Official figures and this site's calculations
Why believe this?
Figures of one view and year of the diagram, with their sources and how they were computed, each under its own anchor. Back to Public money.
17 parts: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Why believe this?
Direct tax rate, top 0.1%
34.5%EstimatedCalculated by this site2016
Definition
- What it counts
- Every direct tax of the richest 0.1% of tax households, the corporate tax of the companies they control included, as a share of their economic income, 2016: IPP's rates by g-percentile weighted by the income of each slice.
- Competing figures
- 49%, Bozio, Garbinti, Goupille-Lebret, Guillot and Piketty, “Predistribution vs. Redistribution: Evidence from France and the U.S.”, WID.world Working Paper 2020/22, section on Figure 9. The average rate of P99.9–100 in 2018 in distributional national accounts: equal-split adults, pre-tax income, indirect taxes included and all corporate tax attributed to shareholders by national-accounts rules, contributory contributions left out. IPP follows the companies each household controls in firm-level ownership data and counts direct taxes only.
Calculation
- Computed as
Σ (economic income of a slice × its part in P99.9–100 × its rate) ÷ Σ (economic income × part), over P99.9–99.99, P99.99–99.999, P99.999–99.9998, P99.9998–100- From
- Economic income of P99.9–99.99, 2016 €39bn, estimated
- Economic income of P99.99–99.999, 2016 €24bn, estimated
- Economic income of P99.999–99.9998, 2016 €17.4bn, estimated
- Economic income of P99.9998–100, 2016 €47.6bn, estimated
- Direct tax rate, P99.9–99.99, 2016 45%, estimated
- Direct tax rate, P99.99–99.999, 2016 37%, estimated
- Direct tax rate, P99.999–99.9998, 2016 31%, estimated
- Direct tax rate, P99.9998–100, 2016 26%, estimated
- Result
- 34.5%
Why believe this?
Personal tax rate, P99.9–99.99, 2016
20%Estimated2016
Definition
- What it counts
- Wealth tax, income tax and social levies on capital income and earnings as a share of economic income, averaged over the slice.
- Caveat
- Read from IPP Note 92, Figure 1b, to about one point: the figure plots rates by g-percentile, averaged here over the slice.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Institut des politiques publiques, Quels impôts les milliardaires paient-ils ? Note n° 92 (Bach, Bozio, Guillouzouic, Malgouyres), updated 2025
- Where
- Figure 1b, p. 6, read from the chart (±1 point)
- Published
- May 2025
- It says
Taux d'imposition global par g-percentile, revenu économique
- As published
- 20.0%
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
V16, Extended primary income, Insee
€130.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Income before any public transfer: labour income with all social contributions, property and self-employment income, retained profits attributed to owners and a share of public bodies' primary income.
- Caveat
- Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 14 “Revenu primaire élargi (D=A+B+C)”, column R (V16)
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- As published
- €130.8 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 33%, Taxes on products
€73.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 18 “Taxes sur les produits (TVA, TICPE, accises, DMTO, etc.)”, columns C and D and E and F and G and H and I (1.0000 × V1 + 1.0000 × V2 + 1.0000 × V3 + 1.0000 × V4 + 1.0000 × V5 + 1.0000 × V6 + 0.6601 × V7), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 18, V1: -8.2; row 18, V2: -11.1; row 18, V3: -10; row 18, V4: -11.1; row 18, V5: -11.6; row 18, V6: -12.7; row 18, V7: -13.2
- As published
- €73.4 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Taxes on production
€770mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
Calculation
- Computed as
Taxes on production × Top 0.04%, Taxes on production ÷ All groups, Taxes on production- From
- Taxes on production €128.1bn, estimated
- Top 0.04%, Taxes on production €769m, estimated
- All groups, Taxes on production €127.9bn, estimated
- Result
- €0.8 billion
Why believe this?
Top 7.9–13%, Taxes on production
€13.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 20 “Taxes sur la production (taxes patronales, TF, etc.)”, columns T and U (0.6753 × V18 + 0.4270 × V19), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 20, V18: -11; row 20, V19: -13.2
- As published
- €13.1 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Corporate tax, below P95
€3.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 22 “Impôt sur les sociétés”, column U (0.5730 × V19), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 22, V19: -6.7
- As published
- €3.8 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
V19, CSG, Insee
€15.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.
- Caveat
- Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 23 “Contribution sociale généralisée (CSG)”, column U (V19)
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- As published
- €15.4 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
CSG on replacement income, 2023
€26.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Yield of the CSG on this base, all recipients.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Commission des comptes de la Sécurité sociale, Les comptes de la Sécurité sociale, juin 2025
- Where
- Tableau 1, page 47
- Published
- June 2025
- It says
CSG sur les revenus d'activité 104706; de remplacement 26140; du capital 16611 (M€, 2023)
- As published
- €26,140.0 million
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 33%, Net financial income
€8.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Interest, dividends and other property income households receive, less the interest they pay.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 8 “Revenus financiers nets (intérêts, dividendes, etc.)”, columns C and D and E and F and G and H and I (1.0000 × V1 + 1.0000 × V2 + 1.0000 × V3 + 1.0000 × V4 + 1.0000 × V5 + 1.0000 × V6 + 0.6601 × V7), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 8, V1: 1; row 8, V2: 0.9; row 8, V3: 1; row 8, V4: 1.1; row 8, V5: 1.3; row 8, V6: 1.7; row 8, V7: 1.9
- As published
- €8.3 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 29–39%, Net financial income
€8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Interest, dividends and other property income households receive, less the interest they pay.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 8 “Revenus financiers nets (intérêts, dividendes, etc.)”, columns O and P and Q (0.7311 × V13 + 1.0000 × V14 + 0.2824 × V15), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 8, V13: 3.4; row 8, V14: 4.1; row 8, V15: 4.9
- As published
- €8.0 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Income tax
€14.7bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 3.5–7.9%, Income tax, below P95 + Top 3.5–7.9%, Income tax, above P95- From
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Income tax, below P95 €9.1bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Income tax, above P95 €5.6bn, estimated
- Result
- €14.7 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.3–0.6%, Income tax
€4.1bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Income tax × ∫ level^e over P99.4036–99.6595 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0832), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.37: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20- From
- Top 5%, Income tax €49.4bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- V19, Income tax, Insee €15.9bn, estimated
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn, estimated
- V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- V20, Income tax, Insee €49.4bn, estimated
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn, estimated
- V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- Result
- €4.1 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, Other contributions
€2.6bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Other contributions × ∫ level^e over P99.8457–99.9602 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0567), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.66: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20- From
- Top 5%, Other contributions €45.1bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- V19, Autres cotisations sociales (maladie, invalidité, ATMP)1, Insee €18.2bn, estimated
- V19, Cotisations sociales chômage1, Insee €3.7bn, estimated
- V19, Cotisations sociales famille1, Insee €4.1bn, estimated
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn, estimated
- V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- V20, Autres cotisations sociales (maladie, invalidité, ATMP)1, Insee €32.3bn, estimated
- V20, Cotisations sociales chômage1, Insee €5.1bn, estimated
- V20, Cotisations sociales famille1, Insee €7.7bn, estimated
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn, estimated
- V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- Result
- €2.6 billion
Why believe this?
Shape of the top 5%'s tail
0.5EstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The generalized Pareto shape: the coefficient tends to 1 ÷ (1 − shape) at the very top; a strict Pareto tail has shape 1 − 1 ÷ b.
Calculation
- Computed as
Generalized Pareto interpolation (Blanchet, Fournier and Piketty 2022) of Insee's concentration curve of extended primary income along its ranking by living standard: φ = −log (share above rank p), x = −log (1 − p), at p = 0, 5%, ..., 95%; derivatives at P95 from the parabola through P85, P90 and P95; then the coefficient b held at its P95 value up to the top, a strict Pareto tail- From
- V1, Extended primary income, Insee €10.4bn, estimated
- V2, Extended primary income, Insee €16.6bn, estimated
- V3, Extended primary income, Insee €25.3bn, estimated
- V4, Extended primary income, Insee €32.4bn, estimated
- V5, Extended primary income, Insee €40.5bn, estimated
- V6, Extended primary income, Insee €47bn, estimated
- V7, Extended primary income, Insee €54.7bn, estimated
- V8, Extended primary income, Insee €63.1bn, estimated
- V9, Extended primary income, Insee €68.3bn, estimated
- V10, Extended primary income, Insee €73.7bn, estimated
- V11, Extended primary income, Insee €80.6bn, estimated
- V12, Extended primary income, Insee €85.9bn, estimated
- V13, Extended primary income, Insee €98.3bn, estimated
- V14, Extended primary income, Insee €103.2bn, estimated
- V15, Extended primary income, Insee €117.7bn, estimated
- V16, Extended primary income, Insee €130.8bn, estimated
- V17, Extended primary income, Insee €146bn, estimated
- V18, Extended primary income, Insee €170.5bn, estimated
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn, estimated
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn, estimated
- Result
- 0
Why believe this?
Bottom 33%, Corporate tax
€2.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 22 “Impôt sur les sociétés”, columns C and D and E and F and G and H and I (1.0000 × V1 + 1.0000 × V2 + 1.0000 × V3 + 1.0000 × V4 + 1.0000 × V5 + 1.0000 × V6 + 0.6601 × V7), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 22, V1: -0.4; row 22, V2: -0.3; row 22, V3: -0.3; row 22, V4: -0.3; row 22, V5: -0.3; row 22, V6: -0.5; row 22, V7: -0.3
- As published
- €2.3 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 20–29%, Corporate tax
€2.5bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 22 “Impôt sur les sociétés”, columns Q and R (0.7176 × V15 + 0.9469 × V16), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 22, V15: -1.2; row 22, V16: -1.7
- As published
- €2.5 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 7.9–13%, Corporate tax
€4.6bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 22 “Impôt sur les sociétés”, columns T and U (0.6753 × V18 + 0.4270 × V19), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 22, V18: -2.6; row 22, V19: -6.7
- As published
- €4.6 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 33%, CSG
€14.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 23 “Contribution sociale généralisée (CSG)”, columns C and D and E and F and G and H and I (1.0000 × V1 + 1.0000 × V2 + 1.0000 × V3 + 1.0000 × V4 + 1.0000 × V5 + 1.0000 × V6 + 0.6601 × V7), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 23, V1: -0.5; row 23, V2: -0.9; row 23, V3: -1.5; row 23, V4: -2.2; row 23, V5: -2.8; row 23, V6: -3.7; row 23, V7: -4.3
- As published
- €14.4 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 33–49%, CSG
€16.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 23 “Contribution sociale généralisée (CSG)”, columns I and J and K and L (0.3399 × V7 + 1.0000 × V8 + 1.0000 × V9 + 0.7913 × V10), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 23, V7: -4.3; row 23, V8: -4.9; row 23, V9: -5.3; row 23, V10: -5.8
- As published
- €16.3 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.3–0.6%, CSG
€2.5bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, CSG × ∫ level^e over P99.4036–99.6595 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0837), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.479), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, CSG €29.3bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €2.5 billion
Why believe this?
Top 20–29%, Income tax
€7.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 24 “Impôt sur le revenu (IR)”, columns Q and R (0.7176 × V15 + 0.9469 × V16), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 24, V15: -3.8; row 24, V16: -4.8
- As published
- €7.3 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.2–0.3%, Income tax
€4.1bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Income tax × ∫ level^e over P99.6595–99.8457 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0834), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.479), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Income tax €49.4bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €4.1 billion
Why believe this?
Top 20–29%, Pension contributions
€36.5bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 26 “Cotisations sociales retraite1”, columns Q and R (0.7176 × V15 + 0.9469 × V16), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 26, V15: -20.6; row 26, V16: -22.9
- As published
- €36.5 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 7.9–13%, Pension contributions
€35.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 26 “Cotisations sociales retraite1”, columns T and U (0.6753 × V18 + 0.4270 × V19), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 26, V18: -29.7; row 26, V19: -35.7
- As published
- €35.3 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.2–0.3%, Pension contributions
€4.8bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Pension contributions × ∫ level^e over P99.6595–99.8457 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0834), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.479), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Pension contributions €57.3bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €4.8 billion
Why believe this?
Top 13–20%, Taxes on products
€27.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 18 “Taxes sur les produits (TVA, TICPE, accises, DMTO, etc.)”, columns R and S and T (0.0531 × V16 + 1.0000 × V17 + 0.3247 × V18), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 18, V16: -19.4; row 18, V17: -19.7; row 18, V18: -21.7
- As published
- €27.8 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Taxes on production
€1.9bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
Calculation
- Computed as
Taxes on production × Top 0.04%, Taxes on production ÷ All groups, Taxes on production- From
- Taxes on production €128.1bn, estimated
- Top 0.04%, Taxes on production €1.9bn, estimated
- All groups, Taxes on production €127.9bn, estimated
- Result
- €1.9 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 33%, Taxes on production
€15.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 20 “Taxes sur la production (taxes patronales, TF, etc.)”, columns C and D and E and F and G and H and I (1.0000 × V1 + 1.0000 × V2 + 1.0000 × V3 + 1.0000 × V4 + 1.0000 × V5 + 1.0000 × V6 + 0.6601 × V7), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 20, V1: -0.9; row 20, V2: -1.3; row 20, V3: -1.8; row 20, V4: -2.3; row 20, V5: -2.9; row 20, V6: -3.4; row 20, V7: -3.9
- As published
- €15.2 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.6–0.9%, Taxes on production
€1.9bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Taxes on production × ∫ level^e over P99.0795–99.4036 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Taxes on production €22.2bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €1.9 billion
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Net financial income, below P95
€8.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Interest, dividends and other property income households receive, less the interest they pay.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 8 “Revenus financiers nets (intérêts, dividendes, etc.)”, column U (0.5730 × V19), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 8, V19: 15.6
- As published
- €8.9 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 33–49%, Rents, actual and imputed
€20.7bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Rents landlords receive and the rent owner-occupiers are deemed to pay themselves, net of costs.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 9 “Loyers réels et imputés aux propriétaires”, columns I and J and K and L (0.3399 × V7 + 1.0000 × V8 + 1.0000 × V9 + 0.7913 × V10), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 9, V7: 6.1; row 9, V8: 6.2; row 9, V9: 6.8; row 9, V10: 7.1
- As published
- €20.7 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 13–20%, Rents, actual and imputed
€16.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Rents landlords receive and the rent owner-occupiers are deemed to pay themselves, net of costs.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 9 “Loyers réels et imputés aux propriétaires”, columns R and S and T (0.0531 × V16 + 1.0000 × V17 + 0.3247 × V18), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 9, V16: 10.6; row 9, V17: 11.6; row 9, V18: 12.9
- As published
- €16.4 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Income tax
€4.2bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
Calculation
- Computed as
Income tax × Top 0.04%, Income tax ÷ All groups, Income tax- From
- Income tax €103.3bn, estimated
- Top 0.04%, Income tax €4.1bn, estimated
- All groups, Income tax €101.5bn, estimated
- Result
- €4.2 billion
Why believe this?
Top 7.9–13%, Income tax
€13.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 24 “Impôt sur le revenu (IR)”, columns T and U (0.6753 × V18 + 0.4270 × V19), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 24, V18: -9.7; row 24, V19: -15.9
- As published
- €13.3 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 33–49%, Other taxes on income and wealth
€1.7bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 25 “Autres impôts sur les revenus et le patrimoine (TH, ISF/IFI, CRDS, etc.)”, columns I and J and K and L (0.3399 × V7 + 1.0000 × V8 + 1.0000 × V9 + 0.7913 × V10), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 25, V7: -0.5; row 25, V8: -0.5; row 25, V9: -0.6; row 25, V10: -0.6
- As published
- €1.7 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.6–0.9%, Other taxes on income and wealth
€733mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Other taxes on income and wealth × ∫ level^e over P99.0795–99.4036 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Other taxes on income and wealth €8.8bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €0.7 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Pension contributions
€4.8bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Pension contributions × ∫ level^e over P99.9602–100 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Pension contributions €57.3bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €4.8 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, Other contributions
€3.8bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Other contributions × ∫ level^e over P99.8457–99.9602 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Other contributions €45.1bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €3.8 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 33%, received a month per person
€1,930EstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
- Competing figures
- €1,930, Central. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €1,930, a strict Pareto tail above P95. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €1,930, a tail as concentrated as WID's ranking by own income. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €1,930, each item along Insee's V19 to V20 gradient. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €1,930, personal taxes, contributions and corporate tax along IPP's rates. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 33%, transfers received × 10⁹ ÷ Bottom 33%, people ÷ 12- From
- Bottom 33%, transfers received €527.9bn, estimated
- Bottom 33%, people 22.8 million, estimated
- Result
- €1,930
Why believe this?
General public services
€181.1bnObserved2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Executive and legislative bodies, financial and fiscal affairs, external affairs and debt interest.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
gov_10a_exp(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=MIO_EURsector=S13na_item=TEcofog99=GF01time=2024· query this cell- As published
- €181,103.2 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.
Why believe this?
Top 20–29%, Subsidies on products
€2.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 19 “Subventions sur les produits (transports, etc.)”, columns Q and R (0.7176 × V15 + 0.9469 × V16), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 19, V15: 1.7; row 19, V16: 1.7
- As published
- €2.8 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 29–39%, Subsidies on production
€4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 21 “Subventions sur la production (aides à l'apprentissage, aides sectorielles, etc.)”, columns O and P and Q (0.7311 × V13 + 1.0000 × V14 + 0.2824 × V15), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 21, V13: 1.9; row 21, V14: 2; row 21, V15: 2.3
- As published
- €4.0 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 7.9–13%, Subsidies on production
€4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 21 “Subventions sur la production (aides à l'apprentissage, aides sectorielles, etc.)”, columns T and U (0.6753 × V18 + 0.4270 × V19), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 21, V18: 3.3; row 21, V19: 4.1
- As published
- €4.0 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 33%, Pensions
€79.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 31 “Pensions de retraite”, columns C and D and E and F and G and H and I (1.0000 × V1 + 1.0000 × V2 + 1.0000 × V3 + 1.0000 × V4 + 1.0000 × V5 + 1.0000 × V6 + 0.6601 × V7), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 31, V1: 2.4; row 31, V2: 8.2; row 31, V3: 10.5; row 31, V4: 12.2; row 31, V5: 15.3; row 31, V6: 18.9; row 31, V7: 18.6
- As published
- €79.8 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.6–0.9%, Pensions
€2.4bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Pensions × ∫ level^e over P99.0795–99.4036 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0648), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.00: the same per person, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Pensions €36.4bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €2.4 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, Pensions
€834mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Pensions × ∫ level^e over P99.8457–99.9602 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0229), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.00: the same per person, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Pensions €36.4bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €0.8 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 33%, Unemployment benefits
€18bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.
Calculation
- Computed as
Unemployment benefits × Bottom 33%, Unemployment benefits ÷ All groups, Unemployment benefits- From
- Unemployment benefits €45.2bn, estimated
- Bottom 33%, Unemployment benefits €18.3bn, estimated
- All groups, Unemployment benefits €45.8bn, estimated
- Result
- €18.0 billion
Why believe this?
All groups, Other cash benefits
€147.6bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 33%, Other cash benefits + Bottom 33–49%, Other cash benefits + Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Other cash benefits + Top 29–39%, Other cash benefits + Top 20–29%, Other cash benefits + Top 13–20%, Other cash benefits + Top 7.9–13%, Other cash benefits + Top 3.5–7.9%, Other cash benefits + Top 0.9–3.5%, Other cash benefits + Top 0.6–0.9%, Other cash benefits + Top 0.3–0.6%, Other cash benefits + Top 0.2–0.3%, Other cash benefits + Top 0.04–0.2%, Other cash benefits + Top 0.04%, Other cash benefits- From
- Bottom 33%, Other cash benefits €62.8bn, estimated
- Bottom 33–49%, Other cash benefits €21bn, estimated
- Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Other cash benefits €14.9bn, estimated
- Top 29–39%, Other cash benefits €11.9bn, estimated
- Top 20–29%, Other cash benefits €9.9bn, estimated
- Top 13–20%, Other cash benefits €8.1bn, estimated
- Top 7.9–13%, Other cash benefits €6.9bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Other cash benefits €6.2bn, estimated
- Top 0.9–3.5%, Other cash benefits €4.4bn, estimated
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Other cash benefits €544m, estimated
- Top 0.3–0.6%, Other cash benefits €430m, estimated
- Top 0.2–0.3%, Other cash benefits €313m, estimated
- Top 0.04–0.2%, Other cash benefits €192m, estimated
- Top 0.04%, Other cash benefits €66.8m, estimated
- Result
- €147.6 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 33–49%, Other cash benefits
€21bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 33 “Autres revenus de remplacement (IJ, ATMP)”; 34 “Famille”; 35 “Exclusion sociale”; 36 “Invalidité”; 37 “Remboursements des contrats collectifs de complémentaires santé”, columns I and J and K and L (0.3399 × V7 + 1.0000 × V8 + 1.0000 × V9 + 0.7913 × V10), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 33, V7: 1.2; row 33, V8: 1.4; row 33, V9: 1.5; row 33, V10: 1.6; row 34, V7: 1.8; row 34, V8: 1.9; row 34, V9: 1.7; row 34, V10: 1.7; row 35, V7: 2; row 35, V8: 1.6; row 35, V9: 1.4; row 35, V10: 0.9; row 36, V7: 1.3; row 36, V8: 0.9; row 36, V9: 1.1; row 36, V10: 1.1; row 37, V7: 1; row 37, V8: 1; row 37, V9: 1; row 37, V10: 1
- As published
- €21.0 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 33%, Social care and housing aid
€60.2bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Care for dependent elderly and disabled people, childcare and other social action, housing benefits and the energy cheque, and the running costs of social security, received in kind.
Calculation
- Computed as
Social care and housing aid × Bottom 33%, Social care and housing aid ÷ All groups, Social care and housing aid- From
- Social care and housing aid €113.4bn, estimated
- Bottom 33%, Social care and housing aid €61.7bn, estimated
- All groups, Social care and housing aid €116.3bn, estimated
- Result
- €60.2 billion
Why believe this?
Share of consumption by visitors
4.6%EstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Purchases of non-residents as a share of all household consumption on the territory.
- Caveat
- Taxes on products also fall on households' purchases of dwellings and on what general government and exempt sectors buy; Insee attributes them all to households through consumption, and visitors take no part in those, so this share applies to the consumption part and slightly overstates what visitors bear.
Why believe this?
Bottom 33%, CSG
€15bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.
Calculation
- Computed as
CSG × Bottom 33%, CSG ÷ All groups, CSG- From
- CSG €153.4bn, estimated
- Bottom 33%, CSG €14.4bn, estimated
- All groups, CSG €147.2bn, estimated
- Result
- €15.0 billion
Why believe this?
Living standard at P33.3, constant 2024 euros
€21,937EstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- The living standard at this rank, interpolated linearly between Insee's two published thresholds around it.
Calculation
- Computed as
Living standard at D3, constant 2024 euros + (Living standard at D4, constant 2024 euros − Living standard at D3, constant 2024 euros) × (33.3007 − 30) ÷ 10- From
- Living standard at D3, constant 2024 euros €20,980, estimated
- Living standard at D4, constant 2024 euros €23,880, estimated
- Result
- €21,937
Why believe this?
Bottom 33–49%, profits kept in companies, monthly equivalent per resident, 2023 data
€20EstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
- Competing figures
- €20, Central. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €20, a strict Pareto tail above P95. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €20, a tail as concentrated as WID's ranking by own income. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €20, each item along Insee's V19 to V20 gradient. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €20, personal taxes, contributions and corporate tax along IPP's rates. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 33–49%, Profits kept in companies × 10⁹ ÷ Bottom 33–49%, people ÷ 12- From
- Bottom 33–49%, Profits kept in companies €1.9bn, estimated
- Bottom 33–49%, people 10.7 million, estimated
- Result
- €20
Why believe this?
Rank above which people hold 70% of income
61.3EstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The rank in Insee's ranking by living standard above which people hold this share of extended primary income: linear between Insee's twentieths below P95, on the generalized Pareto tail above.
Calculation
- Computed as
share of primary income above the rank = 70%, on Insee's curve (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490 above P95)- From
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- V1, Extended primary income, Insee €10.4bn, estimated
- V2, Extended primary income, Insee €16.6bn, estimated
- V3, Extended primary income, Insee €25.3bn, estimated
- V4, Extended primary income, Insee €32.4bn, estimated
- V5, Extended primary income, Insee €40.5bn, estimated
- V6, Extended primary income, Insee €47bn, estimated
- V7, Extended primary income, Insee €54.7bn, estimated
- V8, Extended primary income, Insee €63.1bn, estimated
- V9, Extended primary income, Insee €68.3bn, estimated
- V10, Extended primary income, Insee €73.7bn, estimated
- V11, Extended primary income, Insee €80.6bn, estimated
- V12, Extended primary income, Insee €85.9bn, estimated
- V13, Extended primary income, Insee €98.3bn, estimated
- V14, Extended primary income, Insee €103.2bn, estimated
- V15, Extended primary income, Insee €117.7bn, estimated
- V16, Extended primary income, Insee €130.8bn, estimated
- V17, Extended primary income, Insee €146bn, estimated
- V18, Extended primary income, Insee €170.5bn, estimated
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn, estimated
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn, estimated
- Result
- 61
Why believe this?
Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, paid a month per person
€1,250EstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
- Competing figures
- €1,250, Central. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €1,250, a strict Pareto tail above P95. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €1,250, a tail as concentrated as WID's ranking by own income. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €1,250, each item along Insee's V19 to V20 gradient. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €1,250, personal taxes, contributions and corporate tax along IPP's rates. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
Calculation
- Computed as
Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, levies paid × 10⁹ ÷ Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, people ÷ 12- From
- Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, levies paid €127.5bn, estimated
- Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, people 8.5 million, estimated
- Result
- €1,250
Why believe this?
Living standard at D7, constant 2024 euros
€33,680Estimated2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Disposable income per consumption unit a year at the threshold, in constant 2024 euros: what one person living alone has to spend; metropolitan France, survey on tax and social incomes.
- Caveat
- Insee's distributional accounts rank people by a survey-based living standard close to, but not the same as, this one.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Distribution des niveaux de vie, données annuelles de 1996 à 2024
- Where
- Sheet “Données”, row 11 “7e décile (D7)”, column AG (2024), en euros 2024 constants; raw/reve-niv-vie-decile-individu.xlsx
- Published
- 2026
- As published
- €33,680
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 29–39%, people
6.9 millionEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Individuals of all ages, as Insee counts them in its distributional accounts.
Calculation
- Computed as
(Everyone, Individuals, millions, Insee × (upper percentile − lower percentile) ÷ 100) × 1,000,000- From
- Everyone, Individuals, millions, Insee 68.4, estimated
- Rank above which people hold 70% of income 61.3, estimated
- Rank above which people hold 60% of income 71.4, estimated
- Result
- 6,886,314
Why believe this?
Top 29–39%, Subsidies on production
€5.6bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.
Calculation
- Computed as
Subsidies on production × Top 29–39%, Subsidies on production ÷ All groups, Subsidies on production- From
- Subsidies on production €53.4bn, estimated
- Top 29–39%, Subsidies on production €4bn, estimated
- All groups, Subsidies on production €38.2bn, estimated
- Result
- €5.6 billion
Why believe this?
Top 29–39%, Culture and leisure
€4.3bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.
Calculation
- Computed as
Culture and leisure × Top 29–39%, Culture and leisure ÷ All groups, Culture and leisure- From
- Culture and leisure €43.1bn, estimated
- Top 29–39%, Culture and leisure €5.2bn, estimated
- All groups, Culture and leisure €52bn, estimated
- Result
- €4.3 billion
Why believe this?
Top 20–29%, Corporate tax
€2.6bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
Calculation
- Computed as
Corporate tax × Top 20–29%, Corporate tax ÷ All groups, Corporate tax- From
- Corporate tax €81.2bn, estimated
- Top 20–29%, Corporate tax €2.5bn, estimated
- All groups, Corporate tax €78.1bn, estimated
- Result
- €2.6 billion
Why believe this?
Top 13–20%, transfers received
€106.8bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Every transfer attributed to the group, subsidies included.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 13–20%, Subsidies on products + Top 13–20%, Subsidies on production + Top 13–20%, Pensions + Top 13–20%, Unemployment benefits + Top 13–20%, Other cash benefits + Top 13–20%, Health care + Top 13–20%, Education + Top 13–20%, Social care and housing aid + Top 13–20%, Culture and leisure + Top 13–20%, Collective services- From
- Top 13–20%, Subsidies on products €3.3bn, estimated
- Top 13–20%, Subsidies on production €5.6bn, estimated
- Top 13–20%, Pensions €34.1bn, estimated
- Top 13–20%, Unemployment benefits €2.5bn, estimated
- Top 13–20%, Other cash benefits €8bn, estimated
- Top 13–20%, Health care €15.7bn, estimated
- Top 13–20%, Education €8.5bn, estimated
- Top 13–20%, Social care and housing aid €4.2bn, estimated
- Top 13–20%, Culture and leisure €3bn, estimated
- Top 13–20%, Collective services €22bn, estimated
- Result
- €106.8 billion
Why believe this?
Top 13–20%, paid a month per person
€2,210EstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
- Competing figures
- €2,210, Central. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €2,210, a strict Pareto tail above P95. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €2,210, a tail as concentrated as WID's ranking by own income. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €2,210, each item along Insee's V19 to V20 gradient. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €2,210, personal taxes, contributions and corporate tax along IPP's rates. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 13–20%, levies paid × 10⁹ ÷ Top 13–20%, people ÷ 12- From
- Top 13–20%, levies paid €124.9bn, estimated
- Top 13–20%, people 4.7 million, estimated
- Result
- €2,210
Why believe this?
Top 13–20%, CSG on earnings and benefits
€14.4bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- The CSG on earnings, pensions and other replacement income, and on gaming: the CSG less its part on capital income.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 13–20%, CSG − Top 13–20%, CSG on capital income- From
- Top 13–20%, CSG €15.9bn, estimated
- Top 13–20%, CSG on capital income €1.5bn, estimated
- Result
- €14.4 billion
Why believe this?
Top 7.9–13%, Corporate tax
€3.8bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
- Caveat
- Insee attributes the whole amount to residents; the part falling outside France is taken out of every group in proportion.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 7.9–13%, Corporate tax × (1 − Share of French companies' equity held outside France ÷ 100)- From
- Top 7.9–13%, Corporate tax €4.8bn, estimated
- Share of French companies' equity held outside France 20.2%, estimated
- Result
- €3.8 billion
Why believe this?
Top 7.9–13%, Income tax
€13.9bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
Calculation
- Computed as
Income tax × Top 7.9–13%, Income tax ÷ All groups, Income tax- From
- Income tax €105.8bn, estimated
- Top 7.9–13%, Income tax €13.3bn, estimated
- All groups, Income tax €101.5bn, estimated
- Result
- €13.9 billion
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, people
3.0 millionEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Individuals of all ages, as Insee counts them in its distributional accounts.
Calculation
- Computed as
(Everyone, Individuals, millions, Insee × (upper percentile − lower percentile) ÷ 100) × 1,000,000- From
- Everyone, Individuals, millions, Insee 68.4, estimated
- Rank above which people hold 30% of income 92.1, estimated
- Rank above which people hold 20% of income 96.5, estimated
- Result
- 2,970,950
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Rents, actual and imputed, below P95
€8.5bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Rents landlords receive and the rent owner-occupiers are deemed to pay themselves, net of costs.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 9 “Loyers réels et imputés aux propriétaires”, column U (0.5730 × V19), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 9, V19: 14.9
- As published
- €8.5 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
V20, Loyers réels et imputés aux propriétaires, Insee
€21.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- A row of Insee's distributional accounts, read as published.
- Caveat
- Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 9 “Loyers réels et imputés aux propriétaires”, column V (V20)
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- As published
- €21.4 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, received a month per person
€2,120EstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 3.5–7.9%, transfers received × 10⁹ ÷ Top 3.5–7.9%, people ÷ 12- From
- Top 3.5–7.9%, transfers received €75.6bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, people 3.0 million, estimated
- Result
- €2,120
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, transfers received
€75.1bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Every transfer attributed to the group, subsidies included.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 3.5–7.9%, Subsidies on products + Top 3.5–7.9%, Subsidies on production + Top 3.5–7.9%, Pensions + Top 3.5–7.9%, Unemployment benefits + Top 3.5–7.9%, Other cash benefits + Top 3.5–7.9%, Health care + Top 3.5–7.9%, Education + Top 3.5–7.9%, Social care and housing aid + Top 3.5–7.9%, Culture and leisure + Top 3.5–7.9%, Collective services- From
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Subsidies on products €2.2bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Subsidies on production €5.4bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Pensions €26.5bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Unemployment benefits €2.4bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Other cash benefits €5.7bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Health care €8.6bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Education €5.2bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Social care and housing aid €2.4bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Culture and leisure €1.9bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Collective services €14.8bn, estimated
- Result
- €75.1 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 33–49%, Subsidies on products
€4.7bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 19 “Subventions sur les produits (transports, etc.)”, columns I and J and K and L (0.3399 × V7 + 1.0000 × V8 + 1.0000 × V9 + 0.7913 × V10), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 19, V7: 1.6; row 19, V8: 1.5; row 19, V9: 1.5; row 19, V10: 1.5
- As published
- €4.7 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 29–39%, Subsidies on products
€3.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 19 “Subventions sur les produits (transports, etc.)”, columns O and P and Q (0.7311 × V13 + 1.0000 × V14 + 0.2824 × V15), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 19, V13: 1.6; row 19, V14: 1.6; row 19, V15: 1.7
- As published
- €3.2 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Subsidies on production, below P95
€2.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 21 “Subventions sur la production (aides à l'apprentissage, aides sectorielles, etc.)”, column U (0.5730 × V19), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 21, V19: 4.1
- As published
- €2.3 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 29–39%, Subsidies on production
€4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 21 “Subventions sur la production (aides à l'apprentissage, aides sectorielles, etc.)”, columns O and P and Q (0.7311 × V13 + 1.0000 × V14 + 0.2824 × V15), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 21, V13: 1.9; row 21, V14: 2; row 21, V15: 2.3
- As published
- €4.0 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 7.9–13%, Subsidies on production
€4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 21 “Subventions sur la production (aides à l'apprentissage, aides sectorielles, etc.)”, columns T and U (0.6753 × V18 + 0.4270 × V19), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 21, V18: 3.3; row 21, V19: 4.1
- As published
- €4.0 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Pensions
€27.1bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 3.5–7.9%, Pensions, below P95 + Top 3.5–7.9%, Pensions, above P95- From
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Pensions, below P95 €17.3bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Pensions, above P95 €9.8bn, estimated
- Result
- €27.1 billion
Why believe this?
V19, Invalidité, Insee
€800mEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- A row of Insee's distributional accounts, read as published.
- Caveat
- Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 36 “Invalidité”, column U (V19)
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- As published
- €0.8 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
V20, Autres revenus de remplacement (IJ, ATMP), Insee
€6.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- A row of Insee's distributional accounts, read as published.
- Caveat
- Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 33 “Autres revenus de remplacement (IJ, ATMP)”, column V (V20)
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- As published
- €6.1 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.2–0.3%, Social care and housing aid
€96.3mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care for dependent elderly and disabled people, childcare and other social action, housing benefits and the energy cheque, and the running costs of social security, received in kind.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Social care and housing aid × ∫ level^e over P99.6595–99.8457 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0357), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = -0.04: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20- From
- Top 5%, Social care and housing aid €2.7bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- V19, Action sociale (dépendance, handicap, petite enfance, etc.), Insee €1.7bn, estimated
- V19, Aides au logement et chèque énergie, Insee €100m, estimated
- V19, Frais de fonctionnement de la Sécurité sociale, Insee €1bn, estimated
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn, estimated
- V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- V20, Action sociale (dépendance, handicap, petite enfance, etc.), Insee €1.5bn, estimated
- V20, Aides au logement et chèque énergie, Insee €100m, estimated
- V20, Frais de fonctionnement de la Sécurité sociale, Insee €1.1bn, estimated
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn, estimated
- V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- Result
- €0.1 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, Culture and leisure
€1.4bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Culture and leisure × ∫ level^e over P96.4785–99.0795 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.5202), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.00: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20- From
- Top 5%, Culture and leisure €2.6bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- V19, Culture and leisure, Insee €2.6bn, estimated
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn, estimated
- V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- V20, Culture and leisure, Insee €2.6bn, estimated
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn, estimated
- V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- Result
- €1.4 billion
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Taxes on products
€16.5bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
- Caveat
- Insee attributes the whole amount to residents; the part falling outside France is taken out of every group in proportion.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 3.5–7.9%, Taxes on products × (1 − Share of consumption by visitors ÷ 100)- From
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Taxes on products €17.3bn, estimated
- Share of consumption by visitors 4.6%, estimated
- Result
- €16.5 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.3–0.6%, Taxes on production
€1.9bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Taxes on production × ∫ level^e over P99.4036–99.6595 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: one plus the change in log of IPP's 2016 rate over the change in log of economic income, between P99–99.9 and P99.9–100- From
- Top 5%, Taxes on production €22.2bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €1.9 billion
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, CSG
€15.7bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.
Calculation
- Computed as
CSG × Top 3.5–7.9%, CSG ÷ All groups, CSG- From
- CSG €153.4bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, CSG €15.1bn, estimated
- All groups, CSG €147.2bn, estimated
- Result
- €15.7 billion
Why believe this?
Top 20–29%, CSG
€15.7bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 23 “Contribution sociale généralisée (CSG)”, columns Q and R (0.7176 × V15 + 0.9469 × V16), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 23, V15: -8.9; row 23, V16: -9.8
- As published
- €15.7 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Net financial income, below P95
€8.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Interest, dividends and other property income households receive, less the interest they pay.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 8 “Revenus financiers nets (intérêts, dividendes, etc.)”, column U (0.5730 × V19), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 8, V19: 15.6
- As published
- €8.9 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
All groups, Pension contributions
€328.7bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 33%, Pension contributions + Bottom 33–49%, Pension contributions + Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Pension contributions + Top 29–39%, Pension contributions + Top 20–29%, Pension contributions + Top 13–20%, Pension contributions + Top 7.9–13%, Pension contributions + Top 3.5–7.9%, Pension contributions + Top 0.9–3.5%, Pension contributions + Top 0.6–0.9%, Pension contributions + Top 0.3–0.6%, Pension contributions + Top 0.2–0.3%, Pension contributions + Top 0.04–0.2%, Pension contributions + Top 0.04%, Pension contributions- From
- Bottom 33%, Pension contributions €34.5bn, estimated
- Bottom 33–49%, Pension contributions €36.3bn, estimated
- Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Pension contributions €35.8bn, estimated
- Top 29–39%, Pension contributions €36.7bn, estimated
- Top 20–29%, Pension contributions €36.5bn, estimated
- Top 13–20%, Pension contributions €35.9bn, estimated
- Top 7.9–13%, Pension contributions €35.3bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Pension contributions €35.3bn, estimated
- Top 0.9–3.5%, Pension contributions €28.9bn, estimated
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Pension contributions €4.2bn, estimated
- Top 0.3–0.6%, Pension contributions €3.5bn, estimated
- Top 0.2–0.3%, Pension contributions €2.8bn, estimated
- Top 0.04–0.2%, Pension contributions €2bn, estimated
- Top 0.04%, Pension contributions €933m, estimated
- Result
- €328.7 billion
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Other contributions
€23.7bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.
Calculation
- Computed as
Other contributions × Top 3.5–7.9%, Other contributions ÷ All groups, Other contributions- From
- Other contributions €190.6bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Other contributions €26.6bn, estimated
- All groups, Other contributions €214bn, estimated
- Result
- €23.7 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 33%, Other contributions
€17.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 27 “Cotisations sociales chômage1”; 28 “Cotisations sociales famille1”; 29 “Autres cotisations sociales (maladie, invalidité, ATMP)1”, columns C and D and E and F and G and H and I (1.0000 × V1 + 1.0000 × V2 + 1.0000 × V3 + 1.0000 × V4 + 1.0000 × V5 + 1.0000 × V6 + 0.6601 × V7), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 29, V1: -0.5; row 29, V2: -0.8; row 29, V3: -1.3; row 29, V4: -1.7; row 29, V5: -2.1; row 29, V6: -2.4; row 29, V7: -2.8; row 27, V1: -0.1; row 27, V2: -0.2; row 27, V3: -0.4; row 27, V4: -0.5; row 27, V5: -0.7; row 27, V6: -0.8; row 27, V7: -0.9; row 28, V1: -0.1; row 28, V2: -0.3; row 28, V3: -0.5; row 28, V4: -0.6; row 28, V5: -0.8; row 28, V6: -0.9; row 28, V7: -1.1
- As published
- €17.9 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 7.9–13%, Other contributions
€25.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 27 “Cotisations sociales chômage1”; 28 “Cotisations sociales famille1”; 29 “Autres cotisations sociales (maladie, invalidité, ATMP)1”, columns T and U (0.6753 × V18 + 0.4270 × V19), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 29, V18: -14.3; row 29, V19: -18.2; row 27, V18: -3.2; row 27, V19: -3.7; row 28, V18: -3.2; row 28, V19: -4.1
- As published
- €25.1 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Taxes on products
€19.1bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
Calculation
- Computed as
Taxes on products × Top 3.5–7.9%, Taxes on products ÷ All groups, Taxes on products- From
- Taxes on products €325.4bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Taxes on products €18.7bn, estimated
- All groups, Taxes on products €318.6bn, estimated
- Result
- €19.1 billion
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Corporate tax
€4.1bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
- Caveat
- Insee attributes the whole amount to residents; the part falling outside France is taken out of every group in proportion.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 3.5–7.9%, Corporate tax × (1 − Share of French companies' equity held outside France ÷ 100)- From
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Corporate tax €5.1bn, estimated
- Share of French companies' equity held outside France 20.2%, estimated
- Result
- €4.1 billion
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Pension contributions
€26.7bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
Calculation
- Computed as
Pension contributions × Top 3.5–7.9%, Pension contributions ÷ All groups, Pension contributions- From
- Pension contributions €293bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Pension contributions €30bn, estimated
- All groups, Pension contributions €328.7bn, estimated
- Result
- €26.7 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, Subsidies on products
€919mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Subsidies on products × ∫ level^e over P96.4785–99.0795 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.3831), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.642), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Subsidies on products €2.4bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.6, estimated
- Result
- €0.9 billion
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Subsidies on production, above P95
€1.3bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Subsidies on production × ∫ level^e over P95–96.4785 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.1630), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.642), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Subsidies on production €7.7bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.6, estimated
- Result
- €1.3 billion
Why believe this?
Top 20–29%, Pensions
€40bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 31 “Pensions de retraite”, columns Q and R (0.7176 × V15 + 0.9469 × V16), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 31, V15: 23.1; row 31, V16: 24.7
- As published
- €40.0 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, Pensions
€834mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Pensions × ∫ level^e over P99.8457–99.9602 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0229), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.642), e = 0.00: the same per person, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Pensions €36.4bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.6, estimated
- Result
- €0.8 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.6–0.9%, Unemployment benefits
€162mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Unemployment benefits × ∫ level^e over P99.0795–99.4036 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0648), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.642), e = 0.00: the same per person, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Unemployment benefits €2.5bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.6, estimated
- Result
- €0.2 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.3–0.6%, Other cash benefits
€430mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Other cash benefits × ∫ level^e over P99.4036–99.6595 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0512), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.642), e = 0.00: the same per person, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Other cash benefits €8.4bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.6, estimated
- Result
- €0.4 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, Culture and leisure
€1.4bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Culture and leisure × ∫ level^e over P96.4785–99.0795 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.5202), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.642), e = 0.00: the same per person, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Culture and leisure €2.6bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.6, estimated
- Result
- €1.4 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, Subsidies on products
€1.4bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.
Calculation
- Computed as
Subsidies on products × Top 0.9–3.5%, Subsidies on products ÷ All groups, Subsidies on products- From
- Subsidies on products €44.6bn, estimated
- Top 0.9–3.5%, Subsidies on products €1bn, estimated
- All groups, Subsidies on products €32bn, estimated
- Result
- €1.4 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, Pensions
€18.6bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.
Calculation
- Computed as
Pensions × Top 0.9–3.5%, Pensions ÷ All groups, Pensions- From
- Pensions €389.8bn, estimated
- Top 0.9–3.5%, Pensions €18.9bn, estimated
- All groups, Pensions €397.8bn, estimated
- Result
- €18.6 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, Collective services
€8.4bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Defence, police, justice, general administration and other collective spending, spread over people, net of other transfers and of balances with the rest of the world, which are small and negative overall.
Calculation
- Computed as
Collective services × Top 0.9–3.5%, Collective services ÷ All groups, Collective services- From
- Collective services €335.7bn, estimated
- Top 0.9–3.5%, Collective services €6bn, estimated
- All groups, Collective services €239.5bn, estimated
- Result
- €8.4 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, Corporate tax
€11.5bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
- Caveat
- Insee attributes the whole amount to residents; the part falling outside France is taken out of every group in proportion.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 0.9–3.5%, Corporate tax × (1 − Share of French companies' equity held outside France ÷ 100)- From
- Top 0.9–3.5%, Corporate tax €14.4bn, estimated
- Share of French companies' equity held outside France 20.2%, estimated
- Result
- €11.5 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, Corporate tax
€4bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
Calculation
- Computed as
Corporate tax × Top 0.9–3.5%, Corporate tax ÷ All groups, Corporate tax- From
- Corporate tax €81.2bn, estimated
- Top 0.9–3.5%, Corporate tax €3.8bn, estimated
- All groups, Corporate tax €78.1bn, estimated
- Result
- €4.0 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, Corporate tax
€19.9bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
- Caveat
- Insee attributes the whole amount to residents; the part falling outside France is taken out of every group in proportion.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 0.9–3.5%, Corporate tax × (1 − Share of French companies' equity held outside France ÷ 100)- From
- Top 0.9–3.5%, Corporate tax €24.9bn, estimated
- Share of French companies' equity held outside France 20.2%, estimated
- Result
- €19.9 billion
Why believe this?
Living standard at P99.1, constant 2024 euros
€109,946EstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- The living standard at this rank on the Pareto curve through the two thresholds around it: the logarithm of the living standard is linear in the logarithm of the share of people above it.
Calculation
- Computed as
Living standard at P99, constant 2024 euros × ((100 − 99.0795) ÷ (100 − 99))^(−1 ÷ α), with α = ln((100 − 99) ÷ (100 − 99.9)) ÷ ln(Living standard at P99.9, constant 2024 euros ÷ Living standard at P99, constant 2024 euros) = 2.412- From
- Living standard at P99, constant 2024 euros €106,235, estimated
- Living standard at P99.9, constant 2024 euros €275,982, estimated
- Result
- €109,946
Why believe this?
Rank above which people hold 8% of income
99.4EstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The rank in Insee's ranking by living standard above which people hold this share of extended primary income: linear between Insee's twentieths below P95, on the generalized Pareto tail above.
Calculation
- Computed as
share of primary income above the rank = 8%, on Insee's curve (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490 above P95)- From
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- V1, Extended primary income, Insee €10.4bn, estimated
- V2, Extended primary income, Insee €16.6bn, estimated
- V3, Extended primary income, Insee €25.3bn, estimated
- V4, Extended primary income, Insee €32.4bn, estimated
- V5, Extended primary income, Insee €40.5bn, estimated
- V6, Extended primary income, Insee €47bn, estimated
- V7, Extended primary income, Insee €54.7bn, estimated
- V8, Extended primary income, Insee €63.1bn, estimated
- V9, Extended primary income, Insee €68.3bn, estimated
- V10, Extended primary income, Insee €73.7bn, estimated
- V11, Extended primary income, Insee €80.6bn, estimated
- V12, Extended primary income, Insee €85.9bn, estimated
- V13, Extended primary income, Insee €98.3bn, estimated
- V14, Extended primary income, Insee €103.2bn, estimated
- V15, Extended primary income, Insee €117.7bn, estimated
- V16, Extended primary income, Insee €130.8bn, estimated
- V17, Extended primary income, Insee €146bn, estimated
- V18, Extended primary income, Insee €170.5bn, estimated
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn, estimated
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn, estimated
- Result
- 99
Why believe this?
Top 0.6–0.9%, profits kept in companies, monthly equivalent per resident, 2023 data
€690EstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 0.6–0.9%, Profits kept in companies × 10⁹ ÷ Top 0.6–0.9%, people ÷ 12- From
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Profits kept in companies €1.8bn, estimated
- Top 0.6–0.9%, people 221,681, estimated
- Result
- €690
Why believe this?
Top 0.6–0.9%, transfers received
€6.8bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Every transfer attributed to the group, subsidies included.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 0.6–0.9%, Subsidies on products + Top 0.6–0.9%, Subsidies on production + Top 0.6–0.9%, Pensions + Top 0.6–0.9%, Unemployment benefits + Top 0.6–0.9%, Other cash benefits + Top 0.6–0.9%, Health care + Top 0.6–0.9%, Education + Top 0.6–0.9%, Social care and housing aid + Top 0.6–0.9%, Culture and leisure + Top 0.6–0.9%, Collective services- From
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Subsidies on products €253m, estimated
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Subsidies on production €883m, estimated
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Pensions €2.5bn, estimated
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Unemployment benefits €148m, estimated
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Other cash benefits €605m, estimated
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Health care €635m, estimated
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Education €406m, estimated
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Social care and housing aid €167m, estimated
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Culture and leisure €140m, estimated
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Collective services €1bn, estimated
- Result
- €6.8 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.6–0.9%, Subsidies on production
€897mEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.
Calculation
- Computed as
Subsidies on production × Top 0.6–0.9%, Subsidies on production ÷ All groups, Subsidies on production- From
- Subsidies on production €53.4bn, estimated
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Subsidies on production €642m, estimated
- All groups, Subsidies on production €38.2bn, estimated
- Result
- €0.9 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.6–0.9%, Other contributions
€3.4bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.
Calculation
- Computed as
Other contributions × Top 0.6–0.9%, Other contributions ÷ All groups, Other contributions- From
- Other contributions €190.6bn, estimated
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Other contributions €3.8bn, estimated
- All groups, Other contributions €214bn, estimated
- Result
- €3.4 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.6–0.9%, paid a month per person
€7,440EstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 0.6–0.9%, levies paid × 10⁹ ÷ Top 0.6–0.9%, people ÷ 12- From
- Top 0.6–0.9%, levies paid €19.8bn, estimated
- Top 0.6–0.9%, people 221,681, estimated
- Result
- €7,440
Why believe this?
Top 0.6–0.9%, levies paid
€19.8bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Every levy attributed to the group, gross of subsidies.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 0.6–0.9%, Taxes on products + Top 0.6–0.9%, Taxes on production + Top 0.6–0.9%, Corporate tax + Top 0.6–0.9%, CSG on earnings and benefits + Top 0.6–0.9%, CSG on capital income + Top 0.6–0.9%, Income tax + Top 0.6–0.9%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Top 0.6–0.9%, Pension contributions + Top 0.6–0.9%, Other contributions- From
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Taxes on products €2.6bn, estimated
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Taxes on production €1.8bn, estimated
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Corporate tax €964m, estimated
- Top 0.6–0.9%, CSG on earnings and benefits €2bn, estimated
- Top 0.6–0.9%, CSG on capital income €490m, estimated
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Income tax €3.9bn, estimated
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Other taxes on income and wealth €715m, estimated
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Pension contributions €4bn, estimated
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Other contributions €3.2bn, estimated
- Result
- €19.8 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.6–0.9%, Taxes on production
€1.8bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
Calculation
- Computed as
Taxes on production × Top 0.6–0.9%, Taxes on production ÷ All groups, Taxes on production- From
- Taxes on production €130.7bn, estimated
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Taxes on production €1.8bn, estimated
- All groups, Taxes on production €127.9bn, estimated
- Result
- €1.8 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.3–0.6%, Unemployment benefits
€126mEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.
Calculation
- Computed as
Unemployment benefits × Top 0.3–0.6%, Unemployment benefits ÷ All groups, Unemployment benefits- From
- Unemployment benefits €45.2bn, estimated
- Top 0.3–0.6%, Unemployment benefits €128m, estimated
- All groups, Unemployment benefits €45.8bn, estimated
- Result
- €0.1 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.3–0.6%, Health care
€504mEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.
Calculation
- Computed as
Health care × Top 0.3–0.6%, Health care ÷ All groups, Health care- From
- Health care €261.2bn, estimated
- Top 0.3–0.6%, Health care €404m, estimated
- All groups, Health care €209.4bn, estimated
- Result
- €0.5 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.3–0.6%, Culture and leisure
€110mEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.
Calculation
- Computed as
Culture and leisure × Top 0.3–0.6%, Culture and leisure ÷ All groups, Culture and leisure- From
- Culture and leisure €43.1bn, estimated
- Top 0.3–0.6%, Culture and leisure €133m, estimated
- All groups, Culture and leisure €52bn, estimated
- Result
- €0.1 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.3–0.6%, Taxes on production
€1.9bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
Calculation
- Computed as
Taxes on production × Top 0.3–0.6%, Taxes on production ÷ All groups, Taxes on production- From
- Taxes on production €130.7bn, estimated
- Top 0.3–0.6%, Taxes on production €1.9bn, estimated
- All groups, Taxes on production €127.9bn, estimated
- Result
- €1.9 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.3–0.6%, CSG
€2.6bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.
Calculation
- Computed as
CSG × Top 0.3–0.6%, CSG ÷ All groups, CSG- From
- CSG €153.4bn, estimated
- Top 0.3–0.6%, CSG €2.5bn, estimated
- All groups, CSG €147.2bn, estimated
- Result
- €2.6 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.3–0.6%, Other contributions
€3bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.
Calculation
- Computed as
Other contributions × Top 0.3–0.6%, Other contributions ÷ All groups, Other contributions- From
- Other contributions €190.6bn, estimated
- Top 0.3–0.6%, Other contributions €3.4bn, estimated
- All groups, Other contributions €214bn, estimated
- Result
- €3.0 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.3–0.6%, Income tax
€4.3bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
Calculation
- Computed as
Income tax × Top 0.3–0.6%, Income tax ÷ All groups, Income tax- From
- Income tax €105.8bn, estimated
- Top 0.3–0.6%, Income tax €4.1bn, estimated
- All groups, Income tax €101.5bn, estimated
- Result
- €4.3 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.3–0.6%, Pension contributions
€4.3bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
Calculation
- Computed as
Pension contributions × Top 0.3–0.6%, Pension contributions ÷ All groups, Pension contributions- From
- Pension contributions €293bn, estimated
- Top 0.3–0.6%, Pension contributions €4.8bn, estimated
- All groups, Pension contributions €328.7bn, estimated
- Result
- €4.3 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.2–0.3%, profits kept in companies, monthly equivalent per resident, 2023 data
€4,930EstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 0.2–0.3%, Profits kept in companies × 10⁹ ÷ Top 0.2–0.3%, people ÷ 12- From
- Top 0.2–0.3%, Profits kept in companies €7.5bn, estimated
- Top 0.2–0.3%, people 127,358, estimated
- Result
- €4,930
Why believe this?
Top 0.2–0.3%, Profits kept in companies
€7.5bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The part of companies' profits that is not paid out, attributed to the households that own them.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Profits kept in companies × ∫ level^e over P99.6595–99.8457 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Profits kept in companies €90.4bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €7.5 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.2–0.3%, Profits kept in companies
€3.1bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The part of companies' profits that is not paid out, attributed to the households that own them.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Profits kept in companies × ∫ level^e over P99.6595–99.8457 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0343), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.94: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20- From
- Top 5%, Profits kept in companies €90.4bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- V19, Profits des entreprises non distribués aux ménages (B), Insee €10.5bn, estimated
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn, estimated
- V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- V20, Profits des entreprises non distribués aux ménages (B), Insee €90.4bn, estimated
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn, estimated
- V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- Result
- €3.1 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.2–0.3%, Subsidies on products
€183mEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.
Calculation
- Computed as
Subsidies on products × Top 0.2–0.3%, Subsidies on products ÷ All groups, Subsidies on products- From
- Subsidies on products €44.6bn, estimated
- Top 0.2–0.3%, Subsidies on products €131m, estimated
- All groups, Subsidies on products €32bn, estimated
- Result
- €0.2 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.2–0.3%, Education
€240mEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.
Calculation
- Computed as
Education × Top 0.2–0.3%, Education ÷ All groups, Education- From
- Education €148.6bn, estimated
- Top 0.2–0.3%, Education €206m, estimated
- All groups, Education €128.1bn, estimated
- Result
- €0.2 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.2–0.3%, Social care and housing aid
€98.1mEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Care for dependent elderly and disabled people, childcare and other social action, housing benefits and the energy cheque, and the running costs of social security, received in kind.
Calculation
- Computed as
Social care and housing aid × Top 0.2–0.3%, Social care and housing aid ÷ All groups, Social care and housing aid- From
- Social care and housing aid €113.4bn, estimated
- Top 0.2–0.3%, Social care and housing aid €101m, estimated
- All groups, Social care and housing aid €116.3bn, estimated
- Result
- €0.1 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.2–0.3%, transfers received
€4.3bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Every transfer attributed to the group, subsidies included.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 0.2–0.3%, Subsidies on products + Top 0.2–0.3%, Subsidies on production + Top 0.2–0.3%, Pensions + Top 0.2–0.3%, Unemployment benefits + Top 0.2–0.3%, Other cash benefits + Top 0.2–0.3%, Health care + Top 0.2–0.3%, Education + Top 0.2–0.3%, Social care and housing aid + Top 0.2–0.3%, Culture and leisure + Top 0.2–0.3%, Collective services- From
- Top 0.2–0.3%, Subsidies on products €279m, estimated
- Top 0.2–0.3%, Subsidies on production €897m, estimated
- Top 0.2–0.3%, Pensions €1.3bn, estimated
- Top 0.2–0.3%, Unemployment benefits €91.8m, estimated
- Top 0.2–0.3%, Other cash benefits €307m, estimated
- Top 0.2–0.3%, Health care €367m, estimated
- Top 0.2–0.3%, Education €229m, estimated
- Top 0.2–0.3%, Social care and housing aid €98.1m, estimated
- Top 0.2–0.3%, Culture and leisure €80.2m, estimated
- Top 0.2–0.3%, Collective services €600m, estimated
- Result
- €4.3 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, rents, actual and imputed, monthly equivalent per resident, 2023 data
€2,010EstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 0.04–0.2%, Rents, actual and imputed × 10⁹ ÷ Top 0.04–0.2%, people ÷ 12- From
- Top 0.04–0.2%, Rents, actual and imputed €1.9bn, estimated
- Top 0.04–0.2%, people 78,339, estimated
- Result
- €2,010
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, Profits kept in companies
€7.5bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The part of companies' profits that is not paid out, attributed to the households that own them.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Profits kept in companies × ∫ level^e over P99.8457–99.9602 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Profits kept in companies €90.4bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €7.5 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, Pensions
€817mEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.
Calculation
- Computed as
Pensions × Top 0.04–0.2%, Pensions ÷ All groups, Pensions- From
- Pensions €389.8bn, estimated
- Top 0.04–0.2%, Pensions €834m, estimated
- All groups, Pensions €397.8bn, estimated
- Result
- €0.8 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, Subsidies on production
€891mEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.
Calculation
- Computed as
Subsidies on production × Top 0.04–0.2%, Subsidies on production ÷ All groups, Subsidies on production- From
- Subsidies on production €53.4bn, estimated
- Top 0.04–0.2%, Subsidies on production €637m, estimated
- All groups, Subsidies on production €38.2bn, estimated
- Result
- €0.9 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Subsidies on production
€621mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Subsidies on production × ∫ level^e over P99.9602–100 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0807), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.479), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Subsidies on production €7.7bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €0.6 billion
Why believe this?
Top 7.9–13%, Pensions
€31.7bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 31 “Pensions de retraite”, columns T and U (0.6753 × V18 + 0.4270 × V19), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 31, V18: 27.9; row 31, V19: 30.2
- As published
- €31.7 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Pensions, below P95
€17.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 31 “Pensions de retraite”, column U (0.5730 × V19), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 31, V19: 30.2
- As published
- €17.3 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Pensions
€290mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Pensions × ∫ level^e over P99.9602–100 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0080), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.479), e = 0.00: the same per person, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Pensions €36.4bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €0.3 billion
Why believe this?
Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Other cash benefits
€14.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 33 “Autres revenus de remplacement (IJ, ATMP)”; 34 “Famille”; 35 “Exclusion sociale”; 36 “Invalidité”; 37 “Remboursements des contrats collectifs de complémentaires santé”, columns L and M and N and O (0.2087 × V10 + 1.0000 × V11 + 1.0000 × V12 + 0.2689 × V13), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 33, V10: 1.6; row 33, V11: 1.7; row 33, V12: 1.8; row 33, V13: 2; row 34, V10: 1.7; row 34, V11: 1.5; row 34, V12: 1.2; row 34, V13: 1; row 35, V10: 0.9; row 35, V11: 0.8; row 35, V12: 0.8; row 35, V13: 0.6; row 36, V10: 1.1; row 36, V11: 1.3; row 36, V12: 0.9; row 36, V13: 1.2; row 37, V10: 1; row 37, V11: 1; row 37, V12: 1; row 37, V13: 1.1
- As published
- €14.9 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
All groups, Health care
€209.4bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 33%, Health care + Bottom 33–49%, Health care + Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Health care + Top 29–39%, Health care + Top 20–29%, Health care + Top 13–20%, Health care + Top 7.9–13%, Health care + Top 3.5–7.9%, Health care + Top 0.9–3.5%, Health care + Top 0.6–0.9%, Health care + Top 0.3–0.6%, Health care + Top 0.2–0.3%, Health care + Top 0.04–0.2%, Health care + Top 0.04%, Health care- From
- Bottom 33%, Health care €78.8bn, estimated
- Bottom 33–49%, Health care €35.8bn, estimated
- Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Health care €26.1bn, estimated
- Top 29–39%, Health care €20.9bn, estimated
- Top 20–29%, Health care €13bn, estimated
- Top 13–20%, Health care €12.6bn, estimated
- Top 7.9–13%, Health care €9.8bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Health care €6.9bn, estimated
- Top 0.9–3.5%, Health care €4.1bn, estimated
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Health care €512m, estimated
- Top 0.3–0.6%, Health care €404m, estimated
- Top 0.2–0.3%, Health care €294m, estimated
- Top 0.04–0.2%, Health care €181m, estimated
- Top 0.04%, Health care €62.8m, estimated
- Result
- €209.4 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.6–0.9%, Health care
€512mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Health care × ∫ level^e over P99.0795–99.4036 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0648), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.479), e = 0.00: the same per person, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Health care €7.9bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €0.5 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 33%, Education
€53bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 41 “Enseignement2”, columns C and D and E and F and G and H and I (1.0000 × V1 + 1.0000 × V2 + 1.0000 × V3 + 1.0000 × V4 + 1.0000 × V5 + 1.0000 × V6 + 0.6601 × V7), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 41, V1: 9.8; row 41, V2: 8.9; row 41, V3: 7.7; row 41, V4: 7.5; row 41, V5: 7.7; row 41, V6: 7.2; row 41, V7: 6.3
- As published
- €53.0 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 29–39%, Education
€11bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 41 “Enseignement2”, columns O and P and Q (0.7311 × V13 + 1.0000 × V14 + 0.2824 × V15), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 41, V13: 5.6; row 41, V14: 5.3; row 41, V15: 5.7
- As published
- €11.0 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
All groups, Culture and leisure
€52bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 33%, Culture and leisure + Bottom 33–49%, Culture and leisure + Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Culture and leisure + Top 29–39%, Culture and leisure + Top 20–29%, Culture and leisure + Top 13–20%, Culture and leisure + Top 7.9–13%, Culture and leisure + Top 3.5–7.9%, Culture and leisure + Top 0.9–3.5%, Culture and leisure + Top 0.6–0.9%, Culture and leisure + Top 0.3–0.6%, Culture and leisure + Top 0.2–0.3%, Culture and leisure + Top 0.04–0.2%, Culture and leisure + Top 0.04%, Culture and leisure- From
- Bottom 33%, Culture and leisure €17.3bn, estimated
- Bottom 33–49%, Culture and leisure €8.1bn, estimated
- Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Culture and leisure €6.4bn, estimated
- Top 29–39%, Culture and leisure €5.2bn, estimated
- Top 20–29%, Culture and leisure €4.3bn, estimated
- Top 13–20%, Culture and leisure €3.6bn, estimated
- Top 7.9–13%, Culture and leisure €2.9bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Culture and leisure €2.3bn, estimated
- Top 0.9–3.5%, Culture and leisure €1.4bn, estimated
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Culture and leisure €169m, estimated
- Top 0.3–0.6%, Culture and leisure €133m, estimated
- Top 0.2–0.3%, Culture and leisure €96.8m, estimated
- Top 0.04–0.2%, Culture and leisure €59.6m, estimated
- Top 0.04%, Culture and leisure €20.7m, estimated
- Result
- €52.0 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, Culture and leisure
€1.4bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Culture and leisure × ∫ level^e over P96.4785–99.0795 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.5202), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.479), e = 0.00: the same per person, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Culture and leisure €2.6bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €1.4 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, Education
€141mEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.
Calculation
- Computed as
Education × Top 0.04–0.2%, Education ÷ All groups, Education- From
- Education €148.6bn, estimated
- Top 0.04–0.2%, Education €121m, estimated
- All groups, Education €128.1bn, estimated
- Result
- €0.1 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, Collective services
€369mEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Defence, police, justice, general administration and other collective spending, spread over people, net of other transfers and of balances with the rest of the world, which are small and negative overall.
Calculation
- Computed as
Collective services × Top 0.04–0.2%, Collective services ÷ All groups, Collective services- From
- Collective services €335.7bn, estimated
- Top 0.04–0.2%, Collective services €263m, estimated
- All groups, Collective services €239.5bn, estimated
- Result
- €0.4 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, Taxes on products
€2.9bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Taxes on products × ∫ level^e over P99.8457–99.9602 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0884), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.642), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Taxes on products €33.3bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.6, estimated
- Result
- €2.9 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.2–0.3%, Taxes on products
€2.7bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Taxes on products × ∫ level^e over P99.6595–99.8457 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0799), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.642), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Taxes on products €33.3bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.6, estimated
- Result
- €2.7 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 33%, Taxes on production
€15.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 20 “Taxes sur la production (taxes patronales, TF, etc.)”, columns C and D and E and F and G and H and I (1.0000 × V1 + 1.0000 × V2 + 1.0000 × V3 + 1.0000 × V4 + 1.0000 × V5 + 1.0000 × V6 + 0.6601 × V7), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 20, V1: -0.9; row 20, V2: -1.3; row 20, V3: -1.8; row 20, V4: -2.3; row 20, V5: -2.9; row 20, V6: -3.4; row 20, V7: -3.9
- As published
- €15.2 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Taxes on production
€11.2bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 3.5–7.9%, Taxes on production, below P95 + Top 3.5–7.9%, Taxes on production, above P95- From
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Taxes on production, below P95 €7.6bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Taxes on production, above P95 €3.6bn, estimated
- Result
- €11.2 billion
Why believe this?
Top 13–20%, Corporate tax
€2.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 22 “Impôt sur les sociétés”, columns R and S and T (0.0531 × V16 + 1.0000 × V17 + 0.3247 × V18), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 22, V16: -1.7; row 22, V17: -2; row 22, V18: -2.6
- As published
- €2.9 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.6–0.9%, CSG
€2.2bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, CSG × ∫ level^e over P99.0795–99.4036 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0751), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.642), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, CSG €29.3bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.6, estimated
- Result
- €2.2 billion
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Income tax
€17.2bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 3.5–7.9%, Income tax, below P95 + Top 3.5–7.9%, Income tax, above P95- From
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Income tax, below P95 €9.1bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Income tax, above P95 €8.1bn, estimated
- Result
- €17.2 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 33%, Pension contributions
€34.5bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 26 “Cotisations sociales retraite1”, columns C and D and E and F and G and H and I (1.0000 × V1 + 1.0000 × V2 + 1.0000 × V3 + 1.0000 × V4 + 1.0000 × V5 + 1.0000 × V6 + 0.6601 × V7), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 26, V1: -1.4; row 26, V2: -2.5; row 26, V3: -4.2; row 26, V4: -5.6; row 26, V5: -6.9; row 26, V6: -7.8; row 26, V7: -9.3
- As published
- €34.5 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 33%, Other contributions
€17.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 27 “Cotisations sociales chômage1”; 28 “Cotisations sociales famille1”; 29 “Autres cotisations sociales (maladie, invalidité, ATMP)1”, columns C and D and E and F and G and H and I (1.0000 × V1 + 1.0000 × V2 + 1.0000 × V3 + 1.0000 × V4 + 1.0000 × V5 + 1.0000 × V6 + 0.6601 × V7), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 29, V1: -0.5; row 29, V2: -0.8; row 29, V3: -1.3; row 29, V4: -1.7; row 29, V5: -2.1; row 29, V6: -2.4; row 29, V7: -2.8; row 27, V1: -0.1; row 27, V2: -0.2; row 27, V3: -0.4; row 27, V4: -0.5; row 27, V5: -0.7; row 27, V6: -0.8; row 27, V7: -0.9; row 28, V1: -0.1; row 28, V2: -0.3; row 28, V3: -0.5; row 28, V4: -0.6; row 28, V5: -0.8; row 28, V6: -0.9; row 28, V7: -1.1
- As published
- €17.9 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, Other contributions
€1.4bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.
Calculation
- Computed as
Other contributions × Top 0.04–0.2%, Other contributions ÷ All groups, Other contributions- From
- Other contributions €190.6bn, estimated
- Top 0.04–0.2%, Other contributions €1.6bn, estimated
- All groups, Other contributions €214bn, estimated
- Result
- €1.4 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, Taxes on production
€1.9bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
Calculation
- Computed as
Taxes on production × Top 0.04–0.2%, Taxes on production ÷ All groups, Taxes on production- From
- Taxes on production €130.7bn, estimated
- Top 0.04–0.2%, Taxes on production €1.9bn, estimated
- All groups, Taxes on production €127.9bn, estimated
- Result
- €1.9 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Education
€48.9mEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.
Calculation
- Computed as
Education × Top 0.04%, Education ÷ All groups, Education- From
- Education €148.6bn, estimated
- Top 0.04%, Education €42.2m, estimated
- All groups, Education €128.1bn, estimated
- Result
- €0.0 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Pensions
€284mEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.
Calculation
- Computed as
Pensions × Top 0.04%, Pensions ÷ All groups, Pensions- From
- Pensions €389.8bn, estimated
- Top 0.04%, Pensions €290m, estimated
- All groups, Pensions €397.8bn, estimated
- Result
- €0.3 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Health care
€78.4mEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.
Calculation
- Computed as
Health care × Top 0.04%, Health care ÷ All groups, Health care- From
- Health care €261.2bn, estimated
- Top 0.04%, Health care €62.8m, estimated
- All groups, Health care €209.4bn, estimated
- Result
- €0.1 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Taxes on products
€1.2bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
Calculation
- Computed as
Taxes on products × Top 0.04%, Taxes on products ÷ All groups, Taxes on products- From
- Taxes on products €325.4bn, estimated
- Top 0.04%, Taxes on products €1.1bn, estimated
- All groups, Taxes on products €318.6bn, estimated
- Result
- €1.2 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Income tax
€10.2bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
Calculation
- Computed as
Income tax × Top 0.04%, Income tax ÷ All groups, Income tax- From
- Income tax €105.8bn, estimated
- Top 0.04%, Income tax €9.8bn, estimated
- All groups, Income tax €101.5bn, estimated
- Result
- €10.2 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, levies paid
€23.8bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Every levy attributed to the group, gross of subsidies.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 0.04%, Taxes on products + Top 0.04%, Taxes on production + Top 0.04%, Corporate tax + Top 0.04%, CSG on earnings and benefits + Top 0.04%, CSG on capital income + Top 0.04%, Income tax + Top 0.04%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Top 0.04%, Pension contributions + Top 0.04%, Other contributions- From
- Top 0.04%, Taxes on products €2.7bn, estimated
- Top 0.04%, Taxes on production €1.9bn, estimated
- Top 0.04%, Corporate tax €4bn, estimated
- Top 0.04%, CSG on earnings and benefits €2.1bn, estimated
- Top 0.04%, CSG on capital income €490m, estimated
- Top 0.04%, Income tax €4.3bn, estimated
- Top 0.04%, Other taxes on income and wealth €770m, estimated
- Top 0.04%, Pension contributions €4.3bn, estimated
- Top 0.04%, Other contributions €3.3bn, estimated
- Result
- €23.8 billion
Why believe this?
Outside France, levies paid
€166.9bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Every levy attributed to the group, gross of subsidies.
Calculation
- Computed as
Outside France, Taxes on products + Outside France, Corporate tax + Lenders outside France + International cooperation from the EU + Capital transfers from the EU (recovery plan)- From
- Outside France, Taxes on products €15.1bn, estimated
- Outside France, Corporate tax €16.4bn, estimated
- Lenders outside France €124.9bn, estimated
- International cooperation from the EU €3.5bn
- Capital transfers from the EU (recovery plan) €6.9bn
- Result
- €166.9 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 33%, levies through companies
€88.9bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Taxes on products and on production and corporate tax that companies hand over but whose incidence Insee attributes to the group.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 33%, Taxes on products + Bottom 33%, Taxes on production + Bottom 33%, Corporate tax- From
- Bottom 33%, Taxes on products €71.5bn, estimated
- Bottom 33%, Taxes on production €15.5bn, estimated
- Bottom 33%, Corporate tax €1.9bn, estimated
- Result
- €88.9 billion