Official figures and this site's calculations

Why believe this?

Figures of one view and year of the diagram, with their sources and how they were computed, each under its own anchor. Back to Public money.

17 parts: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

Why believe this?

Personal taxes, the 378 richest households

2%Estimated2016

Definition

What it counts
Personal taxes (income tax, social levies, wealth tax) as a share of economic income, for the richest 0.001% of tax households.

Where it comes from

Source
Institut des politiques publiques, Quels impôts les milliardaires paient-ils ? Note n° 92 (Bach, Bozio, Guillouzouic, Malgouyres), updated 2025
Where
p. 4
Published
May 2025
It says
jusqu'à ne représenter plus que 2 % du revenu économique parmi les 378 ménages les plus aisés
As published
2.0%
Read
2026-10-04

Why believe this?

Taxes on production and imports

€446.9bnObserved2023

Definition

What it counts
VAT, excise duties on energy, tobacco and alcohol, and taxes on payroll and on business property, as received by general government.

Where it comes from

Source
Eurostat, dataset gov_10a_main (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=MIO_EUR sector=S13 na_item=D2REC time=2023 · query this cell
As published
€446,907.0 million
Dataset version
updated 2026-07-21, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

V1, Extended primary income, Insee

€10.4bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Income before any public transfer: labour income with all social contributions, property and self-employment income, retained profits attributed to owners and a share of public bodies' primary income.
Caveat
Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 14 “Revenu primaire élargi (D=A+B+C)”, column C (V1)
Published
16 April 2026
As published
€10.4 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

V13, Extended primary income, Insee

€98.3bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Income before any public transfer: labour income with all social contributions, property and self-employment income, retained profits attributed to owners and a share of public bodies' primary income.
Caveat
Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 14 “Revenu primaire élargi (D=A+B+C)”, column O (V13)
Published
16 April 2026
As published
€98.3 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 33–49%, Taxes on production

€14.5bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 20 “Taxes sur la production (taxes patronales, TF, etc.)”, columns I and J and K and L (0.3399 × V7 + 1.0000 × V8 + 1.0000 × V9 + 0.7913 × V10), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 20, V7: -3.9; row 20, V8: -4.3; row 20, V9: -4.8; row 20, V10: -5.1
As published
€14.5 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 0.04%, Corporate tax

€45.5bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.

Calculation

Computed as
Corporate tax × Top 0.04%, Corporate tax ÷ All groups, Corporate tax
From
Result
€45.5 billion

Why believe this?

V20, Corporate tax, Insee

€57.4bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
Caveat
Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 22 “Impôt sur les sociétés”, column V (V20)
Published
16 April 2026
As published
€57.4 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 3.5–7.9%, Net financial income

€19.3bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
Interest, dividends and other property income households receive, less the interest they pay.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 3.5–7.9%, Net financial income, below P95 + Top 3.5–7.9%, Net financial income, above P95
From
Result
€19.3 billion

Why believe this?

All groups, Rents, actual and imputed

€166.8bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.

Calculation

Computed as
Bottom 33%, Rents, actual and imputed + Bottom 33–49%, Rents, actual and imputed + Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Rents, actual and imputed + Top 29–39%, Rents, actual and imputed + Top 20–29%, Rents, actual and imputed + Top 13–20%, Rents, actual and imputed + Top 7.9–13%, Rents, actual and imputed + Top 3.5–7.9%, Rents, actual and imputed + Top 0.9–3.5%, Rents, actual and imputed + Top 0.6–0.9%, Rents, actual and imputed + Top 0.3–0.6%, Rents, actual and imputed + Top 0.2–0.3%, Rents, actual and imputed + Top 0.04–0.2%, Rents, actual and imputed + Top 0.04%, Rents, actual and imputed
From
Result
€166.8 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 33%, Rents, actual and imputed

€29bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Rents landlords receive and the rent owner-occupiers are deemed to pay themselves, net of costs.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 9 “Loyers réels et imputés aux propriétaires”, columns C and D and E and F and G and H and I (1.0000 × V1 + 1.0000 × V2 + 1.0000 × V3 + 1.0000 × V4 + 1.0000 × V5 + 1.0000 × V6 + 0.6601 × V7), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 9, V1: 3.3; row 9, V2: 3.6; row 9, V3: 3.4; row 9, V4: 3.9; row 9, V5: 5; row 9, V6: 5.8; row 9, V7: 6.1
As published
€29.0 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 0.2–0.3%, Income tax

€4.6bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
Caveat
Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 5%, Income tax × ∫ level^e over P99.6595–99.8457 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0937), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.37: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20
From
Result
€4.6 billion

Why believe this?

Top 20–29%, Other taxes on income and wealth

€1.9bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 25 “Autres impôts sur les revenus et le patrimoine (TH, ISF/IFI, CRDS, etc.)”, columns Q and R (0.7176 × V15 + 0.9469 × V16), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 25, V15: -1; row 25, V16: -1.2
As published
€1.9 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 13–20%, Other taxes on income and wealth

€2.1bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 25 “Autres impôts sur les revenus et le patrimoine (TH, ISF/IFI, CRDS, etc.)”, columns R and S and T (0.0531 × V16 + 1.0000 × V17 + 0.3247 × V18), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 25, V16: -1.2; row 25, V17: -1.4; row 25, V18: -1.9
As published
€2.1 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 0.2–0.3%, Pension contributions

€3.6bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
Caveat
Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 5%, Pension contributions × ∫ level^e over P99.6595–99.8457 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0622), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.57: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20
From
Result
€3.6 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.04–0.2%, Pension contributions

€2.9bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
Caveat
Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 5%, Pension contributions × ∫ level^e over P99.8457–99.9602 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0503), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.57: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20
From
Result
€2.9 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.04%, Other contributions

€1.7bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.
Caveat
Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 5%, Other contributions × ∫ level^e over P99.9602–100 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0378), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.66: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20
From
Result
€1.7 billion

Why believe this?

V19, Autres cotisations sociales (maladie, invalidité, ATMP)1, Insee

€18.2bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
A row of Insee's distributional accounts, read as published.
Caveat
Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 29 “Autres cotisations sociales (maladie, invalidité, ATMP)1”, column U (V19)
Published
16 April 2026
As published
€18.2 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Other contributions

€21.2bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 27 “Cotisations sociales chômage1”; 28 “Cotisations sociales famille1”; 29 “Autres cotisations sociales (maladie, invalidité, ATMP)1”, columns L and M and N and O (0.2087 × V10 + 1.0000 × V11 + 1.0000 × V12 + 0.2689 × V13), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 29, V10: -4.8; row 29, V11: -5.1; row 29, V12: -5.6; row 29, V13: -6.7; row 27, V10: -1.3; row 27, V11: -1.4; row 27, V12: -1.5; row 27, V13: -1.9; row 28, V10: -1.5; row 28, V11: -1.6; row 28, V12: -1.6; row 28, V13: -1.9
As published
€21.2 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 0.6–0.9%, Other contributions

€3.6bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.
Caveat
Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 5%, Other contributions × ∫ level^e over P99.0795–99.4036 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0806), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.66: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20
From
Result
€3.6 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.04%, Taxes on products

€2.7bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
Caveat
Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 5%, Taxes on products × ∫ level^e over P99.9602–100 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0807), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.479), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure
From
Result
€2.7 billion

Why believe this?

Top 3.5–7.9%, Taxes on products

€17bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 3.5–7.9%, Taxes on products, below P95 + Top 3.5–7.9%, Taxes on products, above P95
From
Result
€17.0 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 33%, Taxes on production

€15.2bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 20 “Taxes sur la production (taxes patronales, TF, etc.)”, columns C and D and E and F and G and H and I (1.0000 × V1 + 1.0000 × V2 + 1.0000 × V3 + 1.0000 × V4 + 1.0000 × V5 + 1.0000 × V6 + 0.6601 × V7), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 20, V1: -0.9; row 20, V2: -1.3; row 20, V3: -1.8; row 20, V4: -2.3; row 20, V5: -2.9; row 20, V6: -3.4; row 20, V7: -3.9
As published
€15.2 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 0.3–0.6%, Corporate tax

€4.8bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
Caveat
Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 5%, Corporate tax × ∫ level^e over P99.4036–99.6595 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0837), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.479), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure
From
Result
€4.8 billion

Why believe this?

Top 29–39%, CSG

€16.2bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 23 “Contribution sociale généralisée (CSG)”, columns O and P and Q (0.7311 × V13 + 1.0000 × V14 + 0.2824 × V15), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 23, V13: -7.6; row 23, V14: -8.1; row 23, V15: -8.9
As published
€16.2 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 33%, Net financial income

€8.3bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Interest, dividends and other property income households receive, less the interest they pay.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 8 “Revenus financiers nets (intérêts, dividendes, etc.)”, columns C and D and E and F and G and H and I (1.0000 × V1 + 1.0000 × V2 + 1.0000 × V3 + 1.0000 × V4 + 1.0000 × V5 + 1.0000 × V6 + 0.6601 × V7), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 8, V1: 1; row 8, V2: 0.9; row 8, V3: 1; row 8, V4: 1.1; row 8, V5: 1.3; row 8, V6: 1.7; row 8, V7: 1.9
As published
€8.3 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Rents, actual and imputed

€19.8bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Rents landlords receive and the rent owner-occupiers are deemed to pay themselves, net of costs.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 9 “Loyers réels et imputés aux propriétaires”, columns L and M and N and O (0.2087 × V10 + 1.0000 × V11 + 1.0000 × V12 + 0.2689 × V13), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 9, V10: 7.1; row 9, V11: 7.6; row 9, V12: 8.4; row 9, V13: 8.7
As published
€19.8 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 0.3–0.6%, Rents, actual and imputed

€1.8bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
Rents landlords receive and the rent owner-occupiers are deemed to pay themselves, net of costs.
Caveat
Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 5%, Rents, actual and imputed × ∫ level^e over P99.4036–99.6595 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0837), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.479), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure
From
Result
€1.8 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 33–49%, Other taxes on income and wealth

€1.7bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 25 “Autres impôts sur les revenus et le patrimoine (TH, ISF/IFI, CRDS, etc.)”, columns I and J and K and L (0.3399 × V7 + 1.0000 × V8 + 1.0000 × V9 + 0.7913 × V10), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 25, V7: -0.5; row 25, V8: -0.5; row 25, V9: -0.6; row 25, V10: -0.6
As published
€1.7 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 20–29%, Other taxes on income and wealth

€1.9bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 25 “Autres impôts sur les revenus et le patrimoine (TH, ISF/IFI, CRDS, etc.)”, columns Q and R (0.7176 × V15 + 0.9469 × V16), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 25, V15: -1; row 25, V16: -1.2
As published
€1.9 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 0.04%, Other contributions

€3.6bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.
Caveat
Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 5%, Other contributions × ∫ level^e over P99.9602–100 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0807), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.479), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure
From
Result
€3.6 billion

Why believe this?

Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Other contributions

€21.2bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 27 “Cotisations sociales chômage1”; 28 “Cotisations sociales famille1”; 29 “Autres cotisations sociales (maladie, invalidité, ATMP)1”, columns L and M and N and O (0.2087 × V10 + 1.0000 × V11 + 1.0000 × V12 + 0.2689 × V13), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 29, V10: -4.8; row 29, V11: -5.1; row 29, V12: -5.6; row 29, V13: -6.7; row 27, V10: -1.3; row 27, V11: -1.4; row 27, V12: -1.5; row 27, V13: -1.9; row 28, V10: -1.5; row 28, V11: -1.6; row 28, V12: -1.6; row 28, V13: -1.9
As published
€21.2 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 33–49%, Taxes on products

€43.8bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 18 “Taxes sur les produits (TVA, TICPE, accises, DMTO, etc.)”, columns I and J and K and L (0.3399 × V7 + 1.0000 × V8 + 1.0000 × V9 + 0.7913 × V10), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 18, V7: -13.2; row 18, V8: -13.8; row 18, V9: -14; row 18, V10: -14.6
As published
€43.8 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 0.04–0.2%, Taxes on production

€1.9bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
Caveat
Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 5%, Taxes on production × ∫ level^e over P99.8457–99.9602 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure
From
Result
€1.9 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.04%, Corporate tax

€4.8bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
Caveat
Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 5%, Corporate tax × ∫ level^e over P99.9602–100 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure
From
Result
€4.8 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.04%, CSG

€2.4bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.
Caveat
Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 5%, CSG × ∫ level^e over P99.9602–100 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure
From
Result
€2.4 billion

Why believe this?

Top 7.9–13%, CSG

€15bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 23 “Contribution sociale généralisée (CSG)”, columns T and U (0.6753 × V18 + 0.4270 × V19), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 23, V18: -12.5; row 23, V19: -15.4
As published
€15.0 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 0.04–0.2%, Net financial income

€5.2bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
Interest, dividends and other property income households receive, less the interest they pay.
Caveat
Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 5%, Net financial income × ∫ level^e over P99.8457–99.9602 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure
From
Result
€5.2 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.9–3.5%, Rents, actual and imputed

€8.9bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
Rents landlords receive and the rent owner-occupiers are deemed to pay themselves, net of costs.
Caveat
Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 5%, Rents, actual and imputed × ∫ level^e over P96.4785–99.0795 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.4167), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure
From
Result
€8.9 billion

Why believe this?

Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Income tax

€3.3bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 24 “Impôt sur le revenu (IR)”, columns L and M and N and O (0.2087 × V10 + 1.0000 × V11 + 1.0000 × V12 + 0.2689 × V13), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 24, V10: -0.7; row 24, V11: -1.1; row 24, V12: -1.5; row 24, V13: -1.9
As published
€3.3 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 3.5–7.9%, Pension contributions, below P95

€20.5bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 26 “Cotisations sociales retraite1”, column U (0.5730 × V19), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 26, V19: -35.7
As published
€20.5 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 0.04%, Other contributions

€3.8bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.
Caveat
Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 5%, Other contributions × ∫ level^e over P99.9602–100 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure
From
Result
€3.8 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.2–0.3%, Subsidies on products

€200mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.
Caveat
Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 5%, Subsidies on products × ∫ level^e over P99.6595–99.8457 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure
From
Result
€0.2 billion

Why believe this?

All groups, Subsidies on production

€38.2bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.

Calculation

Computed as
Bottom 33%, Subsidies on production + Bottom 33–49%, Subsidies on production + Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Subsidies on production + Top 29–39%, Subsidies on production + Top 20–29%, Subsidies on production + Top 13–20%, Subsidies on production + Top 7.9–13%, Subsidies on production + Top 3.5–7.9%, Subsidies on production + Top 0.9–3.5%, Subsidies on production + Top 0.6–0.9%, Subsidies on production + Top 0.3–0.6%, Subsidies on production + Top 0.2–0.3%, Subsidies on production + Top 0.04–0.2%, Subsidies on production + Top 0.04%, Subsidies on production
From
Result
€38.2 billion

Why believe this?

Top 29–39%, Pensions

€45.6bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 31 “Pensions de retraite”, columns O and P and Q (0.7311 × V13 + 1.0000 × V14 + 0.2824 × V15), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 31, V13: 20.9; row 31, V14: 23.8; row 31, V15: 23.1
As published
€45.6 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 7.9–13%, Unemployment benefits

€2.5bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 32 “Allocations chômage”, columns T and U (0.6753 × V18 + 0.4270 × V19), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 32, V18: 1.8; row 32, V19: 2.9
As published
€2.5 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Other cash benefits

€144.7bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024

Definition

What it counts
Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.
Caveat
Estimated for this page: both years are put on the general-government perimeter (Eurostat S13). Each Insee item is scaled to Eurostat's total of its category for the year, split between the items of the category and between groups as Insee's 2023 accounts split it. Insee's own 2023 levels are wider in places (firms' collective pension and health schemes) and COFOG counts spending gross of the fees that finance part of it; the evidence panels show both.

Calculation

Computed as
Social protection × Other cash benefits ÷ Insee items in COFOG 10, social protection
From
Result
€144.7 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 33–49%, Social care and housing aid

€17.8bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Care for dependent elderly and disabled people, childcare and other social action, housing benefits and the energy cheque, and the running costs of social security, received in kind.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 42 “Action sociale (dépendance, handicap, petite enfance, etc.)”; 44 “Aides au logement et chèque énergie”; 45 “Frais de fonctionnement de la Sécurité sociale”, columns I and J and K and L (0.3399 × V7 + 1.0000 × V8 + 1.0000 × V9 + 0.7913 × V10), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 42, V7: 5.3; row 42, V8: 4.7; row 42, V9: 4.5; row 42, V10: 3.6; row 44, V7: 0.5; row 44, V8: 0.4; row 44, V9: 0.3; row 44, V10: 0.2; row 45, V7: 1; row 45, V8: 1; row 45, V9: 0.9; row 45, V10: 0.9
As published
€17.8 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 0.3–0.6%, Social care and housing aid

€138mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
Care for dependent elderly and disabled people, childcare and other social action, housing benefits and the energy cheque, and the running costs of social security, received in kind.
Caveat
Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 5%, Social care and housing aid × ∫ level^e over P99.4036–99.6595 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0512), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.00: the same per person, as the top 5%'s structure
From
Result
€0.1 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 33%, Culture and leisure

€14.3bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024

Definition

What it counts
Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.

Calculation

Computed as
Culture and leisure × Bottom 33%, Culture and leisure ÷ All groups, Culture and leisure
From
Result
€14.3 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.6–0.9%, Culture and leisure

€169mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.
Caveat
Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 5%, Culture and leisure × ∫ level^e over P99.0795–99.4036 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0648), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.00: the same per person, as the top 5%'s structure
From
Result
€0.2 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.3–0.6%, Collective services

€589mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
Defence, police, justice, general administration and other collective spending, spread over people, net of other transfers and of balances with the rest of the world, which are small and negative overall.
Caveat
Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 5%, Collective services × ∫ level^e over P99.4036–99.6595 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0512), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.00: the same per person, as the top 5%'s structure
From
Result
€0.6 billion

Why believe this?

Shares issued by non-financial corporations

€10,763bnObserved2024

Definition

What it counts
Listed and unlisted shares (ESA F51), at the end of the year, at market value or own funds for unlisted companies.

Where it comes from

Source
Eurostat, dataset nasa_10_f_bs (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=MIO_EUR co_nco=NCO sector=S11 finpos=LIAB na_item=F51 time=2024 · query this cell
As published
€10,763,292.0 million
Dataset version
updated 2026-10-14, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

Income tax

€105.8bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024

Definition

What it counts
Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
Caveat
Estimated for this page: both years are put on the general-government perimeter (Eurostat S13). Each Insee item is scaled to Eurostat's total of its category for the year, split between the items of the category and between groups as Insee's 2023 accounts split it. Insee's own 2023 levels are wider in places (firms' collective pension and health schemes) and COFOG counts spending gross of the fees that finance part of it; the evidence panels show both.

Calculation

Computed as
Taxes on income and wealth × Income tax ÷ Insee items in ESA D5, taxes on income and wealth
From
Result
€105.8 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 33–49%, net financial income, monthly equivalent per resident, 2023 data

€50EstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
Competing figures
  • €50, Central. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
  • €50, a strict Pareto tail above P95. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
  • €50, a tail as concentrated as WID's ranking by own income. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
  • €50, each item along Insee's V19 to V20 gradient. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
  • €50, personal taxes, contributions and corporate tax along IPP's rates. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.

Calculation

Computed as
Bottom 33–49%, Net financial income × 10⁹ ÷ Bottom 33–49%, people ÷ 12
From
Result
€50

Why believe this?

Bottom 33–49%, Education

€22.9bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024

Definition

What it counts
Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.

Calculation

Computed as
Education × Bottom 33–49%, Education ÷ All groups, Education
From
Result
€22.9 billion

Why believe this?

Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Health care

€32.6bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024

Definition

What it counts
Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.

Calculation

Computed as
Health care × Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Health care ÷ All groups, Health care
From
Result
€32.6 billion

Why believe this?

Top 29–39%, Social care and housing aid

€7.9bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024

Definition

What it counts
Care for dependent elderly and disabled people, childcare and other social action, housing benefits and the energy cheque, and the running costs of social security, received in kind.

Calculation

Computed as
Social care and housing aid × Top 29–39%, Social care and housing aid ÷ All groups, Social care and housing aid
From
Result
€7.9 billion

Why believe this?

Top 20–29%, Taxes on production

€14.1bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024

Definition

What it counts
Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.

Calculation

Computed as
Taxes on production × Top 20–29%, Taxes on production ÷ All groups, Taxes on production
From
Result
€14.1 billion

Why believe this?

Top 13–20%, Subsidies on products

€3.3bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024

Definition

What it counts
Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.

Calculation

Computed as
Subsidies on products × Top 13–20%, Subsidies on products ÷ All groups, Subsidies on products
From
Result
€3.3 billion

Why believe this?

Top 13–20%, Taxes on products

€28.4bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024

Definition

What it counts
VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.

Calculation

Computed as
Taxes on products × Top 13–20%, Taxes on products ÷ All groups, Taxes on products
From
Result
€28.4 billion

Why believe this?

Top 13–20%, Other contributions

€21.5bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024

Definition

What it counts
Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.

Calculation

Computed as
Other contributions × Top 13–20%, Other contributions ÷ All groups, Other contributions
From
Result
€21.5 billion

Why believe this?

Top 3.5–7.9%, Subsidies on production

€5.1bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024

Definition

What it counts
Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.

Calculation

Computed as
Subsidies on production × Top 3.5–7.9%, Subsidies on production ÷ All groups, Subsidies on production
From
Result
€5.1 billion

Why believe this?

Top 3.5–7.9%, received a month per person

€2,110EstimatedCalculated by this site2024

Definition

What it counts
The group's amount over its people, a month per person.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 3.5–7.9%, transfers received × 10⁹ ÷ Top 3.5–7.9%, people ÷ 12
From
Result
€2,110

Why believe this?

Top 0.6–0.9%, Subsidies on production

€631mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.
Caveat
Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 5%, Subsidies on production × ∫ level^e over P99.0795–99.4036 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0820), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.76: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20
From
Result
€0.6 billion

Why believe this?

Top 29–39%, Pensions

€45.6bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 31 “Pensions de retraite”, columns O and P and Q (0.7311 × V13 + 1.0000 × V14 + 0.2824 × V15), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 31, V13: 20.9; row 31, V14: 23.8; row 31, V15: 23.1
As published
€45.6 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

V19, Unemployment benefits, Insee

€2.9bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.
Caveat
Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 32 “Allocations chômage”, column U (V19)
Published
16 April 2026
As published
€2.9 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 13–20%, Unemployment benefits

€2.6bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 32 “Allocations chômage”, columns R and S and T (0.0531 × V16 + 1.0000 × V17 + 0.3247 × V18), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 32, V16: 1.6; row 32, V17: 1.9; row 32, V18: 1.8
As published
€2.6 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 7.9–13%, Unemployment benefits

€2.5bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 32 “Allocations chômage”, columns T and U (0.6753 × V18 + 0.4270 × V19), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 32, V18: 1.8; row 32, V19: 2.9
As published
€2.5 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 0.3–0.6%, Health care

€400mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.
Caveat
Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 5%, Health care × ∫ level^e over P99.4036–99.6595 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0507), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = -0.02: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20
From
Result
€0.4 billion

Why believe this?

Top 3.5–7.9%, Social care and housing aid

€2.4bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024

Definition

What it counts
Care for dependent elderly and disabled people, childcare and other social action, housing benefits and the energy cheque, and the running costs of social security, received in kind.

Calculation

Computed as
Social care and housing aid × Top 3.5–7.9%, Social care and housing aid ÷ All groups, Social care and housing aid
From
Result
€2.4 billion

Why believe this?

Top 3.5–7.9%, Social care and housing aid, below P95

€1.6bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Care for dependent elderly and disabled people, childcare and other social action, housing benefits and the energy cheque, and the running costs of social security, received in kind.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 42 “Action sociale (dépendance, handicap, petite enfance, etc.)”; 44 “Aides au logement et chèque énergie”; 45 “Frais de fonctionnement de la Sécurité sociale”, column U (0.5730 × V19), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 42, V19: 1.7; row 44, V19: 0.1; row 45, V19: 1
As published
€1.6 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

V19, Aides au logement et chèque énergie, Insee

€100mEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
A row of Insee's distributional accounts, read as published.
Caveat
Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 44 “Aides au logement et chèque énergie”, column U (V19)
Published
16 April 2026
As published
€0.1 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 33–49%, Social care and housing aid

€17.8bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Care for dependent elderly and disabled people, childcare and other social action, housing benefits and the energy cheque, and the running costs of social security, received in kind.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 42 “Action sociale (dépendance, handicap, petite enfance, etc.)”; 44 “Aides au logement et chèque énergie”; 45 “Frais de fonctionnement de la Sécurité sociale”, columns I and J and K and L (0.3399 × V7 + 1.0000 × V8 + 1.0000 × V9 + 0.7913 × V10), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 42, V7: 5.3; row 42, V8: 4.7; row 42, V9: 4.5; row 42, V10: 3.6; row 44, V7: 0.5; row 44, V8: 0.4; row 44, V9: 0.3; row 44, V10: 0.2; row 45, V7: 1; row 45, V8: 1; row 45, V9: 0.9; row 45, V10: 0.9
As published
€17.8 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 3.5–7.9%, Culture and leisure

€2.3bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 3.5–7.9%, Culture and leisure, below P95 + Top 3.5–7.9%, Culture and leisure, above P95
From
Result
€2.3 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 33%, Culture and leisure

€17.3bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 43 “Culture et loisirs”, columns C and D and E and F and G and H and I (1.0000 × V1 + 1.0000 × V2 + 1.0000 × V3 + 1.0000 × V4 + 1.0000 × V5 + 1.0000 × V6 + 0.6601 × V7), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 43, V1: 2.6; row 43, V2: 2.6; row 43, V3: 2.6; row 43, V4: 2.6; row 43, V5: 2.6; row 43, V6: 2.6; row 43, V7: 2.6
As published
€17.3 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 0.04%, Culture and leisure

€20.7mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.
Caveat
Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 5%, Culture and leisure × ∫ level^e over P99.9602–100 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0080), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.00: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20
From
Result
€0.0 billion

Why believe this?

Top 3.5–7.9%, Collective services, below P95

€7bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Defence, police, justice, general administration and other collective spending, spread over people, net of other transfers and of balances with the rest of the world, which are small and negative overall.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 46 “Autres transferts non monétaires”, column U (0.5730 × V19), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 46, V19: 12.3
As published
€7.0 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 33–49%, Collective services

€36.9bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Defence, police, justice, general administration and other collective spending, spread over people, net of other transfers and of balances with the rest of the world, which are small and negative overall.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 46 “Autres transferts non monétaires”, columns I and J and K and L (0.3399 × V7 + 1.0000 × V8 + 1.0000 × V9 + 0.7913 × V10), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 46, V7: 12.2; row 46, V8: 11.8; row 46, V9: 11.8; row 46, V10: 11.6
As published
€36.9 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 0.3–0.6%, Taxes on products

€2.8bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
Caveat
Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 5%, Taxes on products × ∫ level^e over P99.4036–99.6595 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: one plus the change in log of IPP's 2016 rate over the change in log of economic income, between P99–99.9 and P99.9–100
From
Result
€2.8 billion

Why believe this?

Contribution rate, P99.9–99.99, 2016

5%Estimated2016

Definition

What it counts
Social contributions as a share of economic income, averaged over the slice.
Caveat
Read from IPP Note 92, Figure 1b, to about one point: the figure plots rates by g-percentile, averaged here over the slice.

Where it comes from

Source
Institut des politiques publiques, Quels impôts les milliardaires paient-ils ? Note n° 92 (Bach, Bozio, Guillouzouic, Malgouyres), updated 2025
Where
Figure 1b, p. 6, read from the chart (±1 point)
Published
May 2025
It says
Taux d'imposition global par g-percentile, revenu économique
As published
5.0%
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

All groups, Corporate tax

€78.1bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.

Calculation

Computed as
Bottom 33%, Corporate tax + Bottom 33–49%, Corporate tax + Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Corporate tax + Top 29–39%, Corporate tax + Top 20–29%, Corporate tax + Top 13–20%, Corporate tax + Top 7.9–13%, Corporate tax + Top 3.5–7.9%, Corporate tax + Top 0.9–3.5%, Corporate tax + Top 0.6–0.9%, Corporate tax + Top 0.3–0.6%, Corporate tax + Top 0.2–0.3%, Corporate tax + Top 0.04–0.2%, Corporate tax + Top 0.04%, Corporate tax
From
Result
€78.1 billion

Why believe this?

Top 3.5–7.9%, CSG on earnings and benefits

€13.6bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024

Definition

What it counts
The CSG on earnings, pensions and other replacement income, and on gaming: the CSG less its part on capital income.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 3.5–7.9%, CSG − Top 3.5–7.9%, CSG on capital income
From
Result
€13.6 billion

Why believe this?

Top 3.5–7.9%, CSG, above P95

€6.2bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.
Caveat
Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 5%, CSG × ∫ level^e over P95–96.4785 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.2129), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.66: one plus the change in log of IPP's 2016 rate over the change in log of economic income, between P99–99.9 and P99.9–100
From
Result
€6.2 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.6–0.9%, Net financial income

€5.2bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
Interest, dividends and other property income households receive, less the interest they pay.
Caveat
Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 5%, Net financial income × ∫ level^e over P99.0795–99.4036 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure
From
Result
€5.2 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.04–0.2%, Net financial income

€5.2bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
Interest, dividends and other property income households receive, less the interest they pay.
Caveat
Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 5%, Net financial income × ∫ level^e over P99.8457–99.9602 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure
From
Result
€5.2 billion

Why believe this?

Top 3.5–7.9%, Rents, actual and imputed

€12.1bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
Rents landlords receive and the rent owner-occupiers are deemed to pay themselves, net of costs.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 3.5–7.9%, Rents, actual and imputed, below P95 + Top 3.5–7.9%, Rents, actual and imputed, above P95
From
Result
€12.1 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.9–3.5%, Rents, actual and imputed

€8.9bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
Rents landlords receive and the rent owner-occupiers are deemed to pay themselves, net of costs.
Caveat
Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 5%, Rents, actual and imputed × ∫ level^e over P96.4785–99.0795 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.4167), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure
From
Result
€8.9 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.04%, Rents, actual and imputed

€1.8bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
Rents landlords receive and the rent owner-occupiers are deemed to pay themselves, net of costs.
Caveat
Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 5%, Rents, actual and imputed × ∫ level^e over P99.9602–100 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure
From
Result
€1.8 billion

Why believe this?

Top 7.9–13%, Income tax

€13.3bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 24 “Impôt sur le revenu (IR)”, columns T and U (0.6753 × V18 + 0.4270 × V19), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 24, V18: -9.7; row 24, V19: -15.9
As published
€13.3 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 7.9–13%, Pension contributions

€35.3bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 26 “Cotisations sociales retraite1”, columns T and U (0.6753 × V18 + 0.4270 × V19), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 26, V18: -29.7; row 26, V19: -35.7
As published
€35.3 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 3.5–7.9%, paid a month per person

€3,360EstimatedCalculated by this site2024

Definition

What it counts
The group's amount over its people, a month per person.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 3.5–7.9%, levies paid × 10⁹ ÷ Top 3.5–7.9%, people ÷ 12
From
Result
€3,360

Why believe this?

Living standard at P99, constant 2024 euros

€106,235EstimatedCalculated by this site2024

Definition

What it counts
The survey's 9th decile of the year times the ratio of Filosofi's threshold at this rank to its 9th decile: the level of the survey, the shape of the top from tax and benefit files.
Caveat
Filosofi's ratios are those of its latest year, 2021. From 2018 to 2021, the ratio of the 99th percentile to the 9th decile held at 2.19, that of the 99.9th rose from 5.34 to 5.68 and that of the 99.99th from 16.6 to 20.6.

Calculation

Computed as
Living standard at D9, constant 2024 euros × Living standard at P99, Filosofi 2021 ÷ Living standard at P90, Filosofi 2021
From
Result
€106,235

Why believe this?

Top 0.9–3.5%, Net financial income

€13bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
Interest, dividends and other property income households receive, less the interest they pay.
Caveat
Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 5%, Net financial income × ∫ level^e over P96.4785–99.0795 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.2079), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.67: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20
From
Result
€13.0 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.9–3.5%, Profits kept in companies

€37.9bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
The part of companies' profits that is not paid out, attributed to the households that own them.
Caveat
Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 5%, Profits kept in companies × ∫ level^e over P96.4785–99.0795 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.4189), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.479), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure
From
Result
€37.9 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.9–3.5%, profits kept in companies, monthly equivalent per resident, 2023 data

€280EstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
The group's amount over its people, a month per person.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 0.9–3.5%, Profits kept in companies × 10⁹ ÷ Top 0.9–3.5%, people ÷ 12
From
Result
€280

Why believe this?

Top 3.5–7.9%, Pensions, above P95

€10.8bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.
Caveat
Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 5%, Pensions × ∫ level^e over P95–96.4785 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.2957), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.642), e = 0.00: the same per person, as the top 5%'s structure
From
Result
€10.8 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.04%, Pensions

€290mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.
Caveat
Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 5%, Pensions × ∫ level^e over P99.9602–100 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0080), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.642), e = 0.00: the same per person, as the top 5%'s structure
From
Result
€0.3 billion

Why believe this?

Top 29–39%, Culture and leisure

€5.2bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 43 “Culture et loisirs”, columns O and P and Q (0.7311 × V13 + 1.0000 × V14 + 0.2824 × V15), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 43, V13: 2.6; row 43, V14: 2.6; row 43, V15: 2.6
As published
€5.2 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 29–39%, Collective services

€23.5bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Defence, police, justice, general administration and other collective spending, spread over people, net of other transfers and of balances with the rest of the world, which are small and negative overall.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 46 “Autres transferts non monétaires”, columns O and P and Q (0.7311 × V13 + 1.0000 × V14 + 0.2824 × V15), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 46, V13: 11.6; row 46, V14: 11.8; row 46, V15: 11.3
As published
€23.5 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 0.9–3.5%, Other cash benefits

€4.3bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024

Definition

What it counts
Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.

Calculation

Computed as
Other cash benefits × Top 0.9–3.5%, Other cash benefits ÷ All groups, Other cash benefits
From
Result
€4.3 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.9–3.5%, Pension contributions

€25.8bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024

Definition

What it counts
Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.

Calculation

Computed as
Pension contributions × Top 0.9–3.5%, Pension contributions ÷ All groups, Pension contributions
From
Result
€25.8 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.9–3.5%, Corporate tax

€3.2bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024

Definition

What it counts
Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
Caveat
Insee attributes the whole amount to residents; the part falling outside France is taken out of every group in proportion.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 0.9–3.5%, Corporate tax × (1 − Share of French companies' equity held outside France ÷ 100)
From
Result
€3.2 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.6–0.9%, Income tax

€4.3bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024

Definition

What it counts
Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.

Calculation

Computed as
Income tax × Top 0.6–0.9%, Income tax ÷ All groups, Income tax
From
Result
€4.3 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.6–0.9%, Taxes on products

€2.6bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024

Definition

What it counts
VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
Caveat
Insee attributes the whole amount to residents; the part falling outside France is taken out of every group in proportion.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 0.6–0.9%, Taxes on products × (1 − Share of consumption by visitors ÷ 100)
From
Result
€2.6 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.6–0.9%, Pension contributions

€4bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024

Definition

What it counts
Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.

Calculation

Computed as
Pension contributions × Top 0.6–0.9%, Pension contributions ÷ All groups, Pension contributions
From
Result
€4.0 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.6–0.9%, Taxes on products

€2.8bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024

Definition

What it counts
VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.

Calculation

Computed as
Taxes on products × Top 0.6–0.9%, Taxes on products ÷ All groups, Taxes on products
From
Result
€2.8 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.6–0.9%, Corporate tax

€5bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024

Definition

What it counts
Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.

Calculation

Computed as
Corporate tax × Top 0.6–0.9%, Corporate tax ÷ All groups, Corporate tax
From
Result
€5.0 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.3–0.6%, profits kept in companies, monthly equivalent per resident, 2023 data

€3,600EstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
The group's amount over its people, a month per person.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 0.3–0.6%, Profits kept in companies × 10⁹ ÷ Top 0.3–0.6%, people ÷ 12
From
Result
€3,600

Why believe this?

Top 0.3–0.6%, received a month per person

€2,680EstimatedCalculated by this site2024

Definition

What it counts
The group's amount over its people, a month per person.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 0.3–0.6%, transfers received × 10⁹ ÷ Top 0.3–0.6%, people ÷ 12
From
Result
€2,680

Why believe this?

Top 0.3–0.6%, Education

€315mEstimatedCalculated by this site2024

Definition

What it counts
Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.

Calculation

Computed as
Education × Top 0.3–0.6%, Education ÷ All groups, Education
From
Result
€0.3 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.3–0.6%, Pensions

€1.8bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024

Definition

What it counts
Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.

Calculation

Computed as
Pensions × Top 0.3–0.6%, Pensions ÷ All groups, Pensions
From
Result
€1.8 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.3–0.6%, Other taxes on income and wealth

€773mEstimatedCalculated by this site2024

Definition

What it counts
Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.

Calculation

Computed as
Other taxes on income and wealth × Top 0.3–0.6%, Other taxes on income and wealth ÷ All groups, Other taxes on income and wealth
From
Result
€0.8 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.3–0.6%, paid a month per person

€9,190EstimatedCalculated by this site2024

Definition

What it counts
The group's amount over its people, a month per person.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 0.3–0.6%, levies paid × 10⁹ ÷ Top 0.3–0.6%, people ÷ 12
From
Result
€9,190

Why believe this?

Top 0.3–0.6%, CSG

€2.4bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024

Definition

What it counts
The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.

Calculation

Computed as
CSG × Top 0.3–0.6%, CSG ÷ All groups, CSG
From
Result
€2.4 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.2–0.3%, Health care

€367mEstimatedCalculated by this site2024

Definition

What it counts
Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.

Calculation

Computed as
Health care × Top 0.2–0.3%, Health care ÷ All groups, Health care
From
Result
€0.4 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.2–0.3%, Other taxes on income and wealth

€770mEstimatedCalculated by this site2024

Definition

What it counts
Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.

Calculation

Computed as
Other taxes on income and wealth × Top 0.2–0.3%, Other taxes on income and wealth ÷ All groups, Other taxes on income and wealth
From
Result
€0.8 billion

Why believe this?

Living standard at P99.8, constant 2024 euros

€230,554EstimatedCalculated by this site2024

Definition

What it counts
The living standard at this rank on the Pareto curve through the two thresholds around it: the logarithm of the living standard is linear in the logarithm of the share of people above it.

Calculation

Computed as
Living standard at P99, constant 2024 euros × ((100 − 99.8457) ÷ (100 − 99))^(−1 ÷ α), with α = ln((100 − 99) ÷ (100 − 99.9)) ÷ ln(Living standard at P99.9, constant 2024 euros ÷ Living standard at P99, constant 2024 euros) = 2.412
From
Result
€230,554

Why believe this?

Top 0.04–0.2%, net financial income, monthly equivalent per resident, 2023 data

€7,610EstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
The group's amount over its people, a month per person.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 0.04–0.2%, Net financial income × 10⁹ ÷ Top 0.04–0.2%, people ÷ 12
From
Result
€7,610

Why believe this?

Top 0.04–0.2%, Net financial income

€7.2bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
Interest, dividends and other property income households receive, less the interest they pay.
Caveat
Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 5%, Net financial income × ∫ level^e over P99.8457–99.9602 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.1148), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.67: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20
From
Result
€7.2 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.04–0.2%, rents, actual and imputed, monthly equivalent per resident, 2023 data

€960EstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
The group's amount over its people, a month per person.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 0.04–0.2%, Rents, actual and imputed × 10⁹ ÷ Top 0.04–0.2%, people ÷ 12
From
Result
€960

Why believe this?

Top 0.04–0.2%, profits kept in companies, monthly equivalent per resident, 2023 data

€8,500EstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
The group's amount over its people, a month per person.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 0.04–0.2%, Profits kept in companies × 10⁹ ÷ Top 0.04–0.2%, people ÷ 12
From
Result
€8,500

Why believe this?

Top 0.04–0.2%, profits kept in companies, monthly equivalent per resident, 2023 data

€8,010EstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
Competing figures
  • €8,010, Central. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
  • €7,960, a strict Pareto tail above P95. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
  • €8,500, a tail as concentrated as WID's ranking by own income. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
  • €5,310, each item along Insee's V19 to V20 gradient. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
  • €8,010, personal taxes, contributions and corporate tax along IPP's rates. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 0.04–0.2%, Profits kept in companies × 10⁹ ÷ Top 0.04–0.2%, people ÷ 12
From
Result
€8,010

Why believe this?

Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Subsidies on production

€4.1bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 21 “Subventions sur la production (aides à l'apprentissage, aides sectorielles, etc.)”, columns L and M and N and O (0.2087 × V10 + 1.0000 × V11 + 1.0000 × V12 + 0.2689 × V13), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 21, V10: 1.4; row 21, V11: 1.6; row 21, V12: 1.7; row 21, V13: 1.9
As published
€4.1 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 0.9–3.5%, Subsidies on production

€3.2bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.
Caveat
Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 5%, Subsidies on production × ∫ level^e over P96.4785–99.0795 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.4189), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.479), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure
From
Result
€3.2 billion

Why believe this?

All groups, Unemployment benefits

€45.8bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.

Calculation

Computed as
Bottom 33%, Unemployment benefits + Bottom 33–49%, Unemployment benefits + Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Unemployment benefits + Top 29–39%, Unemployment benefits + Top 20–29%, Unemployment benefits + Top 13–20%, Unemployment benefits + Top 7.9–13%, Unemployment benefits + Top 3.5–7.9%, Unemployment benefits + Top 0.9–3.5%, Unemployment benefits + Top 0.6–0.9%, Unemployment benefits + Top 0.3–0.6%, Unemployment benefits + Top 0.2–0.3%, Unemployment benefits + Top 0.04–0.2%, Unemployment benefits + Top 0.04%, Unemployment benefits
From
Result
€45.8 billion

Why believe this?

Top 3.5–7.9%, Other cash benefits, above P95

€2.5bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.
Caveat
Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 5%, Other cash benefits × ∫ level^e over P95–96.4785 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.2957), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.479), e = 0.00: the same per person, as the top 5%'s structure
From
Result
€2.5 billion

Why believe this?

Top 3.5–7.9%, Education, above P95

€1.6bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.
Caveat
Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 5%, Education × ∫ level^e over P95–96.4785 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.2957), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.479), e = 0.00: the same per person, as the top 5%'s structure
From
Result
€1.6 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.04–0.2%, Social care and housing aid

€60.3mEstimatedCalculated by this site2024

Definition

What it counts
Care for dependent elderly and disabled people, childcare and other social action, housing benefits and the energy cheque, and the running costs of social security, received in kind.

Calculation

Computed as
Social care and housing aid × Top 0.04–0.2%, Social care and housing aid ÷ All groups, Social care and housing aid
From
Result
€0.1 billion

Why believe this?

Top 3.5–7.9%, Social care and housing aid, above P95

€798mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
Care for dependent elderly and disabled people, childcare and other social action, housing benefits and the energy cheque, and the running costs of social security, received in kind.
Caveat
Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 5%, Social care and housing aid × ∫ level^e over P95–96.4785 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.2957), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.479), e = 0.00: the same per person, as the top 5%'s structure
From
Result
€0.8 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.04–0.2%, Culture and leisure

€59.6mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.
Caveat
Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 5%, Culture and leisure × ∫ level^e over P99.8457–99.9602 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0229), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.479), e = 0.00: the same per person, as the top 5%'s structure
From
Result
€0.1 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.2–0.3%, Culture and leisure

€96.8mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.
Caveat
Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 5%, Culture and leisure × ∫ level^e over P99.6595–99.8457 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0372), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.479), e = 0.00: the same per person, as the top 5%'s structure
From
Result
€0.1 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 33–49%, Taxes on products

€43.8bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 18 “Taxes sur les produits (TVA, TICPE, accises, DMTO, etc.)”, columns I and J and K and L (0.3399 × V7 + 1.0000 × V8 + 1.0000 × V9 + 0.7913 × V10), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 18, V7: -13.2; row 18, V8: -13.8; row 18, V9: -14; row 18, V10: -14.6
As published
€43.8 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 7.9–13%, Taxes on production

€13.1bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 20 “Taxes sur la production (taxes patronales, TF, etc.)”, columns T and U (0.6753 × V18 + 0.4270 × V19), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 20, V18: -11; row 20, V19: -13.2
As published
€13.1 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 3.5–7.9%, Corporate tax, below P95

€3.8bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 22 “Impôt sur les sociétés”, column U (0.5730 × V19), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 22, V19: -6.7
As published
€3.8 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 29–39%, Net financial income

€8bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Interest, dividends and other property income households receive, less the interest they pay.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 8 “Revenus financiers nets (intérêts, dividendes, etc.)”, columns O and P and Q (0.7311 × V13 + 1.0000 × V14 + 0.2824 × V15), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 8, V13: 3.4; row 8, V14: 4.1; row 8, V15: 4.9
As published
€8.0 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 29–39%, Rents, actual and imputed

€18.8bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Rents landlords receive and the rent owner-occupiers are deemed to pay themselves, net of costs.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 9 “Loyers réels et imputés aux propriétaires”, columns O and P and Q (0.7311 × V13 + 1.0000 × V14 + 0.2824 × V15), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 9, V13: 8.7; row 9, V14: 9.6; row 9, V15: 9.9
As published
€18.8 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 0.04–0.2%, Income tax

€4.6bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024

Definition

What it counts
Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.

Calculation

Computed as
Income tax × Top 0.04–0.2%, Income tax ÷ All groups, Income tax
From
Result
€4.6 billion

Why believe this?

Top 3.5–7.9%, Income tax, below P95

€9.1bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 24 “Impôt sur le revenu (IR)”, column U (0.5730 × V19), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 24, V19: -15.9
As published
€9.1 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 0.2–0.3%, Pension contributions

€4.6bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
Caveat
Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 5%, Pension contributions × ∫ level^e over P99.6595–99.8457 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0799), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.642), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure
From
Result
€4.6 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 33–49%, Other contributions

€20.2bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 27 “Cotisations sociales chômage1”; 28 “Cotisations sociales famille1”; 29 “Autres cotisations sociales (maladie, invalidité, ATMP)1”, columns I and J and K and L (0.3399 × V7 + 1.0000 × V8 + 1.0000 × V9 + 0.7913 × V10), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 29, V7: -2.8; row 29, V8: -3.6; row 29, V9: -4.1; row 29, V10: -4.8; row 27, V7: -0.9; row 27, V8: -1.1; row 27, V9: -1.2; row 27, V10: -1.3; row 28, V7: -1.1; row 28, V8: -1.3; row 28, V9: -1.3; row 28, V10: -1.5
As published
€20.2 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 0.2–0.3%, Other contributions

€3.6bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.
Caveat
Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 5%, Other contributions × ∫ level^e over P99.6595–99.8457 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0799), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.642), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure
From
Result
€3.6 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.04–0.2%, CSG

€1.7bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024

Definition

What it counts
The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.

Calculation

Computed as
CSG × Top 0.04–0.2%, CSG ÷ All groups, CSG
From
Result
€1.7 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.04–0.2%, share of the CSG on capital income

2.8%EstimatedCalculated by this site2024

Definition

What it counts
The group's part of the CSG on capital income: of the CSG on investment income, its share of net financial income; of the CSG on property income, its share of rents, actual and imputed (an allocation scenario).
Caveat
An allocation scenario: Insee attributes the whole CSG to each group but does not split it by base, and no source found gives the bases of the CSG on capital income by group. The CSG on investment income (interest, dividends, life insurance) is shared as Insee's net financial income. The CSG on property income is levied on rents landlords receive, capital gains and annuities; Insee's only row near it adds owner-occupiers' imputed rents, which pay no CSG, and holds no capital gains, so sharing it as that row is a convention. The alternatives share all of it as net financial income, or as the group's whole capital income.

Calculation

Computed as
(CSG on income from investments, 2024 × Top 0.04–0.2%, Net financial income ÷ All groups, Net financial income + CSG on income from property, 2024 × Top 0.04–0.2%, Rents, actual and imputed ÷ All groups, Rents, actual and imputed) ÷ (CSG on income from investments, 2024 + CSG on income from property, 2024) × 100
From
Result
2.8%

Why believe this?

Top 0.04%, Culture and leisure

€17.1mEstimatedCalculated by this site2024

Definition

What it counts
Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.

Calculation

Computed as
Culture and leisure × Top 0.04%, Culture and leisure ÷ All groups, Culture and leisure
From
Result
€0.0 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.04%, Taxes on products

€2.6bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024

Definition

What it counts
VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
Caveat
Insee attributes the whole amount to residents; the part falling outside France is taken out of every group in proportion.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 0.04%, Taxes on products × (1 − Share of consumption by visitors ÷ 100)
From
Result
€2.6 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.04%, Corporate tax

€4bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024

Definition

What it counts
Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
Caveat
Insee attributes the whole amount to residents; the part falling outside France is taken out of every group in proportion.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 0.04%, Corporate tax × (1 − Share of French companies' equity held outside France ÷ 100)
From
Result
€4.0 billion

Why believe this?

Repaid to the Banque de France

€20.3bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024

Definition

What it counts
Public debt this holder let mature or sold, net, over the year: general government repaid it with new borrowing.

Calculation

Computed as
Borrowing × −Share of net borrowing from the Banque de France ÷ 100
From
Result
€20.3 billion

Why believe this?

Top 13–20%, levies through companies

€43.1bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024

Definition

What it counts
Taxes on products and on production and corporate tax that companies hand over but whose incidence Insee attributes to the group.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 13–20%, Taxes on products + Top 13–20%, Taxes on production + Top 13–20%, Corporate tax
From
Result
€43.1 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.3–0.6%, levies through companies

€8.6bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024

Definition

What it counts
Taxes on products and on production and corporate tax that companies hand over but whose incidence Insee attributes to the group.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 0.3–0.6%, Taxes on products + Top 0.3–0.6%, Taxes on production + Top 0.3–0.6%, Corporate tax
From
Result
€8.6 billion

Why believe this?

Top 3.5–7.9% → Social contributions, 2024

€46.7bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024

Definition

What it counts
The sum of the levies or transfers of one kind that the detailed diagram shows one by one.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 3.5–7.9%, Pension contributions + Top 3.5–7.9%, Other contributions
From
Result
€46.7 billion

Why believe this?

Transfers in kind → Top 7.9–13%, 2024

€24.2bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024

Definition

What it counts
The sum of the levies or transfers of one kind that the detailed diagram shows one by one.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 7.9–13%, Health care + Top 7.9–13%, Education + Top 7.9–13%, Social care and housing aid + Top 7.9–13%, Culture and leisure
From
Result
€24.2 billion