Top 29–39%, Education

€11bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.

Where it comes from

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 41 “Enseignement2”, columns O and P and Q (0.7311 × V13 + 1.0000 × V14 + 0.2824 × V15), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 41, V13: 5.6; row 41, V14: 5.3; row 41, V15: 5.7
As published: €11.0 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 29–39%, Social care and housing aid

€8.1bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Care for dependent elderly and disabled people, childcare and other social action, housing benefits and the energy cheque, and the running costs of social security, received in kind.

Where it comes from

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 42 “Action sociale (dépendance, handicap, petite enfance, etc.)”; 44 “Aides au logement et chèque énergie”; 45 “Frais de fonctionnement de la Sécurité sociale”, columns O and P and Q (0.7311 × V13 + 1.0000 × V14 + 0.2824 × V15), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 42, V13: 3.1; row 42, V14: 3.1; row 42, V15: 2.5; row 44, V13: 0.1; row 44, V14: 0.1; row 44, V15: 0.1; row 45, V13: 0.9; row 45, V14: 0.9; row 45, V15: 0.9
As published: €8.1 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 3.5–7.9%, Social care and housing aid, below P95

€1.6bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Care for dependent elderly and disabled people, childcare and other social action, housing benefits and the energy cheque, and the running costs of social security, received in kind.

Where it comes from

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 42 “Action sociale (dépendance, handicap, petite enfance, etc.)”; 44 “Aides au logement et chèque énergie”; 45 “Frais de fonctionnement de la Sécurité sociale”, column U (0.5730 × V19), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 42, V19: 1.7; row 44, V19: 0.1; row 45, V19: 1
As published: €1.6 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 0.9–3.5%, Culture and leisure

€1.4bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts: Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.
Caveat: Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as

Top 5%, Culture and leisure × ∫ level^e over P96.4785–99.0795 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.5202), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.00: the same per person, as the top 5%'s structure

From

Top 5%, Culture and leisure €2.6bn, estimated
Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated

Result

€1.4 billion

Why believe this?

All groups, Collective services

€239.5bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts: The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.

Calculation

Computed as

Bottom 33%, Collective services + Bottom 33–49%, Collective services + Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Collective services + Top 29–39%, Collective services + Top 20–29%, Collective services + Top 13–20%, Collective services + Top 7.9–13%, Collective services + Top 3.5–7.9%, Collective services + Top 0.9–3.5%, Collective services + Top 0.6–0.9%, Collective services + Top 0.3–0.6%, Collective services + Top 0.2–0.3%, Collective services + Top 0.04–0.2%, Collective services + Top 0.04%, Collective services

From

Bottom 33%, Collective services €83.4bn, estimated
Bottom 33–49%, Collective services €36.9bn, estimated
Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Collective services €28.9bn, estimated
Top 29–39%, Collective services €23.5bn, estimated
Top 20–29%, Collective services €19.2bn, estimated
Top 13–20%, Collective services €15.7bn, estimated
Top 7.9–13%, Collective services €13.4bn, estimated
Top 3.5–7.9%, Collective services €10.4bn, estimated
Top 0.9–3.5%, Collective services €6bn, estimated
Top 0.6–0.9%, Collective services €745m, estimated
Top 0.3–0.6%, Collective services €589m, estimated
Top 0.2–0.3%, Collective services €428m, estimated
Top 0.04–0.2%, Collective services €263m, estimated
Top 0.04%, Collective services €91.5m, estimated

Result

€239.5 billion

Why believe this?

Top 20–29%, Collective services

€19.2bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Defence, police, justice, general administration and other collective spending, spread over people, net of other transfers and of balances with the rest of the world, which are small and negative overall.

Where it comes from

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 46 “Autres transferts non monétaires”, columns Q and R (0.7176 × V15 + 0.9469 × V16), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 46, V15: 11.3; row 46, V16: 11.7
As published: €19.2 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Taxes on products

€325.4bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024

Definition

What it counts: VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
Caveat: Estimated for this page: both years are put on the general-government perimeter (Eurostat S13). Each Insee item is scaled to Eurostat's total of its category for the year, split between the items of the category and between groups as Insee's 2023 accounts split it. Insee's own 2023 levels are wider in places (firms' collective pension and health schemes) and COFOG counts spending gross of the fees that finance part of it; the evidence panels show both.

Calculation

Computed as

Taxes on production and imports × Taxes on products ÷ Insee items in ESA D2, taxes on production and imports

From

Taxes on production and imports €456.1bn
Taxes on products €318.6bn, estimated
Insee items in ESA D2, taxes on production and imports €446.6bn, estimated

Result

€325.4 billion

Why believe this?

Taxes on production and imports

€456.1bnObserved2024

Definition

What it counts: VAT, excise duties on energy, tobacco and alcohol, and taxes on payroll and on business property, as received by general government.

Where it comes from

Source: Eurostat, dataset gov_10a_main (browse the table)
Exact cell: geo=FR unit=MIO_EUR sector=S13 na_item=D2REC time=2024 · query this cell
As published: €456,133.0 million
Dataset version: updated 2026-07-21, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation: Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

Shares held by the rest of the world

€2,456bnObserved2024

Definition

What it counts: Listed and unlisted shares (ESA F51), at the end of the year, at market value or own funds for unlisted companies.

Where it comes from

Source: Eurostat, dataset nasa_10_f_bs (browse the table)
Exact cell: geo=FR unit=MIO_EUR co_nco=NCO sector=S2 finpos=ASS na_item=F51 time=2024 · query this cell
As published: €2,455,534.0 million
Dataset version: updated 2026-10-14, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation: Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

Bottom 33%, CSG on earnings and benefits

€13.2bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024

Definition

What it counts: The CSG on earnings, pensions and other replacement income, and on gaming: the CSG less its part on capital income.

Calculation

Computed as

Bottom 33%, CSG − Bottom 33%, CSG on capital income

From

Bottom 33%, CSG €15bn, estimated
Bottom 33%, CSG on capital income €1.9bn, estimated

Result

€13.2 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 33%, CSG on capital income

€1.9bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024

Definition

What it counts

The part of the CSG levied on capital income: interest, dividends, life insurance, rents and capital gains.

Competing figures

€1.1bn, the CSG on capital income by financial income alone. The same computation with another key for the CSG on capital income.
€1.7bn, the CSG on capital income by all capital income. The same computation with another key for the CSG on capital income.

Caveat

An allocation scenario: Insee attributes the whole CSG to each group but does not split it by base, and no source found gives the bases of the CSG on capital income by group. The CSG on investment income (interest, dividends, life insurance) is shared as Insee's net financial income. The CSG on property income is levied on rents landlords receive, capital gains and annuities; Insee's only row near it adds owner-occupiers' imputed rents, which pay no CSG, and holds no capital gains, so sharing it as that row is a convention. The alternatives share all of it as net financial income, or as the group's whole capital income.

Calculation

Computed as

CSG on capital income × Bottom 33%, share of the CSG on capital income ÷ 100

From

CSG on capital income €17.7bn, estimated
Bottom 33%, share of the CSG on capital income 10.6%, estimated

Result

€1.9 billion

Why believe this?

Capital income's share of the CSG, 2024

11.5%EstimatedCalculated by this site2024

Definition

What it counts: The CSG's yield on capital income over its yield on earnings, replacement income and capital income (CCSS); the CSG on gaming is left out.

Calculation

Computed as

CSG on capital income, 2024 ÷ (CSG on earnings, 2024 + CSG on replacement income, 2024 + CSG on capital income, 2024) × 100

From

CSG on capital income, 2024 €17.6bn, estimated
CSG on earnings, 2024 €108.2bn, estimated
CSG on replacement income, 2024 €27.4bn, estimated

Result

11.5%

Why believe this?

Top 29–39%, Pension contributions

€32.7bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024

Definition

What it counts: Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.

Calculation

Computed as

Pension contributions × Top 29–39%, Pension contributions ÷ All groups, Pension contributions

From

Pension contributions €293bn, estimated
Top 29–39%, Pension contributions €36.7bn, estimated
All groups, Pension contributions €328.7bn, estimated

Result

€32.7 billion

Why believe this?

Living standard at P71.4, constant 2024 euros

€34,400EstimatedCalculated by this site2024

Definition

What it counts: The living standard at this rank, interpolated linearly between Insee's two published thresholds around it.

Calculation

Computed as

Living standard at D7, constant 2024 euros + (Living standard at D8, constant 2024 euros − Living standard at D7, constant 2024 euros) × (71.4121 − 70) ÷ 10

From

Living standard at D7, constant 2024 euros €33,680, estimated
Living standard at D8, constant 2024 euros €38,780, estimated

Result

€34,400

Why believe this?

Top 20–29%, Education

€10.5bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024

Definition

What it counts: Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.

Calculation

Computed as

Education × Top 20–29%, Education ÷ All groups, Education

From

Education €148.6bn, estimated
Top 20–29%, Education €9bn, estimated
All groups, Education €128.1bn, estimated

Result

€10.5 billion

Why believe this?

Top 13–20%, rents, actual and imputed, monthly equivalent per resident, 2023 data

€290EstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts

The group's amount over its people, a month per person.

Competing figures

€290, Central. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
€290, a strict Pareto tail above P95. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
€290, a tail as concentrated as WID's ranking by own income. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
€290, each item along Insee's V19 to V20 gradient. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
€290, personal taxes, contributions and corporate tax along IPP's rates. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.

Calculation

Computed as

Top 13–20%, Rents, actual and imputed × 10⁹ ÷ Top 13–20%, people ÷ 12

From

Top 13–20%, Rents, actual and imputed €16.4bn, estimated
Top 13–20%, people 4.7 million, estimated

Result

€290

Why believe this?

Top 13–20%, Pensions

€34.1bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024

Definition

What it counts: Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.

Calculation

Computed as

Pensions × Top 13–20%, Pensions ÷ All groups, Pensions

From

Pensions €389.8bn, estimated
Top 13–20%, Pensions €34.8bn, estimated
All groups, Pensions €397.8bn, estimated

Result

€34.1 billion

Why believe this?

Top 13–20%, Collective services

€22bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024

Definition

What it counts: Defence, police, justice, general administration and other collective spending, spread over people, net of other transfers and of balances with the rest of the world, which are small and negative overall.

Calculation

Computed as

Collective services × Top 13–20%, Collective services ÷ All groups, Collective services

From

Collective services €335.7bn, estimated
Top 13–20%, Collective services €15.7bn, estimated
All groups, Collective services €239.5bn, estimated

Result

€22.0 billion

Why believe this?

Top 13–20%, CSG

€15.9bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024

Definition

What it counts: The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.

Calculation

Computed as

CSG × Top 13–20%, CSG ÷ All groups, CSG

From

Result

€15.9 billion

Why believe this?

Top 13–20%, Other taxes on income and wealth

€2.2bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024

Definition

What it counts: Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.

Calculation

Computed as

Other taxes on income and wealth × Top 13–20%, Other taxes on income and wealth ÷ All groups, Other taxes on income and wealth

From

Other taxes on income and wealth €25.3bn, estimated
Top 13–20%, Other taxes on income and wealth €2.1bn, estimated
All groups, Other taxes on income and wealth €24.1bn, estimated

Result

€2.2 billion

Why believe this?

Top 7.9–13%, Other cash benefits

€6.8bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024

Definition

What it counts: Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.

Calculation

Computed as

Other cash benefits × Top 7.9–13%, Other cash benefits ÷ All groups, Other cash benefits

From

Other cash benefits €144.7bn, estimated
Top 7.9–13%, Other cash benefits €6.9bn, estimated
All groups, Other cash benefits €147.6bn, estimated

Result

€6.8 billion

Why believe this?

Top 7.9–13%, levies paid

€125.7bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024

Definition

What it counts: Every levy attributed to the group, gross of subsidies.

Calculation

Computed as

Top 7.9–13%, Taxes on products + Top 7.9–13%, Taxes on production + Top 7.9–13%, Corporate tax + Top 7.9–13%, CSG on earnings and benefits + Top 7.9–13%, CSG on capital income + Top 7.9–13%, Income tax + Top 7.9–13%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Top 7.9–13%, Pension contributions + Top 7.9–13%, Other contributions

From

Top 7.9–13%, Taxes on products €22.5bn, estimated
Top 7.9–13%, Taxes on production €13.4bn, estimated
Top 7.9–13%, Corporate tax €3.8bn, estimated
Top 7.9–13%, CSG on earnings and benefits €14bn, estimated
Top 7.9–13%, CSG on capital income €1.7bn, estimated
Top 7.9–13%, Income tax €13.9bn, estimated
Top 7.9–13%, Other taxes on income and wealth €2.6bn, estimated
Top 7.9–13%, Pension contributions €31.5bn, estimated
Top 7.9–13%, Other contributions €22.3bn, estimated

Result

€125.7 billion

Why believe this?

Top 7.9–13%, share of the CSG on capital income

9.5%EstimatedCalculated by this site2024

Definition

What it counts: The group's part of the CSG on capital income: of the CSG on investment income, its share of net financial income; of the CSG on property income, its share of rents, actual and imputed (an allocation scenario).
Caveat: An allocation scenario: Insee attributes the whole CSG to each group but does not split it by base, and no source found gives the bases of the CSG on capital income by group. The CSG on investment income (interest, dividends, life insurance) is shared as Insee's net financial income. The CSG on property income is levied on rents landlords receive, capital gains and annuities; Insee's only row near it adds owner-occupiers' imputed rents, which pay no CSG, and holds no capital gains, so sharing it as that row is a convention. The alternatives share all of it as net financial income, or as the group's whole capital income.

Calculation

Computed as

(CSG on income from investments, 2024 × Top 7.9–13%, Net financial income ÷ All groups, Net financial income + CSG on income from property, 2024 × Top 7.9–13%, Rents, actual and imputed ÷ All groups, Rents, actual and imputed) ÷ (CSG on income from investments, 2024 + CSG on income from property, 2024) × 100

From

CSG on income from investments, 2024 €10.7bn, estimated
CSG on income from property, 2024 €6.9bn, estimated
Top 7.9–13%, Net financial income €13.1bn, estimated
All groups, Net financial income €133.9bn, estimated
Top 7.9–13%, Rents, actual and imputed €15.1bn, estimated
All groups, Rents, actual and imputed €166.8bn, estimated

Result

9.5%

Why believe this?

Living standard at P92.1, constant 2024 euros

€53,977EstimatedCalculated by this site2024

Definition

What it counts: The living standard at this rank, interpolated linearly between Insee's two published thresholds around it.

Calculation

Computed as

Living standard at D9, constant 2024 euros + (Living standard at C95, constant 2024 euros − Living standard at D9, constant 2024 euros) × (92.135 − 90) ÷ 5

From

Living standard at D9, constant 2024 euros €48,580, estimated
Living standard at C95, constant 2024 euros €61,220, estimated

Result

€53,977

Why believe this?

Top 3.5–7.9%, Unemployment benefits

€2.4bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024

Definition

What it counts: Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.

Calculation

Computed as

Unemployment benefits × Top 3.5–7.9%, Unemployment benefits ÷ All groups, Unemployment benefits

From

Unemployment benefits €45.2bn, estimated
Top 3.5–7.9%, Unemployment benefits €2.4bn, estimated
All groups, Unemployment benefits €45.8bn, estimated

Result

€2.4 billion

Why believe this?

Top 3.5–7.9%, Subsidies on products

€1.6bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts: Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.

Calculation

Computed as

Top 3.5–7.9%, Subsidies on products, below P95 + Top 3.5–7.9%, Subsidies on products, above P95

From

Top 3.5–7.9%, Subsidies on products, below P95 €974m, estimated
Top 3.5–7.9%, Subsidies on products, above P95 €588m, estimated

Result

€1.6 billion

Why believe this?

V19, Subsidies on production, Insee

€4.1bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.
Caveat: Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.

Where it comes from

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 21 “Subventions sur la production (aides à l'apprentissage, aides sectorielles, etc.)”, column U (V19)
Published: 16 April 2026
As published: €4.1 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 13–20%, Subsidies on production

€4bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.

Where it comes from

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 21 “Subventions sur la production (aides à l'apprentissage, aides sectorielles, etc.)”, columns R and S and T (0.0531 × V16 + 1.0000 × V17 + 0.3247 × V18), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 21, V16: 2.5; row 21, V17: 2.8; row 21, V18: 3.3
As published: €4.0 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 33%, Other cash benefits

€62.8bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.

Where it comes from

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 33 “Autres revenus de remplacement (IJ, ATMP)”; 34 “Famille”; 35 “Exclusion sociale”; 36 “Invalidité”; 37 “Remboursements des contrats collectifs de complémentaires santé”, columns C and D and E and F and G and H and I (1.0000 × V1 + 1.0000 × V2 + 1.0000 × V3 + 1.0000 × V4 + 1.0000 × V5 + 1.0000 × V6 + 0.6601 × V7), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 33, V1: 0.2; row 33, V2: 0.4; row 33, V3: 0.6; row 33, V4: 0.7; row 33, V5: 0.9; row 33, V6: 1; row 33, V7: 1.2; row 34, V1: 3.2; row 34, V2: 4; row 34, V3: 3.2; row 34, V4: 3; row 34, V5: 2.7; row 34, V6: 2.5; row 34, V7: 1.8; row 35, V1: 5.6; row 35, V2: 4.4; row 35, V3: 4.1; row 35, V4: 4.3; row 35, V5: 2.7; row 35, V6: 1.9; row 35, V7: 2; row 36, V1: 0.5; row 36, V2: 1.7; row 36, V3: 2.1; row 36, V4: 1.5; row 36, V5: 1.3; row 36, V6: 1.3; row 36, V7: 1.3; row 37, V1: 0.4; row 37, V2: 0.4; row 37, V3: 0.8; row 37, V4: 0.8; row 37, V5: 0.9; row 37, V6: 0.9; row 37, V7: 1
As published: €62.8 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 0.04%, Health care

€60.7mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts: Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.
Caveat: Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as

Top 5%, Health care × ∫ level^e over P99.9602–100 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0077), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = -0.02: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20

From

Top 5%, Health care €7.9bn, estimated
Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
V19, Health care, Insee €8bn, estimated
V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn, estimated
V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
V20, Health care, Insee €7.9bn, estimated
V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn, estimated
V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated

Result

€0.1 billion

Why believe this?

Top 20–29%, Education

€9bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.

Where it comes from

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 41 “Enseignement2”, columns Q and R (0.7176 × V15 + 0.9469 × V16), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 41, V15: 5.7; row 41, V16: 5.2
As published: €9.0 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 0.9–3.5%, Education

€2.7bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts: Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.
Caveat: Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as

Top 5%, Education × ∫ level^e over P96.4785–99.0795 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.5186), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.05: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20

From

Top 5%, Education €5.3bn, estimated
Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
V19, Education, Insee €5.1bn, estimated
V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn, estimated
V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
V20, Education, Insee €5.3bn, estimated
V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn, estimated
V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated

Result

€2.7 billion

Why believe this?

Top 3.5–7.9%, Social care and housing aid, above P95

€812mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts: Care for dependent elderly and disabled people, childcare and other social action, housing benefits and the energy cheque, and the running costs of social security, received in kind.
Caveat: Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as

Top 5%, Social care and housing aid × ∫ level^e over P95–96.4785 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.3008), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = -0.04: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20

From

Top 5%, Social care and housing aid €2.7bn, estimated
Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
V19, Action sociale (dépendance, handicap, petite enfance, etc.), Insee €1.7bn, estimated
V19, Aides au logement et chèque énergie, Insee €100m, estimated
V19, Frais de fonctionnement de la Sécurité sociale, Insee €1bn, estimated
V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn, estimated
V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
V20, Action sociale (dépendance, handicap, petite enfance, etc.), Insee €1.5bn, estimated
V20, Aides au logement et chèque énergie, Insee €100m, estimated
V20, Frais de fonctionnement de la Sécurité sociale, Insee €1.1bn, estimated
V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn, estimated
V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated

Result

€0.8 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.3–0.6%, Social care and housing aid

€134mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts: Care for dependent elderly and disabled people, childcare and other social action, housing benefits and the energy cheque, and the running costs of social security, received in kind.
Caveat: Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as

Top 5%, Social care and housing aid × ∫ level^e over P99.4036–99.6595 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0497), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = -0.04: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20

From

Top 5%, Social care and housing aid €2.7bn, estimated
Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
V19, Action sociale (dépendance, handicap, petite enfance, etc.), Insee €1.7bn, estimated
V19, Aides au logement et chèque énergie, Insee €100m, estimated
V19, Frais de fonctionnement de la Sécurité sociale, Insee €1bn, estimated
V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn, estimated
V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
V20, Action sociale (dépendance, handicap, petite enfance, etc.), Insee €1.5bn, estimated
V20, Aides au logement et chèque énergie, Insee €100m, estimated
V20, Frais de fonctionnement de la Sécurité sociale, Insee €1.1bn, estimated
V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn, estimated
V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated

Result

€0.1 billion

Why believe this?

V20, Culture and leisure, Insee

€2.6bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.
Caveat: Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.

Where it comes from

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 43 “Culture et loisirs”, column V (V20)
Published: 16 April 2026
As published: €2.6 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 0.6–0.9%, Culture and leisure

€169mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts: Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.
Caveat: Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as

Top 5%, Culture and leisure × ∫ level^e over P99.0795–99.4036 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0648), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.00: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20

From

Top 5%, Culture and leisure €2.6bn, estimated
Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
V19, Culture and leisure, Insee €2.6bn, estimated
V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn, estimated
V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
V20, Culture and leisure, Insee €2.6bn, estimated
V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn, estimated
V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated

Result

€0.2 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.9–3.5%, Corporate tax

€13.9bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts: Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
Caveat: Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as

Top 5%, Corporate tax × ∫ level^e over P96.4785–99.0795 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.2420), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.59: one plus the change in log of IPP's 2016 rate over the change in log of economic income, between P99–99.9 and P99.9–100

From

Top 5%, Corporate tax €57.4bn, estimated
Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
Direct tax rate, P99–99.9, 2016 42%, estimated
Personal tax rate, P99–99.9, 2016 23%, estimated
Contribution rate, P99–99.9, 2016 14%, estimated
Direct tax rate, top 0.1% 34.5%, estimated
Personal tax rate, top 0.1% 9.8%, estimated
Contribution rate, top 0.1% 2.4%, estimated
Economic income of P99–99.9, 2016 €91.5bn, estimated

Result

€13.9 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.3–0.6%, Net financial income

€5.2bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts: Interest, dividends and other property income households receive, less the interest they pay.
Caveat: Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as

Top 5%, Net financial income × ∫ level^e over P99.4036–99.6595 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure

From

Top 5%, Net financial income €62.3bn, estimated
Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated

Result

€5.2 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.2–0.3%, Other taxes on income and wealth

€587mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts: Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
Caveat: Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as

Top 5%, Other taxes on income and wealth × ∫ level^e over P99.6595–99.8457 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0668), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.66: one plus the change in log of IPP's 2016 rate over the change in log of economic income, between P99–99.9 and P99.9–100

From

Top 5%, Other taxes on income and wealth €8.8bn, estimated
Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
Personal tax rate, P99–99.9, 2016 23%, estimated
Personal tax rate, top 0.1% 9.8%, estimated
Economic income of P99–99.9, 2016 €91.5bn, estimated

Result

€0.6 billion

Why believe this?

Top 3.5–7.9%, Pension contributions, above P95

€14.8bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts: Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
Caveat: Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as

Top 5%, Pension contributions × ∫ level^e over P95–96.4785 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.2587), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.31: one plus the change in log of IPP's 2016 rate over the change in log of economic income, between P99–99.9 and P99.9–100

From

Top 5%, Pension contributions €57.3bn, estimated
Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
Contribution rate, P99–99.9, 2016 14%, estimated
Contribution rate, top 0.1% 2.4%, estimated
Economic income of P99–99.9, 2016 €91.5bn, estimated

Result

€14.8 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.2–0.3%, Other contributions

€2.2bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts: Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.
Caveat: Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as

Top 5%, Other contributions × ∫ level^e over P99.6595–99.8457 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0496), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.31: one plus the change in log of IPP's 2016 rate over the change in log of economic income, between P99–99.9 and P99.9–100

From

Top 5%, Other contributions €45.1bn, estimated
Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
Contribution rate, P99–99.9, 2016 14%, estimated
Contribution rate, top 0.1% 2.4%, estimated
Economic income of P99–99.9, 2016 €91.5bn, estimated

Result

€2.2 billion

Why believe this?

Top 3.5–7.9%, CSG

€15.2bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024

Definition

What it counts: The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.

Calculation

Computed as

CSG × Top 3.5–7.9%, CSG ÷ All groups, CSG

From

CSG €153.4bn, estimated
Top 3.5–7.9%, CSG €14.6bn, estimated
All groups, CSG €147.2bn, estimated

Result

€15.2 billion

Why believe this?

Top 3.5–7.9%, Taxes on products

€17.3bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024

Definition

What it counts: VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.

Calculation

Computed as

Taxes on products × Top 3.5–7.9%, Taxes on products ÷ All groups, Taxes on products

From

Taxes on products €325.4bn, estimated
Top 3.5–7.9%, Taxes on products €17bn, estimated
All groups, Taxes on products €318.6bn, estimated

Result

€17.3 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.9–3.5%, Subsidies on production

€2.9bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts: Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.
Caveat: Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as

Top 5%, Subsidies on production × ∫ level^e over P96.4785–99.0795 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.3831), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.642), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure

From

Top 5%, Subsidies on production €7.7bn, estimated
Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.6, estimated

Result

€2.9 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.6–0.9%, Subsidies on production

€578mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts: Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.
Caveat: Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as

Top 5%, Subsidies on production × ∫ level^e over P99.0795–99.4036 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0751), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.642), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure

From

Top 5%, Subsidies on production €7.7bn, estimated
Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.6, estimated

Result

€0.6 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.2–0.3%, Subsidies on production

€615mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts: Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.
Caveat: Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as

Top 5%, Subsidies on production × ∫ level^e over P99.6595–99.8457 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0799), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.642), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure

From

Top 5%, Subsidies on production €7.7bn, estimated
Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.6, estimated

Result

€0.6 billion

Why believe this?

Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Pensions

€53.4bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.

Where it comes from

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 31 “Pensions de retraite”, columns L and M and N and O (0.2087 × V10 + 1.0000 × V11 + 1.0000 × V12 + 0.2689 × V13), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 31, V10: 20.1; row 31, V11: 20.2; row 31, V12: 23.4; row 31, V13: 20.9
As published: €53.4 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 0.9–3.5%, Other cash benefits

€4.4bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts: Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.
Caveat: Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as

Top 5%, Other cash benefits × ∫ level^e over P96.4785–99.0795 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.5202), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.642), e = 0.00: the same per person, as the top 5%'s structure

From

Top 5%, Other cash benefits €8.4bn, estimated
Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.6, estimated

Result

€4.4 billion

Why believe this?

Top 29–39%, Other cash benefits

€11.9bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.

Where it comes from

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 33 “Autres revenus de remplacement (IJ, ATMP)”; 34 “Famille”; 35 “Exclusion sociale”; 36 “Invalidité”; 37 “Remboursements des contrats collectifs de complémentaires santé”, columns O and P and Q (0.7311 × V13 + 1.0000 × V14 + 0.2824 × V15), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 33, V13: 2; row 33, V14: 2.1; row 33, V15: 2.4; row 34, V13: 1; row 34, V14: 0.9; row 34, V15: 0.8; row 35, V13: 0.6; row 35, V14: 0.6; row 35, V15: 0.5; row 36, V13: 1.2; row 36, V14: 1.2; row 36, V15: 1; row 37, V13: 1.1; row 37, V14: 1.1; row 37, V15: 1.1
As published: €11.9 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 0.2–0.3%, Other cash benefits

€313mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts: Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.
Caveat: Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as

Top 5%, Other cash benefits × ∫ level^e over P99.6595–99.8457 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0372), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.642), e = 0.00: the same per person, as the top 5%'s structure

From

Top 5%, Other cash benefits €8.4bn, estimated
Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.6, estimated

Result

€0.3 billion

Why believe this?

All groups, Health care

€209.4bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts: The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.

Calculation

Computed as

Bottom 33%, Health care + Bottom 33–49%, Health care + Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Health care + Top 29–39%, Health care + Top 20–29%, Health care + Top 13–20%, Health care + Top 7.9–13%, Health care + Top 3.5–7.9%, Health care + Top 0.9–3.5%, Health care + Top 0.6–0.9%, Health care + Top 0.3–0.6%, Health care + Top 0.2–0.3%, Health care + Top 0.04–0.2%, Health care + Top 0.04%, Health care

From

Bottom 33%, Health care €78.8bn, estimated
Bottom 33–49%, Health care €35.8bn, estimated
Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Health care €26.1bn, estimated
Top 29–39%, Health care €20.9bn, estimated
Top 20–29%, Health care €13bn, estimated
Top 13–20%, Health care €12.6bn, estimated
Top 7.9–13%, Health care €9.8bn, estimated
Top 3.5–7.9%, Health care €6.9bn, estimated
Top 0.9–3.5%, Health care €4.1bn, estimated
Top 0.6–0.9%, Health care €512m, estimated
Top 0.3–0.6%, Health care €404m, estimated
Top 0.2–0.3%, Health care €294m, estimated
Top 0.04–0.2%, Health care €181m, estimated
Top 0.04%, Health care €62.8m, estimated

Result

€209.4 billion

Why believe this?

Top 7.9–13%, Health care

€9.8bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.

Where it comes from

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 40 “Santé”, columns T and U (0.6753 × V18 + 0.4270 × V19), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 40, V18: 9.4; row 40, V19: 8
As published: €9.8 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 0.04–0.2%, Health care

€181mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts: Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.
Caveat: Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as

Top 5%, Health care × ∫ level^e over P99.8457–99.9602 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0229), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.642), e = 0.00: the same per person, as the top 5%'s structure

From

Top 5%, Health care €7.9bn, estimated
Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.6, estimated

Result

€0.2 billion

Why believe this?

Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Education

€14.3bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.

Where it comes from

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 41 “Enseignement2”, columns L and M and N and O (0.2087 × V10 + 1.0000 × V11 + 1.0000 × V12 + 0.2689 × V13), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 41, V10: 6.3; row 41, V11: 5.8; row 41, V12: 5.7; row 41, V13: 5.6
As published: €14.3 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 0.2–0.3%, Education

€197mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts: Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.
Caveat: Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as

Top 5%, Education × ∫ level^e over P99.6595–99.8457 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0372), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.642), e = 0.00: the same per person, as the top 5%'s structure

From

Top 5%, Education €5.3bn, estimated
Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.6, estimated

Result

€0.2 billion

Why believe this?

All groups, Social care and housing aid

€116.3bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts: The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.

Calculation

Computed as

Bottom 33%, Social care and housing aid + Bottom 33–49%, Social care and housing aid + Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Social care and housing aid + Top 29–39%, Social care and housing aid + Top 20–29%, Social care and housing aid + Top 13–20%, Social care and housing aid + Top 7.9–13%, Social care and housing aid + Top 3.5–7.9%, Social care and housing aid + Top 0.9–3.5%, Social care and housing aid + Top 0.6–0.9%, Social care and housing aid + Top 0.3–0.6%, Social care and housing aid + Top 0.2–0.3%, Social care and housing aid + Top 0.04–0.2%, Social care and housing aid + Top 0.04%, Social care and housing aid

From

Bottom 33%, Social care and housing aid €61.7bn, estimated
Bottom 33–49%, Social care and housing aid €17.8bn, estimated
Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Social care and housing aid €11.4bn, estimated
Top 29–39%, Social care and housing aid €8.1bn, estimated
Top 20–29%, Social care and housing aid €5.4bn, estimated
Top 13–20%, Social care and housing aid €4.3bn, estimated
Top 7.9–13%, Social care and housing aid €3.3bn, estimated
Top 3.5–7.9%, Social care and housing aid €2.4bn, estimated
Top 0.9–3.5%, Social care and housing aid €1.4bn, estimated
Top 0.6–0.9%, Social care and housing aid €175m, estimated
Top 0.3–0.6%, Social care and housing aid €138m, estimated
Top 0.2–0.3%, Social care and housing aid €101m, estimated
Top 0.04–0.2%, Social care and housing aid €61.8m, estimated
Top 0.04%, Social care and housing aid €21.5m, estimated

Result

€116.3 billion

Why believe this?

Top 29–39%, Social care and housing aid

€8.1bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Care for dependent elderly and disabled people, childcare and other social action, housing benefits and the energy cheque, and the running costs of social security, received in kind.

Where it comes from

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 42 “Action sociale (dépendance, handicap, petite enfance, etc.)”; 44 “Aides au logement et chèque énergie”; 45 “Frais de fonctionnement de la Sécurité sociale”, columns O and P and Q (0.7311 × V13 + 1.0000 × V14 + 0.2824 × V15), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 42, V13: 3.1; row 42, V14: 3.1; row 42, V15: 2.5; row 44, V13: 0.1; row 44, V14: 0.1; row 44, V15: 0.1; row 45, V13: 0.9; row 45, V14: 0.9; row 45, V15: 0.9
As published: €8.1 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 3.5–7.9%, Culture and leisure, above P95

€769mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts: Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.
Caveat: Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as

Top 5%, Culture and leisure × ∫ level^e over P95–96.4785 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.2957), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.642), e = 0.00: the same per person, as the top 5%'s structure

From

Top 5%, Culture and leisure €2.6bn, estimated
Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.6, estimated

Result

€0.8 billion

Why believe this?

Top 20–29%, Collective services

€19.2bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Defence, police, justice, general administration and other collective spending, spread over people, net of other transfers and of balances with the rest of the world, which are small and negative overall.

Where it comes from

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 46 “Autres transferts non monétaires”, columns Q and R (0.7176 × V15 + 0.9469 × V16), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 46, V15: 11.3; row 46, V16: 11.7
As published: €19.2 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 0.9–3.5%, Corporate tax

€14.4bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024

Definition

What it counts: Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.

Calculation

Computed as

Corporate tax × Top 0.9–3.5%, Corporate tax ÷ All groups, Corporate tax

From

Corporate tax €81.2bn, estimated
Top 0.9–3.5%, Corporate tax €13.9bn, estimated
All groups, Corporate tax €78.1bn, estimated

Result

€14.4 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.9–3.5%, Corporate tax

€24.9bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024

Definition

What it counts: Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.

Calculation

Computed as

Corporate tax × Top 0.9–3.5%, Corporate tax ÷ All groups, Corporate tax

From

Corporate tax €81.2bn, estimated
Top 0.9–3.5%, Corporate tax €23.9bn, estimated
All groups, Corporate tax €78.1bn, estimated

Result

€24.9 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.6–0.9%, net financial income, monthly equivalent per resident, 2023 data

€1,960EstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts: The group's amount over its people, a month per person.

Calculation

Computed as

Top 0.6–0.9%, Net financial income × 10⁹ ÷ Top 0.6–0.9%, people ÷ 12

From

Top 0.6–0.9%, Net financial income €5.2bn, estimated
Top 0.6–0.9%, people 221,681, estimated

Result

€1,960

Why believe this?

Top 0.6–0.9%, levies paid

€23.9bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024

Definition

What it counts: Every levy attributed to the group, gross of subsidies.

Calculation

Computed as

Top 0.6–0.9%, Taxes on products + Top 0.6–0.9%, Taxes on production + Top 0.6–0.9%, Corporate tax + Top 0.6–0.9%, CSG on earnings and benefits + Top 0.6–0.9%, CSG on capital income + Top 0.6–0.9%, Income tax + Top 0.6–0.9%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Top 0.6–0.9%, Pension contributions + Top 0.6–0.9%, Other contributions

From

Top 0.6–0.9%, Taxes on products €2.7bn, estimated
Top 0.6–0.9%, Taxes on production €1.9bn, estimated
Top 0.6–0.9%, Corporate tax €4bn, estimated
Top 0.6–0.9%, CSG on earnings and benefits €2.1bn, estimated
Top 0.6–0.9%, CSG on capital income €493m, estimated
Top 0.6–0.9%, Income tax €4.3bn, estimated
Top 0.6–0.9%, Other taxes on income and wealth €774m, estimated
Top 0.6–0.9%, Pension contributions €4.3bn, estimated
Top 0.6–0.9%, Other contributions €3.4bn, estimated

Result

€23.9 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.6–0.9%, Taxes on products

€2.7bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024

Definition

What it counts: VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.

Calculation

Computed as

Taxes on products × Top 0.6–0.9%, Taxes on products ÷ All groups, Taxes on products

From

Taxes on products €325.4bn, estimated
Top 0.6–0.9%, Taxes on products €2.7bn, estimated
All groups, Taxes on products €318.6bn, estimated

Result

€2.7 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.6–0.9%, Other contributions

€3.2bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024

Definition

What it counts: Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.

Calculation

Computed as

Other contributions × Top 0.6–0.9%, Other contributions ÷ All groups, Other contributions

From

Other contributions €190.6bn, estimated
Top 0.6–0.9%, Other contributions €3.6bn, estimated
All groups, Other contributions €214bn, estimated

Result

€3.2 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.6–0.9%, Taxes on products

€2.7bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024

Definition

What it counts: VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
Caveat: Insee attributes the whole amount to residents; the part falling outside France is taken out of every group in proportion.

Calculation

Computed as

Top 0.6–0.9%, Taxes on products × (1 − Share of consumption by visitors ÷ 100)

From

Top 0.6–0.9%, Taxes on products €2.8bn, estimated
Share of consumption by visitors 4.6%, estimated

Result

€2.7 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.3–0.6%, people

175,047EstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts: Individuals of all ages, as Insee counts them in its distributional accounts.

Calculation

Computed as

(Everyone, Individuals, millions, Insee × (upper percentile − lower percentile) ÷ 100) × 1,000,000

From

Everyone, Individuals, millions, Insee 68.4, estimated
Rank above which people hold 8% of income 99.4, estimated
Rank above which people hold 6% of income 99.7, estimated

Result

175,047

Why believe this?

Top 0.3–0.6%, Profits kept in companies

€2.3bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts: The part of companies' profits that is not paid out, attributed to the households that own them.
Caveat: Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as

Top 5%, Profits kept in companies × ∫ level^e over P99.4036–99.6595 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0253), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.94: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20

From

Top 5%, Profits kept in companies €90.4bn, estimated
Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
V19, Profits des entreprises non distribués aux ménages (B), Insee €10.5bn, estimated
V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn, estimated
V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
V20, Profits des entreprises non distribués aux ménages (B), Insee €90.4bn, estimated
V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn, estimated
V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated

Result

€2.3 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.3–0.6%, Health care

€504mEstimatedCalculated by this site2024

Definition

What it counts: Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.

Calculation

Computed as

Health care × Top 0.3–0.6%, Health care ÷ All groups, Health care

From

Health care €261.2bn, estimated
Top 0.3–0.6%, Health care €404m, estimated
All groups, Health care €209.4bn, estimated

Result

€0.5 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.3–0.6%, levies paid

€23.9bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024

Definition

What it counts: Every levy attributed to the group, gross of subsidies.

Calculation

Computed as

Top 0.3–0.6%, Taxes on products + Top 0.3–0.6%, Taxes on production + Top 0.3–0.6%, Corporate tax + Top 0.3–0.6%, CSG on earnings and benefits + Top 0.3–0.6%, CSG on capital income + Top 0.3–0.6%, Income tax + Top 0.3–0.6%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Top 0.3–0.6%, Pension contributions + Top 0.3–0.6%, Other contributions

From

Top 0.3–0.6%, Taxes on products €2.7bn, estimated
Top 0.3–0.6%, Taxes on production €1.9bn, estimated
Top 0.3–0.6%, Corporate tax €4bn, estimated
Top 0.3–0.6%, CSG on earnings and benefits €2.1bn, estimated
Top 0.3–0.6%, CSG on capital income €492m, estimated
Top 0.3–0.6%, Income tax €4.3bn, estimated
Top 0.3–0.6%, Other taxes on income and wealth €773m, estimated
Top 0.3–0.6%, Pension contributions €4.3bn, estimated
Top 0.3–0.6%, Other contributions €3.4bn, estimated

Result

€23.9 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.3–0.6%, levies paid

€23.8bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024

Definition

What it counts: Every levy attributed to the group, gross of subsidies.

Calculation

Computed as

Top 0.3–0.6%, Taxes on products + Top 0.3–0.6%, Taxes on production + Top 0.3–0.6%, Corporate tax + Top 0.3–0.6%, CSG on earnings and benefits + Top 0.3–0.6%, CSG on capital income + Top 0.3–0.6%, Income tax + Top 0.3–0.6%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Top 0.3–0.6%, Pension contributions + Top 0.3–0.6%, Other contributions

From

Top 0.3–0.6%, Taxes on products €2.7bn, estimated
Top 0.3–0.6%, Taxes on production €1.9bn, estimated
Top 0.3–0.6%, Corporate tax €4bn, estimated
Top 0.3–0.6%, CSG on earnings and benefits €2.1bn, estimated
Top 0.3–0.6%, CSG on capital income €490m, estimated
Top 0.3–0.6%, Income tax €4.3bn, estimated
Top 0.3–0.6%, Other taxes on income and wealth €770m, estimated
Top 0.3–0.6%, Pension contributions €4.3bn, estimated
Top 0.3–0.6%, Other contributions €3.3bn, estimated

Result

€23.8 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.3–0.6%, share of the CSG on capital income

2.8%EstimatedCalculated by this site2024

Definition

What it counts: The group's part of the CSG on capital income: of the CSG on investment income, its share of net financial income; of the CSG on property income, its share of rents, actual and imputed (an allocation scenario).
Caveat: An allocation scenario: Insee attributes the whole CSG to each group but does not split it by base, and no source found gives the bases of the CSG on capital income by group. The CSG on investment income (interest, dividends, life insurance) is shared as Insee's net financial income. The CSG on property income is levied on rents landlords receive, capital gains and annuities; Insee's only row near it adds owner-occupiers' imputed rents, which pay no CSG, and holds no capital gains, so sharing it as that row is a convention. The alternatives share all of it as net financial income, or as the group's whole capital income.

Calculation

Computed as

(CSG on income from investments, 2024 × Top 0.3–0.6%, Net financial income ÷ All groups, Net financial income + CSG on income from property, 2024 × Top 0.3–0.6%, Rents, actual and imputed ÷ All groups, Rents, actual and imputed) ÷ (CSG on income from investments, 2024 + CSG on income from property, 2024) × 100

From

CSG on income from investments, 2024 €10.7bn, estimated
CSG on income from property, 2024 €6.9bn, estimated
Top 0.3–0.6%, Net financial income €5.2bn, estimated
All groups, Net financial income €133.9bn, estimated
Top 0.3–0.6%, Rents, actual and imputed €1.8bn, estimated
All groups, Rents, actual and imputed €166.8bn, estimated

Result

2.8%

Why believe this?

Rank above which people hold 4% of income

99.8EstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts: The rank in Insee's ranking by living standard above which people hold this share of extended primary income: linear between Insee's twentieths below P95, on the generalized Pareto tail above.

Calculation

Computed as

share of primary income above the rank = 4%, on Insee's curve (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490 above P95)

From

Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
V1, Extended primary income, Insee €10.4bn, estimated
V2, Extended primary income, Insee €16.6bn, estimated
V3, Extended primary income, Insee €25.3bn, estimated
V4, Extended primary income, Insee €32.4bn, estimated
V5, Extended primary income, Insee €40.5bn, estimated
V6, Extended primary income, Insee €47bn, estimated
V7, Extended primary income, Insee €54.7bn, estimated
V8, Extended primary income, Insee €63.1bn, estimated
V9, Extended primary income, Insee €68.3bn, estimated
V10, Extended primary income, Insee €73.7bn, estimated
V11, Extended primary income, Insee €80.6bn, estimated
V12, Extended primary income, Insee €85.9bn, estimated
V13, Extended primary income, Insee €98.3bn, estimated
V14, Extended primary income, Insee €103.2bn, estimated
V15, Extended primary income, Insee €117.7bn, estimated
V16, Extended primary income, Insee €130.8bn, estimated
V17, Extended primary income, Insee €146bn, estimated
V18, Extended primary income, Insee €170.5bn, estimated
V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn, estimated
V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn, estimated

Result

100

Why believe this?

Top 0.2–0.3%, people

127,358EstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts: Individuals of all ages, as Insee counts them in its distributional accounts.

Calculation

Computed as

(Everyone, Individuals, millions, Insee × (upper percentile − lower percentile) ÷ 100) × 1,000,000

From

Everyone, Individuals, millions, Insee 68.4, estimated
Rank above which people hold 6% of income 99.7, estimated
Rank above which people hold 4% of income 99.8, estimated

Result

127,358

Why believe this?

Top 0.2–0.3%, Pensions

€1.6bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024

Definition

What it counts: Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.

Calculation

Computed as

Pensions × Top 0.2–0.3%, Pensions ÷ All groups, Pensions

From

Pensions €389.8bn, estimated
Top 0.2–0.3%, Pensions €1.7bn, estimated
All groups, Pensions €397.8bn, estimated

Result

€1.6 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.2–0.3%, Culture and leisure

€80.2mEstimatedCalculated by this site2024

Definition

What it counts: Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.

Calculation

Computed as

Culture and leisure × Top 0.2–0.3%, Culture and leisure ÷ All groups, Culture and leisure

From

Culture and leisure €43.1bn, estimated
Top 0.2–0.3%, Culture and leisure €96.8m, estimated
All groups, Culture and leisure €52bn, estimated

Result

€0.1 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.2–0.3%, CSG on capital income

€490mEstimatedCalculated by this site2024

Definition

What it counts

The part of the CSG levied on capital income: interest, dividends, life insurance, rents and capital gains.

Competing figures

€684m, the CSG on capital income by financial income alone. The same computation with another key for the CSG on capital income.
€604m, the CSG on capital income by all capital income. The same computation with another key for the CSG on capital income.

Caveat

Calculation

Computed as

CSG on capital income × Top 0.2–0.3%, share of the CSG on capital income ÷ 100

From

CSG on capital income €17.7bn, estimated
Top 0.2–0.3%, share of the CSG on capital income 2.8%, estimated

Result

€0.5 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.04–0.2%, Profits kept in companies

€8bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts: The part of companies' profits that is not paid out, attributed to the households that own them.
Caveat: Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as

Top 5%, Profits kept in companies × ∫ level^e over P99.8457–99.9602 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0884), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.642), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure

From

Top 5%, Profits kept in companies €90.4bn, estimated
Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.6, estimated

Result

€8.0 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.04–0.2%, profits kept in companies, monthly equivalent per resident, 2023 data

€5,310EstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts: The group's amount over its people, a month per person.

Calculation

Computed as

Top 0.04–0.2%, Profits kept in companies × 10⁹ ÷ Top 0.04–0.2%, people ÷ 12

From

Top 0.04–0.2%, Profits kept in companies €5bn, estimated
Top 0.04–0.2%, people 78,339, estimated

Result

€5,310

Why believe this?

Top 0.04–0.2%, Pensions

€817mEstimatedCalculated by this site2024

Definition

What it counts: Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.

Calculation

Computed as

Pensions × Top 0.04–0.2%, Pensions ÷ All groups, Pensions

From

Pensions €389.8bn, estimated
Top 0.04–0.2%, Pensions €834m, estimated
All groups, Pensions €397.8bn, estimated

Result

€0.8 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.6–0.9%, Pensions

€2.4bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts: Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.
Caveat: Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as

Top 5%, Pensions × ∫ level^e over P99.0795–99.4036 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0648), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.479), e = 0.00: the same per person, as the top 5%'s structure

From

Top 5%, Pensions €36.4bn, estimated
Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated

Result

€2.4 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.6–0.9%, Unemployment benefits

€162mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts: Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.
Caveat: Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as

Top 5%, Unemployment benefits × ∫ level^e over P99.0795–99.4036 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0648), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.479), e = 0.00: the same per person, as the top 5%'s structure

From

Top 5%, Unemployment benefits €2.5bn, estimated
Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated

Result

€0.2 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 33–49%, Other cash benefits

€21bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.

Where it comes from

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 33 “Autres revenus de remplacement (IJ, ATMP)”; 34 “Famille”; 35 “Exclusion sociale”; 36 “Invalidité”; 37 “Remboursements des contrats collectifs de complémentaires santé”, columns I and J and K and L (0.3399 × V7 + 1.0000 × V8 + 1.0000 × V9 + 0.7913 × V10), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 33, V7: 1.2; row 33, V8: 1.4; row 33, V9: 1.5; row 33, V10: 1.6; row 34, V7: 1.8; row 34, V8: 1.9; row 34, V9: 1.7; row 34, V10: 1.7; row 35, V7: 2; row 35, V8: 1.6; row 35, V9: 1.4; row 35, V10: 0.9; row 36, V7: 1.3; row 36, V8: 0.9; row 36, V9: 1.1; row 36, V10: 1.1; row 37, V7: 1; row 37, V8: 1; row 37, V9: 1; row 37, V10: 1
As published: €21.0 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 29–39%, Other cash benefits

€11.9bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.

Where it comes from

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 33 “Autres revenus de remplacement (IJ, ATMP)”; 34 “Famille”; 35 “Exclusion sociale”; 36 “Invalidité”; 37 “Remboursements des contrats collectifs de complémentaires santé”, columns O and P and Q (0.7311 × V13 + 1.0000 × V14 + 0.2824 × V15), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 33, V13: 2; row 33, V14: 2.1; row 33, V15: 2.4; row 34, V13: 1; row 34, V14: 0.9; row 34, V15: 0.8; row 35, V13: 0.6; row 35, V14: 0.6; row 35, V15: 0.5; row 36, V13: 1.2; row 36, V14: 1.2; row 36, V15: 1; row 37, V13: 1.1; row 37, V14: 1.1; row 37, V15: 1.1
As published: €11.9 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 7.9–13%, Other cash benefits

€6.9bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.

Where it comes from

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 33 “Autres revenus de remplacement (IJ, ATMP)”; 34 “Famille”; 35 “Exclusion sociale”; 36 “Invalidité”; 37 “Remboursements des contrats collectifs de complémentaires santé”, columns T and U (0.6753 × V18 + 0.4270 × V19), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 33, V18: 3.2; row 33, V19: 3.8; row 34, V18: 0.4; row 34, V19: 0.4; row 35, V18: 0.4; row 35, V19: 0.2; row 36, V18: 1.1; row 36, V19: 0.8; row 37, V18: 1.1; row 37, V19: 1.2
As published: €6.9 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 3.5–7.9%, Other cash benefits, below P95

€3.7bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.

Where it comes from

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 33 “Autres revenus de remplacement (IJ, ATMP)”; 34 “Famille”; 35 “Exclusion sociale”; 36 “Invalidité”; 37 “Remboursements des contrats collectifs de complémentaires santé”, column U (0.5730 × V19), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 33, V19: 3.8; row 34, V19: 0.4; row 35, V19: 0.2; row 36, V19: 0.8; row 37, V19: 1.2
As published: €3.7 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 3.5–7.9%, Health care

€6.9bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts: Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.

Calculation

Computed as

Top 3.5–7.9%, Health care, below P95 + Top 3.5–7.9%, Health care, above P95

From

Top 3.5–7.9%, Health care, below P95 €4.6bn, estimated
Top 3.5–7.9%, Health care, above P95 €2.3bn, estimated

Result

€6.9 billion

Why believe this?

Top 13–20%, Education

€7.3bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.

Where it comes from

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 41 “Enseignement2”, columns R and S and T (0.0531 × V16 + 1.0000 × V17 + 0.3247 × V18), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 41, V16: 5.2; row 41, V17: 5.4; row 41, V18: 5
As published: €7.3 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 0.9–3.5%, Social care and housing aid

€1.4bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts: Care for dependent elderly and disabled people, childcare and other social action, housing benefits and the energy cheque, and the running costs of social security, received in kind.
Caveat: Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as

Top 5%, Social care and housing aid × ∫ level^e over P96.4785–99.0795 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.5202), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.479), e = 0.00: the same per person, as the top 5%'s structure

From

Top 5%, Social care and housing aid €2.7bn, estimated
Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated

Result

€1.4 billion

Why believe this?

Top 3.5–7.9%, Culture and leisure

€2.3bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts: Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.

Calculation

Computed as

Top 3.5–7.9%, Culture and leisure, below P95 + Top 3.5–7.9%, Culture and leisure, above P95

From

Top 3.5–7.9%, Culture and leisure, below P95 €1.5bn, estimated
Top 3.5–7.9%, Culture and leisure, above P95 €769m, estimated

Result

€2.3 billion

Why believe this?

Top 3.5–7.9%, Culture and leisure, below P95

€1.5bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.

Where it comes from

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 43 “Culture et loisirs”, column U (0.5730 × V19), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 43, V19: 2.6
As published: €1.5 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 33–49%, Collective services

€36.9bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Defence, police, justice, general administration and other collective spending, spread over people, net of other transfers and of balances with the rest of the world, which are small and negative overall.

Where it comes from

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 46 “Autres transferts non monétaires”, columns I and J and K and L (0.3399 × V7 + 1.0000 × V8 + 1.0000 × V9 + 0.7913 × V10), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 46, V7: 12.2; row 46, V8: 11.8; row 46, V9: 11.8; row 46, V10: 11.6
As published: €36.9 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 3.5–7.9%, Taxes on production, below P95

€7.6bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.

Where it comes from

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 20 “Taxes sur la production (taxes patronales, TF, etc.)”, column U (0.5730 × V19), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 20, V19: -13.2
As published: €7.6 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 0.04–0.2%, Corporate tax

€5.1bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts: Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
Caveat: Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as

Top 5%, Corporate tax × ∫ level^e over P99.8457–99.9602 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0884), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.642), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure

From

Top 5%, Corporate tax €57.4bn, estimated
Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.6, estimated

Result

€5.1 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 33–49%, CSG

€16.3bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.

Where it comes from

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 23 “Contribution sociale généralisée (CSG)”, columns I and J and K and L (0.3399 × V7 + 1.0000 × V8 + 1.0000 × V9 + 0.7913 × V10), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 23, V7: -4.3; row 23, V8: -4.9; row 23, V9: -5.3; row 23, V10: -5.8
As published: €16.3 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 7.9–13%, CSG

€15bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.

Where it comes from

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 23 “Contribution sociale généralisée (CSG)”, columns T and U (0.6753 × V18 + 0.4270 × V19), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 23, V18: -12.5; row 23, V19: -15.4
As published: €15.0 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 20–29%, Net financial income

€8.8bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Interest, dividends and other property income households receive, less the interest they pay.

Where it comes from

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 8 “Revenus financiers nets (intérêts, dividendes, etc.)”, columns Q and R (0.7176 × V15 + 0.9469 × V16), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 8, V15: 4.9; row 8, V16: 5.6
As published: €8.8 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 33%, Rents, actual and imputed

€29bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Rents landlords receive and the rent owner-occupiers are deemed to pay themselves, net of costs.

Where it comes from

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 9 “Loyers réels et imputés aux propriétaires”, columns C and D and E and F and G and H and I (1.0000 × V1 + 1.0000 × V2 + 1.0000 × V3 + 1.0000 × V4 + 1.0000 × V5 + 1.0000 × V6 + 0.6601 × V7), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 9, V1: 3.3; row 9, V2: 3.6; row 9, V3: 3.4; row 9, V4: 3.9; row 9, V5: 5; row 9, V6: 5.8; row 9, V7: 6.1
As published: €29.0 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 0.04%, Rents, actual and imputed

€2.9bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts: Rents landlords receive and the rent owner-occupiers are deemed to pay themselves, net of costs.
Caveat: Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as

Top 5%, Rents, actual and imputed × ∫ level^e over P99.9602–100 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.1341), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.642), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure

From

Top 5%, Rents, actual and imputed €21.4bn, estimated
Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.6, estimated

Result

€2.9 billion

Why believe this?

Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Other taxes on income and wealth

€1.8bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.

Where it comes from

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 25 “Autres impôts sur les revenus et le patrimoine (TH, ISF/IFI, CRDS, etc.)”, columns L and M and N and O (0.2087 × V10 + 1.0000 × V11 + 1.0000 × V12 + 0.2689 × V13), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 25, V10: -0.6; row 25, V11: -0.7; row 25, V12: -0.8; row 25, V13: -0.8
As published: €1.8 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Pension contributions

€35.8bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.

Where it comes from

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 26 “Cotisations sociales retraite1”, columns L and M and N and O (0.2087 × V10 + 1.0000 × V11 + 1.0000 × V12 + 0.2689 × V13), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 26, V10: -12.9; row 26, V11: -13.8; row 26, V12: -14.6; row 26, V13: -17.5
As published: €35.8 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 3.5–7.9%, Pension contributions

€29.8bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts: Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.

Calculation

Computed as

Top 3.5–7.9%, Pension contributions, below P95 + Top 3.5–7.9%, Pension contributions, above P95

From

Top 3.5–7.9%, Pension contributions, below P95 €20.5bn, estimated
Top 3.5–7.9%, Pension contributions, above P95 €9.3bn, estimated

Result

€29.8 billion

Why believe this?

Top 3.5–7.9%, Pension contributions, below P95

€20.5bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.

Where it comes from

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 26 “Cotisations sociales retraite1”, column U (0.5730 × V19), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 26, V19: -35.7
As published: €20.5 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 0.3–0.6%, Pension contributions

€4.4bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts: Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
Caveat: Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as

Top 5%, Pension contributions × ∫ level^e over P99.4036–99.6595 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0764), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.642), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure

From

Top 5%, Pension contributions €57.3bn, estimated
Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.6, estimated

Result

€4.4 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.04%, Pension contributions

€7.7bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts: Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
Caveat: Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as

Top 5%, Pension contributions × ∫ level^e over P99.9602–100 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.1341), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.642), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure

From

Top 5%, Pension contributions €57.3bn, estimated
Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.6, estimated

Result

€7.7 billion

Why believe this?

Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Other contributions

€21.2bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts: Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.

Where it comes from

Source: Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where: Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 27 “Cotisations sociales chômage1”; 28 “Cotisations sociales famille1”; 29 “Autres cotisations sociales (maladie, invalidité, ATMP)1”, columns L and M and N and O (0.2087 × V10 + 1.0000 × V11 + 1.0000 × V12 + 0.2689 × V13), summed, signs dropped
Published: 16 April 2026
It says: row 29, V10: -4.8; row 29, V11: -5.1; row 29, V12: -5.6; row 29, V13: -6.7; row 27, V10: -1.3; row 27, V11: -1.4; row 27, V12: -1.5; row 27, V13: -1.9; row 28, V10: -1.5; row 28, V11: -1.6; row 28, V12: -1.6; row 28, V13: -1.9
As published: €21.2 billion
Read: 2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 0.04–0.2%, CSG on earnings and benefits

€1.2bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024

Definition

What it counts: The CSG on earnings, pensions and other replacement income, and on gaming: the CSG less its part on capital income.

Calculation

Computed as

Top 0.04–0.2%, CSG − Top 0.04–0.2%, CSG on capital income

From

Top 0.04–0.2%, CSG €1.7bn, estimated
Top 0.04–0.2%, CSG on capital income €490m, estimated

Result

€1.2 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.04–0.2%, people

78,339EstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts: Individuals of all ages, as Insee counts them in its distributional accounts.

Calculation

Computed as

(Everyone, Individuals, millions, Insee × (upper percentile − lower percentile) ÷ 100) × 1,000,000

From

Everyone, Individuals, millions, Insee 68.4, estimated
Rank above which people hold 4% of income 99.8, estimated
Rank above which people hold 2% of income 100, estimated

Result

78,339

Why believe this?

Top 0.04–0.2%, CSG on earnings and benefits

€2.1bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024

Definition

What it counts: The CSG on earnings, pensions and other replacement income, and on gaming: the CSG less its part on capital income.

Calculation

Computed as

Top 0.04–0.2%, CSG − Top 0.04–0.2%, CSG on capital income

From

Top 0.04–0.2%, CSG €2.5bn, estimated
Top 0.04–0.2%, CSG on capital income €490m, estimated

Result

€2.1 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.04–0.2%, CSG on capital income

€490mEstimatedCalculated by this site2024

Definition

What it counts

The part of the CSG levied on capital income: interest, dividends, life insurance, rents and capital gains.

Competing figures

€684m, the CSG on capital income by financial income alone. The same computation with another key for the CSG on capital income.
€604m, the CSG on capital income by all capital income. The same computation with another key for the CSG on capital income.

Caveat

Calculation

Computed as

CSG on capital income × Top 0.04–0.2%, share of the CSG on capital income ÷ 100

From

CSG on capital income €17.7bn, estimated
Top 0.04–0.2%, share of the CSG on capital income 2.8%, estimated

Result

€0.5 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.04%, Unemployment benefits

€19.6mEstimatedCalculated by this site2024

Definition

What it counts: Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.

Calculation

Computed as

Unemployment benefits × Top 0.04%, Unemployment benefits ÷ All groups, Unemployment benefits

From

Unemployment benefits €45.2bn, estimated
Top 0.04%, Unemployment benefits €19.9m, estimated
All groups, Unemployment benefits €45.8bn, estimated

Result

€0.0 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.04%, Health care

€78.4mEstimatedCalculated by this site2024

Definition

What it counts: Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.

Calculation

Computed as

Health care × Top 0.04%, Health care ÷ All groups, Health care

From

Health care €261.2bn, estimated
Top 0.04%, Health care €62.8m, estimated
All groups, Health care €209.4bn, estimated

Result

€0.1 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.04%, Subsidies on production

€510mEstimatedCalculated by this site2024

Definition

What it counts: Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.

Calculation

Computed as

Subsidies on production × Top 0.04%, Subsidies on production ÷ All groups, Subsidies on production

From

Subsidies on production €53.4bn, estimated
Top 0.04%, Subsidies on production €365m, estimated
All groups, Subsidies on production €38.2bn, estimated

Result

€0.5 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.04%, Health care

€75.6mEstimatedCalculated by this site2024

Definition

What it counts: Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.

Calculation

Computed as

Health care × Top 0.04%, Health care ÷ All groups, Health care

From

Health care €261.2bn, estimated
Top 0.04%, Health care €60.7m, estimated
All groups, Health care €209.4bn, estimated

Result

€0.1 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.04%, Subsidies on products

€279mEstimatedCalculated by this site2024

Definition

What it counts: Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.

Calculation

Computed as

Subsidies on products × Top 0.04%, Subsidies on products ÷ All groups, Subsidies on products

From

Subsidies on products €44.6bn, estimated
Top 0.04%, Subsidies on products €200m, estimated
All groups, Subsidies on products €32bn, estimated

Result

€0.3 billion

Why believe this?

Public debt, all holders, end 2023

€3,103bnObserved2023

Definition

What it counts: Gross consolidated debt of general government at the end of the year, at face value, by the sector that holds it.

Where it comes from

Source: Eurostat, dataset gov_10dd_ggd (browse the table)
Exact cell: geo=FR unit=MIO_EUR sector=S13 na_item=GD maturity=TOTAL sector2=S1_S2 time=2023 · query this cell
As published: €3,103,247.7 million
Dataset version: updated 2026-06-05, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation: Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

Unclassified spending

€914mEstimatedCalculated by this site2024

Definition

What it counts: The gap between Eurostat's total spending and its later breakdown by purpose.

Calculation

Computed as

Debt interest and unclassified − Lenders outside France − Banque de France − Lenders in France

From

Debt interest and unclassified €59.8bn
Lenders outside France €30.6bn, estimated
Banque de France €11.9bn, estimated
Lenders in France €16.4bn, estimated

Result

€0.9 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 33–49%, subsidies through companies

€12.2bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024

Definition

What it counts: Subsidies paid to companies whose benefit Insee attributes to the group.

Calculation

Computed as

Bottom 33–49%, Subsidies on products + Bottom 33–49%, Subsidies on production

From

Bottom 33–49%, Subsidies on products €6.6bn, estimated
Bottom 33–49%, Subsidies on production €5.6bn, estimated

Result

€12.2 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.04–0.2%, subsidies through companies

€1.2bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024

Definition

What it counts: Subsidies paid to companies whose benefit Insee attributes to the group.

Calculation

Computed as

Top 0.04–0.2%, Subsidies on products + Top 0.04–0.2%, Subsidies on production

From

Top 0.04–0.2%, Subsidies on products €279m, estimated
Top 0.04–0.2%, Subsidies on production €897m, estimated

Result

€1.2 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 33% → Social contributions, 2024

€46.7bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024

Definition

What it counts: The sum of the levies or transfers of one kind that the detailed diagram shows one by one.

Calculation

Computed as

Bottom 33%, Pension contributions + Bottom 33%, Other contributions

From

Bottom 33%, Pension contributions €30.8bn, estimated
Bottom 33%, Other contributions €15.9bn, estimated

Result

€46.7 billion

Why believe this?

General government → Transfers in kind, 2024

€566.3bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024

Definition

What it counts: The sum of the levies or transfers of one kind that the detailed diagram shows one by one.

Calculation

Computed as

Health care + Education + Social care and housing aid + Culture and leisure

From

Health care €261.2bn, estimated
Education €148.6bn, estimated
Social care and housing aid €113.4bn, estimated
Culture and leisure €43.1bn, estimated

Result

€566.3 billion

Why believe this?

Cash benefits → Top 20–29%, 2024

€51.7bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024

Definition

What it counts: The sum of the levies or transfers of one kind that the detailed diagram shows one by one.

Calculation

Computed as

Top 20–29%, Pensions + Top 20–29%, Unemployment benefits + Top 20–29%, Other cash benefits

From

Top 20–29%, Pensions €39.2bn, estimated
Top 20–29%, Unemployment benefits €2.8bn, estimated
Top 20–29%, Other cash benefits €9.7bn, estimated

Result

€51.7 billion

Why believe this?

Cash benefits → Top 0.9–3.5%, 2024

€24.1bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024

Definition

What it counts: The sum of the levies or transfers of one kind that the detailed diagram shows one by one.

Calculation

Computed as

Top 0.9–3.5%, Pensions + Top 0.9–3.5%, Unemployment benefits + Top 0.9–3.5%, Other cash benefits

From

Top 0.9–3.5%, Pensions €18.6bn, estimated
Top 0.9–3.5%, Unemployment benefits €1.3bn, estimated
Top 0.9–3.5%, Other cash benefits €4.3bn, estimated

Result

€24.1 billion

Why believe this?

Cash benefits → Top 0.3–0.6%, 2024

€2.4bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024

Definition

What it counts: The sum of the levies or transfers of one kind that the detailed diagram shows one by one.

Calculation

Computed as

Top 0.3–0.6%, Pensions + Top 0.3–0.6%, Unemployment benefits + Top 0.3–0.6%, Other cash benefits

From

Top 0.3–0.6%, Pensions €1.8bn, estimated
Top 0.3–0.6%, Unemployment benefits €126m, estimated
Top 0.3–0.6%, Other cash benefits €421m, estimated

Result

€2.4 billion

Why believe this?

Transfers in kind → Top 0.2–0.3%, 2024

€774mEstimatedCalculated by this site2024

Definition

What it counts: The sum of the levies or transfers of one kind that the detailed diagram shows one by one.

Calculation

Computed as

Top 0.2–0.3%, Health care + Top 0.2–0.3%, Education + Top 0.2–0.3%, Social care and housing aid + Top 0.2–0.3%, Culture and leisure

From

Top 0.2–0.3%, Health care €367m, estimated
Top 0.2–0.3%, Education €229m, estimated
Top 0.2–0.3%, Social care and housing aid €98.1m, estimated
Top 0.2–0.3%, Culture and leisure €80.2m, estimated

Result

€0.8 billion