Official figures and this site's calculations
Why believe this?
Figures of one view and year of the diagram, with their sources and how they were computed, each under its own anchor. Back to Public money.
16 parts: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Why believe this?
Direct tax rate, P99–99.9
42%EstimatedCalculated by this site2016
Definition
- What it counts
- Every direct tax of the tax households between P99 and P99.9 as a share of their economic income, 2016: IPP's rates by g-percentile weighted by the income of each slice.
Calculation
- Computed as
Σ (economic income of a slice × its part in P99–99.9 × its rate) ÷ Σ (economic income × part), over P99–99.9- From
- Economic income of P99–99.9, 2016 €91.5bn, estimated
- Direct tax rate, P99–99.9, 2016 42%, estimated
- Result
- 42.0%
Why believe this?
Direct tax rate, P99.9998–100, 2016
26%Estimated2016
Definition
- What it counts
- Every direct tax (wealth tax, income tax, social levies, social contributions, corporate tax of the companies they control, a provision for gift tax) as a share of economic income, averaged over the slice.
- Caveat
- Read from IPP Note 92, Figure 1b, to about one point: the figure plots rates by g-percentile, averaged here over the slice.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Institut des politiques publiques, Quels impôts les milliardaires paient-ils ? Note n° 92 (Bach, Bozio, Guillouzouic, Malgouyres), updated 2025
- Where
- Figure 1b, p. 6, read from the chart (±1 point)
- Published
- May 2025
- It says
Taux d'imposition global par g-percentile, revenu économique
- As published
- 26.0%
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Taxes on products
€318.6bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 18 “Taxes sur les produits (TVA, TICPE, accises, DMTO, etc.)”, column B (Ensemble)
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- As published
- €318.6 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Taxes on products
€1.1bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Taxes on products × ∫ level^e over P99.9602–100 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0342), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.62: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20- From
- Top 5%, Taxes on products €33.3bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- V19, Taxes on products, Insee €19.9bn, estimated
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn, estimated
- V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- V20, Taxes on products, Insee €33.3bn, estimated
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn, estimated
- V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- Result
- €1.1 billion
Why believe this?
V7, Extended primary income, Insee
€54.7bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Income before any public transfer: labour income with all social contributions, property and self-employment income, retained profits attributed to owners and a share of public bodies' primary income.
- Caveat
- Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 14 “Revenu primaire élargi (D=A+B+C)”, column I (V7)
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- As published
- €54.7 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Household consumption on the territory
€1,497bnObserved2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Final consumption of households on the economic territory, domestic concept (ESA P31, S14), current prices.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
nama_10_fcs(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=CP_MEURna_item=P31_S14_DCtime=2023· query this cell- As published
- €1,496,572.9 million
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-10-13, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Corporate tax
€45.5bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
Calculation
- Computed as
Corporate tax × Top 0.04%, Corporate tax ÷ All groups, Corporate tax- From
- Corporate tax €79.3bn, estimated
- Top 0.04%, Corporate tax €44.7bn, estimated
- All groups, Corporate tax €78.1bn, estimated
- Result
- €45.5 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.3–0.6%, Corporate tax
€1.5bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Corporate tax × ∫ level^e over P99.4036–99.6595 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0253), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.94: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20- From
- Top 5%, Corporate tax €57.4bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- V19, Corporate tax, Insee €6.7bn, estimated
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn, estimated
- V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- V20, Corporate tax, Insee €57.4bn, estimated
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn, estimated
- V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- Result
- €1.5 billion
Why believe this?
V20, CSG, Insee
€29.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.
- Caveat
- Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 23 “Contribution sociale généralisée (CSG)”, column V (V20)
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- As published
- €29.3 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 13–20%, Net financial income
€10.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Interest, dividends and other property income households receive, less the interest they pay.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 8 “Revenus financiers nets (intérêts, dividendes, etc.)”, columns R and S and T (0.0531 × V16 + 1.0000 × V17 + 0.3247 × V18), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 8, V16: 5.6; row 8, V17: 7.4; row 8, V18: 9.6
- As published
- €10.8 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 13–20%, Income tax
€9.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 24 “Impôt sur le revenu (IR)”, columns R and S and T (0.0531 × V16 + 1.0000 × V17 + 0.3247 × V18), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 24, V16: -4.8; row 24, V17: -6.4; row 24, V18: -9.7
- As published
- €9.8 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 20–29%, Other taxes on income and wealth
€1.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 25 “Autres impôts sur les revenus et le patrimoine (TH, ISF/IFI, CRDS, etc.)”, columns Q and R (0.7176 × V15 + 0.9469 × V16), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 25, V15: -1; row 25, V16: -1.2
- As published
- €1.9 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Pension contributions
€280.4bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
- Caveat
- Estimated for this page: both years are put on the general-government perimeter (Eurostat S13). Each Insee item is scaled to Eurostat's total of its category for the year, split between the items of the category and between groups as Insee's 2023 accounts split it. Insee's own 2023 levels are wider in places (firms' collective pension and health schemes) and COFOG counts spending gross of the fees that finance part of it; the evidence panels show both.
Calculation
- Computed as
Social contributions × Pension contributions ÷ Insee items in ESA D61, social contributions- From
- Social contributions €462.8bn
- Pension contributions €328.9bn, estimated
- Insee items in ESA D61, social contributions €542.9bn, estimated
- Result
- €280.4 billion
Why believe this?
Social contributions
€462.8bnObserved2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Contributions paid by employers, employees and the self-employed to social security, pensions and unemployment insurance, imputed contributions included.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
gov_10a_main(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=MIO_EURsector=S13na_item=D61RECtime=2023· query this cell- As published
- €462,828.0 million
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-07-21, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.
Why believe this?
Top 13–20%, Pension contributions
€35.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 26 “Cotisations sociales retraite1”, columns R and S and T (0.0531 × V16 + 1.0000 × V17 + 0.3247 × V18), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 26, V16: -22.9; row 26, V17: -25; row 26, V18: -29.7
- As published
- €35.9 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 33–49%, Other contributions
€20.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 27 “Cotisations sociales chômage1”; 28 “Cotisations sociales famille1”; 29 “Autres cotisations sociales (maladie, invalidité, ATMP)1”, columns I and J and K and L (0.3399 × V7 + 1.0000 × V8 + 1.0000 × V9 + 0.7913 × V10), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 29, V7: -2.8; row 29, V8: -3.6; row 29, V9: -4.1; row 29, V10: -4.8; row 27, V7: -0.9; row 27, V8: -1.1; row 27, V9: -1.2; row 27, V10: -1.3; row 28, V7: -1.1; row 28, V8: -1.3; row 28, V9: -1.3; row 28, V10: -1.5
- As published
- €20.2 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Other contributions, above P95
€9.6bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Other contributions × ∫ level^e over P95–96.4785 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.2126), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.66: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20- From
- Top 5%, Other contributions €45.1bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- V19, Autres cotisations sociales (maladie, invalidité, ATMP)1, Insee €18.2bn, estimated
- V19, Cotisations sociales chômage1, Insee €3.7bn, estimated
- V19, Cotisations sociales famille1, Insee €4.1bn, estimated
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn, estimated
- V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- V20, Autres cotisations sociales (maladie, invalidité, ATMP)1, Insee €32.3bn, estimated
- V20, Cotisations sociales chômage1, Insee €5.1bn, estimated
- V20, Cotisations sociales famille1, Insee €7.7bn, estimated
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn, estimated
- V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- Result
- €9.6 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, people
27,208EstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Individuals of all ages, as Insee counts them in its distributional accounts.
Calculation
- Computed as
(Everyone, Individuals, millions, Insee × (upper percentile − lower percentile) ÷ 100) × 1,000,000- From
- Everyone, Individuals, millions, Insee 68.4, estimated
- Rank above which people hold 2% of income 100, estimated
- Result
- 27,208
Why believe this?
Top 29–39%, Taxes on products
€34.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 18 “Taxes sur les produits (TVA, TICPE, accises, DMTO, etc.)”, columns O and P and Q (0.7311 × V13 + 1.0000 × V14 + 0.2824 × V15), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 18, V13: -16.7; row 18, V14: -17.5; row 18, V15: -18.1
- As published
- €34.8 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.3–0.6%, Taxes on products
€2.8bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Taxes on products × ∫ level^e over P99.4036–99.6595 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0837), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.479), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Taxes on products €33.3bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €2.8 billion
Why believe this?
Top 7.9–13%, Taxes on production
€13.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 20 “Taxes sur la production (taxes patronales, TF, etc.)”, columns T and U (0.6753 × V18 + 0.4270 × V19), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 20, V18: -11; row 20, V19: -13.2
- As published
- €13.1 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Corporate tax
€3.8bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
- Caveat
- Insee attributes the whole amount to residents; the part falling outside France is taken out of every group in proportion.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 0.04%, Corporate tax × (1 − Share of French companies' equity held outside France ÷ 100)- From
- Top 0.04%, Corporate tax €4.7bn, estimated
- Share of French companies' equity held outside France 20%, estimated
- Result
- €3.8 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Corporate tax
€4.6bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Corporate tax × ∫ level^e over P99.9602–100 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0807), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.479), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Corporate tax €57.4bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €4.6 billion
Why believe this?
Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Corporate tax
€1.7bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 22 “Impôt sur les sociétés”, columns L and M and N and O (0.2087 × V10 + 1.0000 × V11 + 1.0000 × V12 + 0.2689 × V13), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 22, V10: -0.4; row 22, V11: -0.6; row 22, V12: -0.8; row 22, V13: -0.8
- As published
- €1.7 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 13–20%, Rents, actual and imputed
€16.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Rents landlords receive and the rent owner-occupiers are deemed to pay themselves, net of costs.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 9 “Loyers réels et imputés aux propriétaires”, columns R and S and T (0.0531 × V16 + 1.0000 × V17 + 0.3247 × V18), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 9, V16: 10.6; row 9, V17: 11.6; row 9, V18: 12.9
- As published
- €16.4 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, Income tax
€20.7bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Income tax × ∫ level^e over P96.4785–99.0795 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.4189), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.479), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Income tax €49.4bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €20.7 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.6–0.9%, Income tax
€4.1bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Income tax × ∫ level^e over P99.0795–99.4036 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0838), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.479), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Income tax €49.4bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €4.1 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, Pension contributions
€24bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Pension contributions × ∫ level^e over P96.4785–99.0795 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.4189), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.479), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Pension contributions €57.3bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €24.0 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.6–0.9%, Pension contributions
€4.8bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Pension contributions × ∫ level^e over P99.0795–99.4036 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0838), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.479), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Pension contributions €57.3bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €4.8 billion
Why believe this?
Top 29–39%, Taxes on products
€34.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 18 “Taxes sur les produits (TVA, TICPE, accises, DMTO, etc.)”, columns O and P and Q (0.7311 × V13 + 1.0000 × V14 + 0.2824 × V15), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 18, V13: -16.7; row 18, V14: -17.5; row 18, V15: -18.1
- As published
- €34.8 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 7.9–13%, Taxes on production
€13.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 20 “Taxes sur la production (taxes patronales, TF, etc.)”, columns T and U (0.6753 × V18 + 0.4270 × V19), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 20, V18: -11; row 20, V19: -13.2
- As published
- €13.1 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Corporate tax
€1.7bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 22 “Impôt sur les sociétés”, columns L and M and N and O (0.2087 × V10 + 1.0000 × V11 + 1.0000 × V12 + 0.2689 × V13), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 22, V10: -0.4; row 22, V11: -0.6; row 22, V12: -0.8; row 22, V13: -0.8
- As published
- €1.7 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.6–0.9%, Corporate tax
€4.8bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Corporate tax × ∫ level^e over P99.0795–99.4036 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Corporate tax €57.4bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €4.8 billion
Why believe this?
Top 13–20%, Rents, actual and imputed
€16.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Rents landlords receive and the rent owner-occupiers are deemed to pay themselves, net of costs.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 9 “Loyers réels et imputés aux propriétaires”, columns R and S and T (0.0531 × V16 + 1.0000 × V17 + 0.3247 × V18), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 9, V16: 10.6; row 9, V17: 11.6; row 9, V18: 12.9
- As published
- €16.4 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Income tax
€4.1bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Income tax × ∫ level^e over P99.9602–100 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Income tax €49.4bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €4.1 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Pension contributions
€4.8bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Pension contributions × ∫ level^e over P99.9602–100 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Pension contributions €57.3bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €4.8 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, Other contributions
€18.8bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Other contributions × ∫ level^e over P96.4785–99.0795 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.4167), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Other contributions €45.1bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €18.8 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Subsidies on production
€642mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Subsidies on production × ∫ level^e over P99.9602–100 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Subsidies on production €7.7bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €0.6 billion
Why believe this?
Unemployment benefits
€46.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 32 “Allocations chômage”, column B (Ensemble)
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- As published
- €46.1 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
All groups, Pensions
€397.8bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 33%, Pensions + Bottom 33–49%, Pensions + Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Pensions + Top 29–39%, Pensions + Top 20–29%, Pensions + Top 13–20%, Pensions + Top 7.9–13%, Pensions + Top 3.5–7.9%, Pensions + Top 0.9–3.5%, Pensions + Top 0.6–0.9%, Pensions + Top 0.3–0.6%, Pensions + Top 0.2–0.3%, Pensions + Top 0.04–0.2%, Pensions + Top 0.04%, Pensions- From
- Bottom 33%, Pensions €79.8bn, estimated
- Bottom 33–49%, Pensions €58.8bn, estimated
- Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Pensions €53.4bn, estimated
- Top 29–39%, Pensions €45.6bn, estimated
- Top 20–29%, Pensions €40bn, estimated
- Top 13–20%, Pensions €34.8bn, estimated
- Top 7.9–13%, Pensions €31.7bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Pensions €28.1bn, estimated
- Top 0.9–3.5%, Pensions €18.9bn, estimated
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Pensions €2.4bn, estimated
- Top 0.3–0.6%, Pensions €1.9bn, estimated
- Top 0.2–0.3%, Pensions €1.4bn, estimated
- Top 0.04–0.2%, Pensions €834m, estimated
- Top 0.04%, Pensions €290m, estimated
- Result
- €397.8 billion
Why believe this?
Top 20–29%, Pensions
€40bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 31 “Pensions de retraite”, columns Q and R (0.7176 × V15 + 0.9469 × V16), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 31, V15: 23.1; row 31, V16: 24.7
- As published
- €40.0 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.2–0.3%, Pensions
€1.4bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Pensions × ∫ level^e over P99.6595–99.8457 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0372), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.00: the same per person, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Pensions €36.4bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €1.4 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 33%, Unemployment benefits
€17.1bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.
Calculation
- Computed as
Unemployment benefits × Bottom 33%, Unemployment benefits ÷ All groups, Unemployment benefits- From
- Unemployment benefits €42.9bn, estimated
- Bottom 33%, Unemployment benefits €18.3bn, estimated
- All groups, Unemployment benefits €45.8bn, estimated
- Result
- €17.1 billion
Why believe this?
Top 29–39%, Unemployment benefits
€3.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 32 “Allocations chômage”, columns O and P and Q (0.7311 × V13 + 1.0000 × V14 + 0.2824 × V15), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 32, V13: 2; row 32, V14: 1.8; row 32, V15: 1.8
- As published
- €3.8 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 33%, Other cash benefits
€58.5bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.
Calculation
- Computed as
Other cash benefits × Bottom 33%, Other cash benefits ÷ All groups, Other cash benefits- From
- Other cash benefits €137.4bn, estimated
- Bottom 33%, Other cash benefits €62.8bn, estimated
- All groups, Other cash benefits €147.6bn, estimated
- Result
- €58.5 billion
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Other cash benefits, above P95
€2.5bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Other cash benefits × ∫ level^e over P95–96.4785 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.2957), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.00: the same per person, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Other cash benefits €8.4bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €2.5 billion
Why believe this?
Top 5%, Education
€5.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 41 “Enseignement2”, column V (V20)
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- As published
- €5.3 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 33%, Culture and leisure
€13.8bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.
Calculation
- Computed as
Culture and leisure × Bottom 33%, Culture and leisure ÷ All groups, Culture and leisure- From
- Culture and leisure €41.4bn, estimated
- Bottom 33%, Culture and leisure €17.3bn, estimated
- All groups, Culture and leisure €52bn, estimated
- Result
- €13.8 billion
Why believe this?
Recreation, culture and religion
€41.4bnObserved2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Sport, culture, broadcasting and publishing services.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
gov_10a_exp(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=MIO_EURsector=S13na_item=TEcofog99=GF08time=2023· query this cell- As published
- €41,417.0 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.
Why believe this?
Top 20–29%, Collective services
€19.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Defence, police, justice, general administration and other collective spending, spread over people, net of other transfers and of balances with the rest of the world, which are small and negative overall.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 46 “Autres transferts non monétaires”, columns Q and R (0.7176 × V15 + 0.9469 × V16), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 46, V15: 11.3; row 46, V16: 11.7
- As published
- €19.2 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.2–0.3%, Collective services
€428mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Defence, police, justice, general administration and other collective spending, spread over people, net of other transfers and of balances with the rest of the world, which are small and negative overall.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Collective services × ∫ level^e over P99.6595–99.8457 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0372), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.00: the same per person, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Collective services €11.5bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €0.4 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 33–49%, Profits kept in companies
€1.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The part of companies' profits that is not paid out, attributed to the households that own them.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 10 “Profits des entreprises non distribués aux ménages (B)”, columns I and J and K and L (0.3399 × V7 + 1.0000 × V8 + 1.0000 × V9 + 0.7913 × V10), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 10, V7: 0.5; row 10, V8: 0.6; row 10, V9: 0.7; row 10, V10: 0.6
- As published
- €1.9 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 33–49%, share of the CSG on capital income
8.1%EstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's part of the CSG on capital income: of the CSG on investment income, its share of net financial income; of the CSG on property income, its share of rents, actual and imputed (an allocation scenario).
- Caveat
- An allocation scenario: Insee attributes the whole CSG to each group but does not split it by base, and no source found gives the bases of the CSG on capital income by group. The CSG on investment income (interest, dividends, life insurance) is shared as Insee's net financial income. The CSG on property income is levied on rents landlords receive, capital gains and annuities; Insee's only row near it adds owner-occupiers' imputed rents, which pay no CSG, and holds no capital gains, so sharing it as that row is a convention. The alternatives share all of it as net financial income, or as the group's whole capital income.
Calculation
- Computed as
(CSG on income from investments, 2023 × Bottom 33–49%, Net financial income ÷ All groups, Net financial income + CSG on income from property, 2023 × Bottom 33–49%, Rents, actual and imputed ÷ All groups, Rents, actual and imputed) ÷ (CSG on income from investments, 2023 + CSG on income from property, 2023) × 100- From
- CSG on income from investments, 2023 €9.4bn, estimated
- CSG on income from property, 2023 €7.2bn, estimated
- Bottom 33–49%, Net financial income €6.4bn, estimated
- All groups, Net financial income €133.9bn, estimated
- Bottom 33–49%, Rents, actual and imputed €20.7bn, estimated
- All groups, Rents, actual and imputed €166.8bn, estimated
- Result
- 8.1%
Why believe this?
Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Health care
€31.2bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.
Calculation
- Computed as
Health care × Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Health care ÷ All groups, Health care- From
- Health care €249.7bn, estimated
- Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Health care €26.1bn, estimated
- All groups, Health care €209.4bn, estimated
- Result
- €31.2 billion
Why believe this?
Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, levies paid
€123.8bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Every levy attributed to the group, gross of subsidies.
Calculation
- Computed as
Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Taxes on products + Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Taxes on production + Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Corporate tax + Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, CSG on earnings and benefits + Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, CSG on capital income + Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Income tax + Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Other taxes on income and wealth + Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Pension contributions + Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Other contributions- From
- Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Taxes on products €37.8bn, estimated
- Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Taxes on production €14.2bn, estimated
- Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Corporate tax €1.4bn, estimated
- Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, CSG on earnings and benefits €15.2bn, estimated
- Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, CSG on capital income €1.4bn, estimated
- Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Income tax €3.3bn, estimated
- Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Other taxes on income and wealth €1.9bn, estimated
- Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Pension contributions €30.5bn, estimated
- Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Other contributions €18.1bn, estimated
- Result
- €123.8 billion
Why believe this?
Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, CSG on capital income
€1.4bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The part of the CSG levied on capital income: interest, dividends, life insurance, rents and capital gains.
- Competing figures
- €914m, the CSG on capital income by financial income alone. The same computation with another key for the CSG on capital income.
- €1.2bn, the CSG on capital income by all capital income. The same computation with another key for the CSG on capital income.
- Caveat
- An allocation scenario: Insee attributes the whole CSG to each group but does not split it by base, and no source found gives the bases of the CSG on capital income by group. The CSG on investment income (interest, dividends, life insurance) is shared as Insee's net financial income. The CSG on property income is levied on rents landlords receive, capital gains and annuities; Insee's only row near it adds owner-occupiers' imputed rents, which pay no CSG, and holds no capital gains, so sharing it as that row is a convention. The alternatives share all of it as net financial income, or as the group's whole capital income.
Calculation
- Computed as
CSG on capital income × Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, share of the CSG on capital income ÷ 100- From
- CSG on capital income €16.9bn, estimated
- Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, share of the CSG on capital income 8.2%, estimated
- Result
- €1.4 billion
Why believe this?
Top 29–39%, Pension contributions
€31.3bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
Calculation
- Computed as
Pension contributions × Top 29–39%, Pension contributions ÷ All groups, Pension contributions- From
- Pension contributions €280.4bn, estimated
- Top 29–39%, Pension contributions €36.7bn, estimated
- All groups, Pension contributions €328.7bn, estimated
- Result
- €31.3 billion
Why believe this?
Top 20–29%, transfers received
€119.1bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Every transfer attributed to the group, subsidies included.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 20–29%, Subsidies on products + Top 20–29%, Subsidies on production + Top 20–29%, Pensions + Top 20–29%, Unemployment benefits + Top 20–29%, Other cash benefits + Top 20–29%, Health care + Top 20–29%, Education + Top 20–29%, Social care and housing aid + Top 20–29%, Culture and leisure + Top 20–29%, Collective services- From
- Top 20–29%, Subsidies on products €3.9bn, estimated
- Top 20–29%, Subsidies on production €5.6bn, estimated
- Top 20–29%, Pensions €37.2bn, estimated
- Top 20–29%, Unemployment benefits €2.6bn, estimated
- Top 20–29%, Other cash benefits €9.2bn, estimated
- Top 20–29%, Health care €15.5bn, estimated
- Top 20–29%, Education €10bn, estimated
- Top 20–29%, Social care and housing aid €5bn, estimated
- Top 20–29%, Culture and leisure €3.4bn, estimated
- Top 20–29%, Collective services €26.7bn, estimated
- Result
- €119.1 billion
Why believe this?
Top 20–29%, Corporate tax
€2bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
- Caveat
- Insee attributes the whole amount to residents; the part falling outside France is taken out of every group in proportion.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 20–29%, Corporate tax × (1 − Share of French companies' equity held outside France ÷ 100)- From
- Top 20–29%, Corporate tax €2.5bn, estimated
- Share of French companies' equity held outside France 20%, estimated
- Result
- €2.0 billion
Why believe this?
Top 20–29%, CSG on earnings and benefits
€14.6bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The CSG on earnings, pensions and other replacement income, and on gaming: the CSG less its part on capital income.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 20–29%, CSG − Top 20–29%, CSG on capital income- From
- Top 20–29%, CSG €15.9bn, estimated
- Top 20–29%, CSG on capital income €1.4bn, estimated
- Result
- €14.6 billion
Why believe this?
Top 13–20%, people
4.7 millionEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Individuals of all ages, as Insee counts them in its distributional accounts.
Calculation
- Computed as
(Everyone, Individuals, millions, Insee × (upper percentile − lower percentile) ÷ 100) × 1,000,000- From
- Everyone, Individuals, millions, Insee 68.4, estimated
- Rank above which people hold 50% of income 79.7, estimated
- Rank above which people hold 40% of income 86.6, estimated
- Result
- 4,712,167
Why believe this?
Top 13–20%, Corporate tax
€3bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
Calculation
- Computed as
Corporate tax × Top 13–20%, Corporate tax ÷ All groups, Corporate tax- From
- Corporate tax €79.3bn, estimated
- Top 13–20%, Corporate tax €2.9bn, estimated
- All groups, Corporate tax €78.1bn, estimated
- Result
- €3.0 billion
Why believe this?
Living standard at D9, constant 2024 euros
€47,900Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Disposable income per consumption unit a year at the threshold, in constant 2024 euros: what one person living alone has to spend; metropolitan France, survey on tax and social incomes.
- Caveat
- Insee's distributional accounts rank people by a survey-based living standard close to, but not the same as, this one.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Distribution des niveaux de vie, données annuelles de 1996 à 2024
- Where
- Sheet “Données”, row 13 “9e décile (D9)”, column AF (2023), en euros 2024 constants; raw/reve-niv-vie-decile-individu.xlsx
- Published
- 2026
- As published
- €47,900
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 7.9–13%, Subsidies on products
€2.7bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.
Calculation
- Computed as
Subsidies on products × Top 7.9–13%, Subsidies on products ÷ All groups, Subsidies on products- From
- Subsidies on products €44.2bn, estimated
- Top 7.9–13%, Subsidies on products €1.9bn, estimated
- All groups, Subsidies on products €32bn, estimated
- Result
- €2.7 billion
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Social care and housing aid
€2.2bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care for dependent elderly and disabled people, childcare and other social action, housing benefits and the energy cheque, and the running costs of social security, received in kind.
Calculation
- Computed as
Social care and housing aid × Top 3.5–7.9%, Social care and housing aid ÷ All groups, Social care and housing aid- From
- Social care and housing aid €107.7bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Social care and housing aid €2.4bn, estimated
- All groups, Social care and housing aid €116.3bn, estimated
- Result
- €2.2 billion
Why believe this?
Top 20–29%, Subsidies on products
€2.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 19 “Subventions sur les produits (transports, etc.)”, columns Q and R (0.7176 × V15 + 0.9469 × V16), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 19, V15: 1.7; row 19, V16: 1.7
- As published
- €2.8 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 13–20%, Subsidies on production
€4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 21 “Subventions sur la production (aides à l'apprentissage, aides sectorielles, etc.)”, columns R and S and T (0.0531 × V16 + 1.0000 × V17 + 0.3247 × V18), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 21, V16: 2.5; row 21, V17: 2.8; row 21, V18: 3.3
- As published
- €4.0 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
V19, Pensions, Insee
€30.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.
- Caveat
- Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 31 “Pensions de retraite”, column U (V19)
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- As published
- €30.2 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, Pensions
€1.1bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Pensions × ∫ level^e over P99.8457–99.9602 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0316), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.23: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20- From
- Top 5%, Pensions €36.4bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- V19, Pensions, Insee €30.2bn, estimated
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn, estimated
- V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- V20, Pensions, Insee €36.4bn, estimated
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn, estimated
- V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- Result
- €1.1 billion
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Unemployment benefits
€2.3bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.
Calculation
- Computed as
Unemployment benefits × Top 3.5–7.9%, Unemployment benefits ÷ All groups, Unemployment benefits- From
- Unemployment benefits €42.9bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Unemployment benefits €2.5bn, estimated
- All groups, Unemployment benefits €45.8bn, estimated
- Result
- €2.3 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Unemployment benefits
€13.1mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Unemployment benefits × ∫ level^e over P99.9602–100 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0052), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = -0.18: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20- From
- Top 5%, Unemployment benefits €2.5bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- V19, Unemployment benefits, Insee €2.9bn, estimated
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn, estimated
- V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- V20, Unemployment benefits, Insee €2.5bn, estimated
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn, estimated
- V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- Result
- €0.0 billion
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Other cash benefits
€5.4bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.
Calculation
- Computed as
Other cash benefits × Top 3.5–7.9%, Other cash benefits ÷ All groups, Other cash benefits- From
- Other cash benefits €137.4bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Other cash benefits €5.8bn, estimated
- All groups, Other cash benefits €147.6bn, estimated
- Result
- €5.4 billion
Why believe this?
Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Other cash benefits
€14.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 33 “Autres revenus de remplacement (IJ, ATMP)”; 34 “Famille”; 35 “Exclusion sociale”; 36 “Invalidité”; 37 “Remboursements des contrats collectifs de complémentaires santé”, columns L and M and N and O (0.2087 × V10 + 1.0000 × V11 + 1.0000 × V12 + 0.2689 × V13), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 33, V10: 1.6; row 33, V11: 1.7; row 33, V12: 1.8; row 33, V13: 2; row 34, V10: 1.7; row 34, V11: 1.5; row 34, V12: 1.2; row 34, V13: 1; row 35, V10: 0.9; row 35, V11: 0.8; row 35, V12: 0.8; row 35, V13: 0.6; row 36, V10: 1.1; row 36, V11: 1.3; row 36, V12: 0.9; row 36, V13: 1.2; row 37, V10: 1; row 37, V11: 1; row 37, V12: 1; row 37, V13: 1.1
- As published
- €14.9 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, Other cash benefits
€4.2bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Other cash benefits × ∫ level^e over P96.4785–99.0795 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.5036), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.33: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20- From
- Top 5%, Other cash benefits €8.4bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- V19, Autres revenus de remplacement (IJ, ATMP), Insee €3.8bn, estimated
- V19, Famille, Insee €400m, estimated
- V19, Exclusion sociale, Insee €200m, estimated
- V19, Invalidité, Insee €800m, estimated
- V19, Remboursements des contrats collectifs de complémentaires santé, Insee €1.2bn, estimated
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn, estimated
- V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- V20, Autres revenus de remplacement (IJ, ATMP), Insee €6.1bn, estimated
- V20, Famille, Insee €300m, estimated
- V20, Exclusion sociale, Insee €200m, estimated
- V20, Invalidité, Insee €600m, estimated
- V20, Remboursements des contrats collectifs de complémentaires santé, Insee €1.2bn, estimated
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn, estimated
- V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- Result
- €4.2 billion
Why believe this?
Top 20–29%, Health care
€13bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 40 “Santé”, columns Q and R (0.7176 × V15 + 0.9469 × V16), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 40, V15: 7.8; row 40, V16: 7.8
- As published
- €13.0 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 20–29%, Education
€9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 41 “Enseignement2”, columns Q and R (0.7176 × V15 + 0.9469 × V16), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 41, V15: 5.7; row 41, V16: 5.2
- As published
- €9.0 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
All groups, Social care and housing aid
€116.3bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 33%, Social care and housing aid + Bottom 33–49%, Social care and housing aid + Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Social care and housing aid + Top 29–39%, Social care and housing aid + Top 20–29%, Social care and housing aid + Top 13–20%, Social care and housing aid + Top 7.9–13%, Social care and housing aid + Top 3.5–7.9%, Social care and housing aid + Top 0.9–3.5%, Social care and housing aid + Top 0.6–0.9%, Social care and housing aid + Top 0.3–0.6%, Social care and housing aid + Top 0.2–0.3%, Social care and housing aid + Top 0.04–0.2%, Social care and housing aid + Top 0.04%, Social care and housing aid- From
- Bottom 33%, Social care and housing aid €61.7bn, estimated
- Bottom 33–49%, Social care and housing aid €17.8bn, estimated
- Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Social care and housing aid €11.4bn, estimated
- Top 29–39%, Social care and housing aid €8.1bn, estimated
- Top 20–29%, Social care and housing aid €5.4bn, estimated
- Top 13–20%, Social care and housing aid €4.3bn, estimated
- Top 7.9–13%, Social care and housing aid €3.3bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Social care and housing aid €2.4bn, estimated
- Top 0.9–3.5%, Social care and housing aid €1.4bn, estimated
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Social care and housing aid €172m, estimated
- Top 0.3–0.6%, Social care and housing aid €134m, estimated
- Top 0.2–0.3%, Social care and housing aid €96.3m, estimated
- Top 0.04–0.2%, Social care and housing aid €58m, estimated
- Top 0.04%, Social care and housing aid €19.4m, estimated
- Result
- €116.3 billion
Why believe this?
Top 29–39%, Social care and housing aid
€8.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care for dependent elderly and disabled people, childcare and other social action, housing benefits and the energy cheque, and the running costs of social security, received in kind.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 42 “Action sociale (dépendance, handicap, petite enfance, etc.)”; 44 “Aides au logement et chèque énergie”; 45 “Frais de fonctionnement de la Sécurité sociale”, columns O and P and Q (0.7311 × V13 + 1.0000 × V14 + 0.2824 × V15), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 42, V13: 3.1; row 42, V14: 3.1; row 42, V15: 2.5; row 44, V13: 0.1; row 44, V14: 0.1; row 44, V15: 0.1; row 45, V13: 0.9; row 45, V14: 0.9; row 45, V15: 0.9
- As published
- €8.1 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Culture and leisure
€1.8bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.
Calculation
- Computed as
Culture and leisure × Top 3.5–7.9%, Culture and leisure ÷ All groups, Culture and leisure- From
- Culture and leisure €41.4bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Culture and leisure €2.3bn, estimated
- All groups, Culture and leisure €52bn, estimated
- Result
- €1.8 billion
Why believe this?
V19, Collective services, Insee
€12.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Defence, police, justice, general administration and other collective spending, spread over people, net of other transfers and of balances with the rest of the world, which are small and negative overall.
- Caveat
- Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 46 “Autres transferts non monétaires”, column U (V19)
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- As published
- €12.3 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, Collective services
€234mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Defence, police, justice, general administration and other collective spending, spread over people, net of other transfers and of balances with the rest of the world, which are small and negative overall.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Collective services × ∫ level^e over P99.8457–99.9602 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0203), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = -0.08: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20- From
- Top 5%, Collective services €11.5bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- V19, Collective services, Insee €12.3bn, estimated
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn, estimated
- V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- V20, Collective services, Insee €11.5bn, estimated
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn, estimated
- V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- Result
- €0.2 billion
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Corporate tax
€8.4bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
Calculation
- Computed as
Corporate tax × Top 3.5–7.9%, Corporate tax ÷ All groups, Corporate tax- From
- Corporate tax €79.3bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Corporate tax €8.3bn, estimated
- All groups, Corporate tax €78.1bn, estimated
- Result
- €8.4 billion
Why believe this?
Contribution rate, P99.99–99.999, 2016
3%Estimated2016
Definition
- What it counts
- Social contributions as a share of economic income, averaged over the slice.
- Caveat
- Read from IPP Note 92, Figure 1b, to about one point: the figure plots rates by g-percentile, averaged here over the slice.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Institut des politiques publiques, Quels impôts les milliardaires paient-ils ? Note n° 92 (Bach, Bozio, Guillouzouic, Malgouyres), updated 2025
- Where
- Figure 1b, p. 6, read from the chart (±1 point)
- Published
- May 2025
- It says
Taux d'imposition global par g-percentile, revenu économique
- As published
- 3.0%
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
All groups, Corporate tax
€78.1bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 33%, Corporate tax + Bottom 33–49%, Corporate tax + Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Corporate tax + Top 29–39%, Corporate tax + Top 20–29%, Corporate tax + Top 13–20%, Corporate tax + Top 7.9–13%, Corporate tax + Top 3.5–7.9%, Corporate tax + Top 0.9–3.5%, Corporate tax + Top 0.6–0.9%, Corporate tax + Top 0.3–0.6%, Corporate tax + Top 0.2–0.3%, Corporate tax + Top 0.04–0.2%, Corporate tax + Top 0.04%, Corporate tax- From
- Bottom 33%, Corporate tax €2.3bn, estimated
- Bottom 33–49%, Corporate tax €1.2bn, estimated
- Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Corporate tax €1.7bn, estimated
- Top 29–39%, Corporate tax €1.6bn, estimated
- Top 20–29%, Corporate tax €2.5bn, estimated
- Top 13–20%, Corporate tax €2.9bn, estimated
- Top 7.9–13%, Corporate tax €4.6bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Corporate tax €8.3bn, estimated
- Top 0.9–3.5%, Corporate tax €13.9bn, estimated
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Corporate tax €3.6bn, estimated
- Top 0.3–0.6%, Corporate tax €4.2bn, estimated
- Top 0.2–0.3%, Corporate tax €5bn, estimated
- Top 0.04–0.2%, Corporate tax €6.8bn, estimated
- Top 0.04%, Corporate tax €19.4bn, estimated
- Result
- €78.1 billion
Why believe this?
Top 7.9–13%, CSG
€15bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 23 “Contribution sociale généralisée (CSG)”, columns T and U (0.6753 × V18 + 0.4270 × V19), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 23, V18: -12.5; row 23, V19: -15.4
- As published
- €15.0 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, CSG
€1.1bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, CSG × ∫ level^e over P99.9602–100 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0376), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.66: one plus the change in log of IPP's 2016 rate over the change in log of economic income, between P99–99.9 and P99.9–100- From
- Top 5%, CSG €29.3bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Personal tax rate, P99–99.9, 2016 23%, estimated
- Personal tax rate, top 0.1% 9.8%, estimated
- Economic income of P99–99.9, 2016 €91.5bn, estimated
- Result
- €1.1 billion
Why believe this?
Top 13–20%, Rents, actual and imputed
€16.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Rents landlords receive and the rent owner-occupiers are deemed to pay themselves, net of costs.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 9 “Loyers réels et imputés aux propriétaires”, columns R and S and T (0.0531 × V16 + 1.0000 × V17 + 0.3247 × V18), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 9, V16: 10.6; row 9, V17: 11.6; row 9, V18: 12.9
- As published
- €16.4 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 33%, Income tax
€2.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 24 “Impôt sur le revenu (IR)”, columns C and D and E and F and G and H and I (1.0000 × V1 + 1.0000 × V2 + 1.0000 × V3 + 1.0000 × V4 + 1.0000 × V5 + 1.0000 × V6 + 0.6601 × V7), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 24, V1: -2.7; row 24, V2: 0; row 24, V3: 0; row 24, V4: -0.1; row 24, V5: 0; row 24, V6: 0; row 24, V7: -0.2
- As published
- €2.9 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 33–49%, Other taxes on income and wealth
€1.7bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 25 “Autres impôts sur les revenus et le patrimoine (TH, ISF/IFI, CRDS, etc.)”, columns I and J and K and L (0.3399 × V7 + 1.0000 × V8 + 1.0000 × V9 + 0.7913 × V10), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 25, V7: -0.5; row 25, V8: -0.5; row 25, V9: -0.6; row 25, V10: -0.6
- As published
- €1.7 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 33%, Pension contributions
€34.5bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 26 “Cotisations sociales retraite1”, columns C and D and E and F and G and H and I (1.0000 × V1 + 1.0000 × V2 + 1.0000 × V3 + 1.0000 × V4 + 1.0000 × V5 + 1.0000 × V6 + 0.6601 × V7), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 26, V1: -1.4; row 26, V2: -2.5; row 26, V3: -4.2; row 26, V4: -5.6; row 26, V5: -6.9; row 26, V6: -7.8; row 26, V7: -9.3
- As published
- €34.5 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 20–29%, Other contributions
€23.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 27 “Cotisations sociales chômage1”; 28 “Cotisations sociales famille1”; 29 “Autres cotisations sociales (maladie, invalidité, ATMP)1”, columns Q and R (0.7176 × V15 + 0.9469 × V16), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 29, V15: -8.4; row 29, V16: -9.8; row 27, V15: -2.2; row 27, V16: -2.5; row 28, V15: -2.2; row 28, V16: -2.5
- As published
- €23.2 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.2–0.3%, Other contributions
€2.2bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Other contributions × ∫ level^e over P99.6595–99.8457 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0496), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.31: one plus the change in log of IPP's 2016 rate over the change in log of economic income, between P99–99.9 and P99.9–100- From
- Top 5%, Other contributions €45.1bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Contribution rate, P99–99.9, 2016 14%, estimated
- Contribution rate, top 0.1% 2.4%, estimated
- Economic income of P99–99.9, 2016 €91.5bn, estimated
- Result
- €2.2 billion
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, people
3.0 millionEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Individuals of all ages, as Insee counts them in its distributional accounts.
Calculation
- Computed as
(Everyone, Individuals, millions, Insee × (upper percentile − lower percentile) ÷ 100) × 1,000,000- From
- Everyone, Individuals, millions, Insee 68.4, estimated
- Rank above which people hold 30% of income 92.1, estimated
- Rank above which people hold 20% of income 96.5, estimated
- Result
- 2,970,950
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, paid a month per person
€3,310EstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
- Competing figures
- €3,310, Central. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €3,310, a strict Pareto tail above P95. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €3,280, a tail as concentrated as WID's ranking by own income. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €3,260, each item along Insee's V19 to V20 gradient. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €3,530, personal taxes, contributions and corporate tax along IPP's rates. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 3.5–7.9%, levies paid × 10⁹ ÷ Top 3.5–7.9%, people ÷ 12- From
- Top 3.5–7.9%, levies paid €117.9bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, people 3.0 million, estimated
- Result
- €3,310
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Taxes on products
€16.2bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
- Caveat
- Insee attributes the whole amount to residents; the part falling outside France is taken out of every group in proportion.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 3.5–7.9%, Taxes on products × (1 − Share of consumption by visitors ÷ 100)- From
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Taxes on products €17bn, estimated
- Share of consumption by visitors 4.4%, estimated
- Result
- €16.2 billion
Why believe this?
Living standard at P90, Filosofi 2021
€41,220Observed2021
Definition
- What it counts
- Disposable income per consumption unit a year at the threshold, in current euros of the year: metropolitan France, people of tax households in ordinary dwellings with a declared income of zero or more, from tax and benefit files (Filosofi).
- Caveat
- Filosofi's disposable income leaves out the financial income the survey on tax and social incomes imputes, so its thresholds sit a little below the survey's; the page uses them as multiples of Filosofi's own 9th decile.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Les revenus et le patrimoine des ménages, édition 2024, fiche « Très hauts revenus »
- Where
- Sheet “Figure 1”, row 6 “10 % les plus aisées”, column D “Niveau de vie” (2021), montants annuels en euros; raw/insee_rpm2024_f10.xlsx
- Published
- 2024-10-17
- As published
- €41,220
- Read
- 2026-10-16
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, people
1.8 millionEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Individuals of all ages, as Insee counts them in its distributional accounts.
Calculation
- Computed as
(Everyone, Individuals, millions, Insee × (upper percentile − lower percentile) ÷ 100) × 1,000,000- From
- Everyone, Individuals, millions, Insee 68.4, estimated
- Rank above which people hold 20% of income 96.5, estimated
- Rank above which people hold 10% of income 99.1, estimated
- Result
- 1,779,100
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, profits kept in companies, monthly equivalent per resident, 2023 data
€1,760EstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
- Competing figures
- €1,760, Central. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €1,770, a strict Pareto tail above P95. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €1,620, a tail as concentrated as WID's ranking by own income. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €280, each item along Insee's V19 to V20 gradient. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €1,760, personal taxes, contributions and corporate tax along IPP's rates. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 0.9–3.5%, Profits kept in companies × 10⁹ ÷ Top 0.9–3.5%, people ÷ 12- From
- Top 0.9–3.5%, Profits kept in companies €37.7bn, estimated
- Top 0.9–3.5%, people 1.8 million, estimated
- Result
- €1,760
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, received a month per person
€2,200EstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 0.9–3.5%, transfers received × 10⁹ ÷ Top 0.9–3.5%, people ÷ 12- From
- Top 0.9–3.5%, transfers received €46.9bn, estimated
- Top 0.9–3.5%, people 1.8 million, estimated
- Result
- €2,200
Why believe this?
Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Subsidies on products
€3.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 19 “Subventions sur les produits (transports, etc.)”, columns L and M and N and O (0.2087 × V10 + 1.0000 × V11 + 1.0000 × V12 + 0.2689 × V13), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 19, V10: 1.5; row 19, V11: 1.5; row 19, V12: 1.6; row 19, V13: 1.6
- As published
- €3.8 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.2–0.3%, Subsidies on products
€192mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Subsidies on products × ∫ level^e over P99.6595–99.8457 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0799), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.642), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Subsidies on products €2.4bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.6, estimated
- Result
- €0.2 billion
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Pensions, above P95
€10.8bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Pensions × ∫ level^e over P95–96.4785 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.2957), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.642), e = 0.00: the same per person, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Pensions €36.4bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.6, estimated
- Result
- €10.8 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, Unemployment benefits
€1.3bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Unemployment benefits × ∫ level^e over P96.4785–99.0795 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.5202), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.642), e = 0.00: the same per person, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Unemployment benefits €2.5bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.6, estimated
- Result
- €1.3 billion
Why believe this?
Top 20–29%, Other cash benefits
€9.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 33 “Autres revenus de remplacement (IJ, ATMP)”; 34 “Famille”; 35 “Exclusion sociale”; 36 “Invalidité”; 37 “Remboursements des contrats collectifs de complémentaires santé”, columns Q and R (0.7176 × V15 + 0.9469 × V16), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 33, V15: 2.4; row 33, V16: 2.6; row 34, V15: 0.8; row 34, V16: 0.8; row 35, V15: 0.5; row 35, V16: 0.4; row 36, V15: 1; row 36, V16: 1.2; row 37, V15: 1.1; row 37, V16: 1.1
- As published
- €9.9 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Other cash benefits
€66.8mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Other cash benefits × ∫ level^e over P99.9602–100 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0080), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.642), e = 0.00: the same per person, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Other cash benefits €8.4bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.6, estimated
- Result
- €0.1 billion
Why believe this?
Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Health care
€26.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 40 “Santé”, columns L and M and N and O (0.2087 × V10 + 1.0000 × V11 + 1.0000 × V12 + 0.2689 × V13), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 40, V10: 9.7; row 40, V11: 10.5; row 40, V12: 10.7; row 40, V13: 10.8
- As published
- €26.1 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.2–0.3%, Health care
€294mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Health care × ∫ level^e over P99.6595–99.8457 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0372), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.642), e = 0.00: the same per person, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Health care €7.9bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.6, estimated
- Result
- €0.3 billion
Why believe this?
Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Education
€14.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 41 “Enseignement2”, columns L and M and N and O (0.2087 × V10 + 1.0000 × V11 + 1.0000 × V12 + 0.2689 × V13), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 41, V10: 6.3; row 41, V11: 5.8; row 41, V12: 5.7; row 41, V13: 5.6
- As published
- €14.3 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.2–0.3%, Education
€197mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Education × ∫ level^e over P99.6595–99.8457 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0372), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.642), e = 0.00: the same per person, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Education €5.3bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.6, estimated
- Result
- €0.2 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 33–49%, Social care and housing aid
€17.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care for dependent elderly and disabled people, childcare and other social action, housing benefits and the energy cheque, and the running costs of social security, received in kind.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 42 “Action sociale (dépendance, handicap, petite enfance, etc.)”; 44 “Aides au logement et chèque énergie”; 45 “Frais de fonctionnement de la Sécurité sociale”, columns I and J and K and L (0.3399 × V7 + 1.0000 × V8 + 1.0000 × V9 + 0.7913 × V10), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 42, V7: 5.3; row 42, V8: 4.7; row 42, V9: 4.5; row 42, V10: 3.6; row 44, V7: 0.5; row 44, V8: 0.4; row 44, V9: 0.3; row 44, V10: 0.2; row 45, V7: 1; row 45, V8: 1; row 45, V9: 0.9; row 45, V10: 0.9
- As published
- €17.8 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Collective services, above P95
€3.4bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Defence, police, justice, general administration and other collective spending, spread over people, net of other transfers and of balances with the rest of the world, which are small and negative overall.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Collective services × ∫ level^e over P95–96.4785 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.2957), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.642), e = 0.00: the same per person, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Collective services €11.5bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.6, estimated
- Result
- €3.4 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, Education
€3bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.
Calculation
- Computed as
Education × Top 0.9–3.5%, Education ÷ All groups, Education- From
- Education €141.6bn, estimated
- Top 0.9–3.5%, Education €2.8bn, estimated
- All groups, Education €128.1bn, estimated
- Result
- €3.0 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, Taxes on production
€10.6bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
Calculation
- Computed as
Taxes on production × Top 0.9–3.5%, Taxes on production ÷ All groups, Taxes on production- From
- Taxes on production €128.1bn, estimated
- Top 0.9–3.5%, Taxes on production €10.6bn, estimated
- All groups, Taxes on production €127.9bn, estimated
- Result
- €10.6 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, CSG
€13.6bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.
Calculation
- Computed as
CSG × Top 0.9–3.5%, CSG ÷ All groups, CSG- From
- CSG €149.8bn, estimated
- Top 0.9–3.5%, CSG €13.4bn, estimated
- All groups, CSG €147.2bn, estimated
- Result
- €13.6 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, Income tax
€16.2bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
Calculation
- Computed as
Income tax × Top 0.9–3.5%, Income tax ÷ All groups, Income tax- From
- Income tax €103.3bn, estimated
- Top 0.9–3.5%, Income tax €15.9bn, estimated
- All groups, Income tax €101.5bn, estimated
- Result
- €16.2 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, Other contributions
€18.1bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.
Calculation
- Computed as
Other contributions × Top 0.9–3.5%, Other contributions ÷ All groups, Other contributions- From
- Other contributions €182.4bn, estimated
- Top 0.9–3.5%, Other contributions €21.2bn, estimated
- All groups, Other contributions €214bn, estimated
- Result
- €18.1 billion
Why believe this?
Living standard at P99.1, constant 2024 euros, a month
€9,000EstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The yearly amount divided by twelve, rounded to a hundred euros.
Calculation
- Computed as
Living standard at P99.1, constant 2024 euros ÷ 12, rounded to €100- From
- Living standard at P99.1, constant 2024 euros €108,407, estimated
- Result
- €9,000
Why believe this?
Top 0.6–0.9%, Rents, actual and imputed
€1.6bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Rents landlords receive and the rent owner-occupiers are deemed to pay themselves, net of costs.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Rents, actual and imputed × ∫ level^e over P99.0795–99.4036 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0751), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.642), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Rents, actual and imputed €21.4bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.6, estimated
- Result
- €1.6 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.6–0.9%, profits kept in companies, monthly equivalent per resident, 2023 data
€2,850EstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 0.6–0.9%, Profits kept in companies × 10⁹ ÷ Top 0.6–0.9%, people ÷ 12- From
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Profits kept in companies €7.6bn, estimated
- Top 0.6–0.9%, people 221,681, estimated
- Result
- €2,850
Why believe this?
Top 0.6–0.9%, Collective services
€1bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Defence, police, justice, general administration and other collective spending, spread over people, net of other transfers and of balances with the rest of the world, which are small and negative overall.
Calculation
- Computed as
Collective services × Top 0.6–0.9%, Collective services ÷ All groups, Collective services- From
- Collective services €332.8bn, estimated
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Collective services €720m, estimated
- All groups, Collective services €239.5bn, estimated
- Result
- €1.0 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.6–0.9%, Subsidies on production
€802mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.
Calculation
- Computed as
Subsidies on production × Top 0.6–0.9%, Subsidies on production ÷ All groups, Subsidies on production- From
- Subsidies on production €53bn, estimated
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Subsidies on production €578m, estimated
- All groups, Subsidies on production €38.2bn, estimated
- Result
- €0.8 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.6–0.9%, transfers received
€6.3bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Every transfer attributed to the group, subsidies included.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 0.6–0.9%, Subsidies on products + Top 0.6–0.9%, Subsidies on production + Top 0.6–0.9%, Pensions + Top 0.6–0.9%, Unemployment benefits + Top 0.6–0.9%, Other cash benefits + Top 0.6–0.9%, Health care + Top 0.6–0.9%, Education + Top 0.6–0.9%, Social care and housing aid + Top 0.6–0.9%, Culture and leisure + Top 0.6–0.9%, Collective services- From
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Subsidies on products €276m, estimated
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Subsidies on production €890m, estimated
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Pensions €2.2bn, estimated
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Unemployment benefits €152m, estimated
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Other cash benefits €507m, estimated
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Health care €611m, estimated
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Education €380m, estimated
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Social care and housing aid €162m, estimated
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Culture and leisure €134m, estimated
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Collective services €1bn, estimated
- Result
- €6.3 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.6–0.9%, CSG on earnings and benefits
€2bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The CSG on earnings, pensions and other replacement income, and on gaming: the CSG less its part on capital income.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 0.6–0.9%, CSG − Top 0.6–0.9%, CSG on capital income- From
- Top 0.6–0.9%, CSG €2.5bn, estimated
- Top 0.6–0.9%, CSG on capital income €452m, estimated
- Result
- €2.0 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.6–0.9%, CSG on earnings and benefits
€2bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The CSG on earnings, pensions and other replacement income, and on gaming: the CSG less its part on capital income.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 0.6–0.9%, CSG − Top 0.6–0.9%, CSG on capital income- From
- Top 0.6–0.9%, CSG €2.5bn, estimated
- Top 0.6–0.9%, CSG on capital income €450m, estimated
- Result
- €2.0 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.3–0.6%, Subsidies on products
€253mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.
Calculation
- Computed as
Subsidies on products × Top 0.3–0.6%, Subsidies on products ÷ All groups, Subsidies on products- From
- Subsidies on products €44.2bn, estimated
- Top 0.3–0.6%, Subsidies on products €183m, estimated
- All groups, Subsidies on products €32bn, estimated
- Result
- €0.3 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.3–0.6%, share of the CSG on capital income
2.7%EstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's part of the CSG on capital income: of the CSG on investment income, its share of net financial income; of the CSG on property income, its share of rents, actual and imputed (an allocation scenario).
- Caveat
- An allocation scenario: Insee attributes the whole CSG to each group but does not split it by base, and no source found gives the bases of the CSG on capital income by group. The CSG on investment income (interest, dividends, life insurance) is shared as Insee's net financial income. The CSG on property income is levied on rents landlords receive, capital gains and annuities; Insee's only row near it adds owner-occupiers' imputed rents, which pay no CSG, and holds no capital gains, so sharing it as that row is a convention. The alternatives share all of it as net financial income, or as the group's whole capital income.
Calculation
- Computed as
(CSG on income from investments, 2023 × Top 0.3–0.6%, Net financial income ÷ All groups, Net financial income + CSG on income from property, 2023 × Top 0.3–0.6%, Rents, actual and imputed ÷ All groups, Rents, actual and imputed) ÷ (CSG on income from investments, 2023 + CSG on income from property, 2023) × 100- From
- CSG on income from investments, 2023 €9.4bn, estimated
- CSG on income from property, 2023 €7.2bn, estimated
- Top 0.3–0.6%, Net financial income €5.2bn, estimated
- All groups, Net financial income €133.9bn, estimated
- Top 0.3–0.6%, Rents, actual and imputed €1.8bn, estimated
- All groups, Rents, actual and imputed €166.8bn, estimated
- Result
- 2.7%
Why believe this?
Top 0.3–0.6%, paid a month per person
€11,000EstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
- Competing figures
- €11,000, Central. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €11,040, a strict Pareto tail above P95. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €10,080, a tail as concentrated as WID's ranking by own income. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €8,930, each item along Insee's V19 to V20 gradient. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €9,490, personal taxes, contributions and corporate tax along IPP's rates. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 0.3–0.6%, levies paid × 10⁹ ÷ Top 0.3–0.6%, people ÷ 12- From
- Top 0.3–0.6%, levies paid €23.1bn, estimated
- Top 0.3–0.6%, people 175,047, estimated
- Result
- €11,000
Why believe this?
Top 0.3–0.6%, share of the CSG on capital income
2.7%EstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's part of the CSG on capital income: of the CSG on investment income, its share of net financial income; of the CSG on property income, its share of rents, actual and imputed (an allocation scenario).
- Caveat
- An allocation scenario: Insee attributes the whole CSG to each group but does not split it by base, and no source found gives the bases of the CSG on capital income by group. The CSG on investment income (interest, dividends, life insurance) is shared as Insee's net financial income. The CSG on property income is levied on rents landlords receive, capital gains and annuities; Insee's only row near it adds owner-occupiers' imputed rents, which pay no CSG, and holds no capital gains, so sharing it as that row is a convention. The alternatives share all of it as net financial income, or as the group's whole capital income.
Calculation
- Computed as
(CSG on income from investments, 2023 × Top 0.3–0.6%, Net financial income ÷ All groups, Net financial income + CSG on income from property, 2023 × Top 0.3–0.6%, Rents, actual and imputed ÷ All groups, Rents, actual and imputed) ÷ (CSG on income from investments, 2023 + CSG on income from property, 2023) × 100- From
- CSG on income from investments, 2023 €9.4bn, estimated
- CSG on income from property, 2023 €7.2bn, estimated
- Top 0.3–0.6%, Net financial income €5.2bn, estimated
- All groups, Net financial income €133.9bn, estimated
- Top 0.3–0.6%, Rents, actual and imputed €1.8bn, estimated
- All groups, Rents, actual and imputed €166.8bn, estimated
- Result
- 2.7%
Why believe this?
Top 0.2–0.3%, people
127,358EstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Individuals of all ages, as Insee counts them in its distributional accounts.
Calculation
- Computed as
(Everyone, Individuals, millions, Insee × (upper percentile − lower percentile) ÷ 100) × 1,000,000- From
- Everyone, Individuals, millions, Insee 68.4, estimated
- Rank above which people hold 6% of income 99.7, estimated
- Rank above which people hold 4% of income 99.8, estimated
- Result
- 127,358
Why believe this?
Top 0.2–0.3%, profits kept in companies, monthly equivalent per resident, 2023 data
€4,930EstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 0.2–0.3%, Profits kept in companies × 10⁹ ÷ Top 0.2–0.3%, people ÷ 12- From
- Top 0.2–0.3%, Profits kept in companies €7.5bn, estimated
- Top 0.2–0.3%, people 127,358, estimated
- Result
- €4,930
Why believe this?
Top 0.2–0.3%, Profits kept in companies
€3.1bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The part of companies' profits that is not paid out, attributed to the households that own them.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Profits kept in companies × ∫ level^e over P99.6595–99.8457 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0343), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.94: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20- From
- Top 5%, Profits kept in companies €90.4bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- V19, Profits des entreprises non distribués aux ménages (B), Insee €10.5bn, estimated
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn, estimated
- V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- V20, Profits des entreprises non distribués aux ménages (B), Insee €90.4bn, estimated
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn, estimated
- V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- Result
- €3.1 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.2–0.3%, Health care
€351mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.
Calculation
- Computed as
Health care × Top 0.2–0.3%, Health care ÷ All groups, Health care- From
- Health care €249.7bn, estimated
- Top 0.2–0.3%, Health care €294m, estimated
- All groups, Health care €209.4bn, estimated
- Result
- €0.4 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.2–0.3%, levies paid
€23.1bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Every levy attributed to the group, gross of subsidies.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 0.2–0.3%, Taxes on products + Top 0.2–0.3%, Taxes on production + Top 0.2–0.3%, Corporate tax + Top 0.2–0.3%, CSG on earnings and benefits + Top 0.2–0.3%, CSG on capital income + Top 0.2–0.3%, Income tax + Top 0.2–0.3%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Top 0.2–0.3%, Pension contributions + Top 0.2–0.3%, Other contributions- From
- Top 0.2–0.3%, Taxes on products €2.7bn, estimated
- Top 0.2–0.3%, Taxes on production €1.9bn, estimated
- Top 0.2–0.3%, Corporate tax €3.9bn, estimated
- Top 0.2–0.3%, CSG on earnings and benefits €2bn, estimated
- Top 0.2–0.3%, CSG on capital income €450m, estimated
- Top 0.2–0.3%, Income tax €4.2bn, estimated
- Top 0.2–0.3%, Other taxes on income and wealth €752m, estimated
- Top 0.2–0.3%, Pension contributions €4.1bn, estimated
- Top 0.2–0.3%, Other contributions €3.2bn, estimated
- Result
- €23.1 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.2–0.3%, CSG on capital income
€450mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The part of the CSG levied on capital income: interest, dividends, life insurance, rents and capital gains.
- Competing figures
- €654m, the CSG on capital income by financial income alone. The same computation with another key for the CSG on capital income.
- €578m, the CSG on capital income by all capital income. The same computation with another key for the CSG on capital income.
- Caveat
- An allocation scenario: Insee attributes the whole CSG to each group but does not split it by base, and no source found gives the bases of the CSG on capital income by group. The CSG on investment income (interest, dividends, life insurance) is shared as Insee's net financial income. The CSG on property income is levied on rents landlords receive, capital gains and annuities; Insee's only row near it adds owner-occupiers' imputed rents, which pay no CSG, and holds no capital gains, so sharing it as that row is a convention. The alternatives share all of it as net financial income, or as the group's whole capital income.
Calculation
- Computed as
CSG on capital income × Top 0.2–0.3%, share of the CSG on capital income ÷ 100- From
- CSG on capital income €16.9bn, estimated
- Top 0.2–0.3%, share of the CSG on capital income 2.7%, estimated
- Result
- €0.4 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.2–0.3%, Taxes on production
€1.4bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
Calculation
- Computed as
Taxes on production × Top 0.2–0.3%, Taxes on production ÷ All groups, Taxes on production- From
- Taxes on production €128.1bn, estimated
- Top 0.2–0.3%, Taxes on production €1.4bn, estimated
- All groups, Taxes on production €127.9bn, estimated
- Result
- €1.4 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.2–0.3%, CSG
€2.2bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.
Calculation
- Computed as
CSG × Top 0.2–0.3%, CSG ÷ All groups, CSG- From
- CSG €149.8bn, estimated
- Top 0.2–0.3%, CSG €2.1bn, estimated
- All groups, CSG €147.2bn, estimated
- Result
- €2.2 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.2–0.3%, Income tax
€4.7bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
Calculation
- Computed as
Income tax × Top 0.2–0.3%, Income tax ÷ All groups, Income tax- From
- Income tax €103.3bn, estimated
- Top 0.2–0.3%, Income tax €4.6bn, estimated
- All groups, Income tax €101.5bn, estimated
- Result
- €4.7 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.2–0.3%, Other contributions
€2.6bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.
Calculation
- Computed as
Other contributions × Top 0.2–0.3%, Other contributions ÷ All groups, Other contributions- From
- Other contributions €182.4bn, estimated
- Top 0.2–0.3%, Other contributions €3bn, estimated
- All groups, Other contributions €214bn, estimated
- Result
- €2.6 billion
Why believe this?
Living standard at P99.8, constant 2024 euros
€227,327EstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The living standard at this rank on the Pareto curve through the two thresholds around it: the logarithm of the living standard is linear in the logarithm of the share of people above it.
Calculation
- Computed as
Living standard at P99, constant 2024 euros × ((100 − 99.8457) ÷ (100 − 99))^(−1 ÷ α), with α = ln((100 − 99) ÷ (100 − 99.9)) ÷ ln(Living standard at P99.9, constant 2024 euros ÷ Living standard at P99, constant 2024 euros) = 2.412- From
- Living standard at P99, constant 2024 euros €104,748, estimated
- Living standard at P99.9, constant 2024 euros €272,119, estimated
- Result
- €227,327
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, rents, actual and imputed, monthly equivalent per resident, 2023 data
€960EstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 0.04–0.2%, Rents, actual and imputed × 10⁹ ÷ Top 0.04–0.2%, people ÷ 12- From
- Top 0.04–0.2%, Rents, actual and imputed €903m, estimated
- Top 0.04–0.2%, people 78,339, estimated
- Result
- €960
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, Profits kept in companies
€7.5bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The part of companies' profits that is not paid out, attributed to the households that own them.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Profits kept in companies × ∫ level^e over P99.8457–99.9602 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Profits kept in companies €90.4bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €7.5 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, Education
€134mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.
Calculation
- Computed as
Education × Top 0.04–0.2%, Education ÷ All groups, Education- From
- Education €141.6bn, estimated
- Top 0.04–0.2%, Education €121m, estimated
- All groups, Education €128.1bn, estimated
- Result
- €0.1 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, Subsidies on production
€3.2bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Subsidies on production × ∫ level^e over P96.4785–99.0795 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.4189), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.479), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Subsidies on production €7.7bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €3.2 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.6–0.9%, Subsidies on production
€645mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Subsidies on production × ∫ level^e over P99.0795–99.4036 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0838), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.479), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Subsidies on production €7.7bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €0.6 billion
Why believe this?
Top 20–29%, Pensions
€40bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 31 “Pensions de retraite”, columns Q and R (0.7176 × V15 + 0.9469 × V16), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 31, V15: 23.1; row 31, V16: 24.7
- As published
- €40.0 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 29–39%, Unemployment benefits
€3.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 32 “Allocations chômage”, columns O and P and Q (0.7311 × V13 + 1.0000 × V14 + 0.2824 × V15), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 32, V13: 2; row 32, V14: 1.8; row 32, V15: 1.8
- As published
- €3.8 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.3–0.6%, Unemployment benefits
€128mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Unemployment benefits × ∫ level^e over P99.4036–99.6595 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0512), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.479), e = 0.00: the same per person, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Unemployment benefits €2.5bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €0.1 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, Social care and housing aid
€57.3mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care for dependent elderly and disabled people, childcare and other social action, housing benefits and the energy cheque, and the running costs of social security, received in kind.
Calculation
- Computed as
Social care and housing aid × Top 0.04–0.2%, Social care and housing aid ÷ All groups, Social care and housing aid- From
- Social care and housing aid €107.7bn, estimated
- Top 0.04–0.2%, Social care and housing aid €61.8m, estimated
- All groups, Social care and housing aid €116.3bn, estimated
- Result
- €0.1 billion
Why believe this?
Top 20–29%, Collective services
€19.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Defence, police, justice, general administration and other collective spending, spread over people, net of other transfers and of balances with the rest of the world, which are small and negative overall.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 46 “Autres transferts non monétaires”, columns Q and R (0.7176 × V15 + 0.9469 × V16), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 46, V15: 11.3; row 46, V16: 11.7
- As published
- €19.2 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, Social care and housing aid
€57.3mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care for dependent elderly and disabled people, childcare and other social action, housing benefits and the energy cheque, and the running costs of social security, received in kind.
Calculation
- Computed as
Social care and housing aid × Top 0.04–0.2%, Social care and housing aid ÷ All groups, Social care and housing aid- From
- Social care and housing aid €107.7bn, estimated
- Top 0.04–0.2%, Social care and housing aid €61.8m, estimated
- All groups, Social care and housing aid €116.3bn, estimated
- Result
- €0.1 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, Taxes on products
€12.8bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Taxes on products × ∫ level^e over P96.4785–99.0795 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.3831), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.642), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Taxes on products €33.3bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.6, estimated
- Result
- €12.8 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, Taxes on production
€2bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Taxes on production × ∫ level^e over P99.8457–99.9602 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0884), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.642), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Taxes on production €22.2bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.6, estimated
- Result
- €2.0 billion
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Taxes on production
€11.2bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 3.5–7.9%, Taxes on production, below P95 + Top 3.5–7.9%, Taxes on production, above P95- From
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Taxes on production, below P95 €7.6bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Taxes on production, above P95 €3.6bn, estimated
- Result
- €11.2 billion
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Taxes on production, below P95
€7.6bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 20 “Taxes sur la production (taxes patronales, TF, etc.)”, column U (0.5730 × V19), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 20, V19: -13.2
- As published
- €7.6 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 13–20%, CSG
€15.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 23 “Contribution sociale généralisée (CSG)”, columns R and S and T (0.0531 × V16 + 1.0000 × V17 + 0.3247 × V18), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 23, V16: -9.8; row 23, V17: -10.7; row 23, V18: -12.5
- As published
- €15.3 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.3–0.6%, CSG
€2.2bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, CSG × ∫ level^e over P99.4036–99.6595 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0764), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.642), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, CSG €29.3bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.6, estimated
- Result
- €2.2 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 33–49%, Net financial income
€6.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Interest, dividends and other property income households receive, less the interest they pay.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 8 “Revenus financiers nets (intérêts, dividendes, etc.)”, columns I and J and K and L (0.3399 × V7 + 1.0000 × V8 + 1.0000 × V9 + 0.7913 × V10), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 8, V7: 1.9; row 8, V8: 1.9; row 8, V9: 2.2; row 8, V10: 2.1
- As published
- €6.4 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Other taxes on income and wealth
€1.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 25 “Autres impôts sur les revenus et le patrimoine (TH, ISF/IFI, CRDS, etc.)”, columns L and M and N and O (0.2087 × V10 + 1.0000 × V11 + 1.0000 × V12 + 0.2689 × V13), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 25, V10: -0.6; row 25, V11: -0.7; row 25, V12: -0.8; row 25, V13: -0.8
- As published
- €1.8 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.2–0.3%, Other taxes on income and wealth
€703mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Other taxes on income and wealth × ∫ level^e over P99.6595–99.8457 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0799), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.642), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Other taxes on income and wealth €8.8bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.6, estimated
- Result
- €0.7 billion
Why believe this?
All groups, Pension contributions
€328.7bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 33%, Pension contributions + Bottom 33–49%, Pension contributions + Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Pension contributions + Top 29–39%, Pension contributions + Top 20–29%, Pension contributions + Top 13–20%, Pension contributions + Top 7.9–13%, Pension contributions + Top 3.5–7.9%, Pension contributions + Top 0.9–3.5%, Pension contributions + Top 0.6–0.9%, Pension contributions + Top 0.3–0.6%, Pension contributions + Top 0.2–0.3%, Pension contributions + Top 0.04–0.2%, Pension contributions + Top 0.04%, Pension contributions- From
- Bottom 33%, Pension contributions €34.5bn, estimated
- Bottom 33–49%, Pension contributions €36.3bn, estimated
- Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Pension contributions €35.8bn, estimated
- Top 29–39%, Pension contributions €36.7bn, estimated
- Top 20–29%, Pension contributions €36.5bn, estimated
- Top 13–20%, Pension contributions €35.9bn, estimated
- Top 7.9–13%, Pension contributions €35.3bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Pension contributions €29.8bn, estimated
- Top 0.9–3.5%, Pension contributions €22bn, estimated
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Pension contributions €4.3bn, estimated
- Top 0.3–0.6%, Pension contributions €4.4bn, estimated
- Top 0.2–0.3%, Pension contributions €4.6bn, estimated
- Top 0.04–0.2%, Pension contributions €5.1bn, estimated
- Top 0.04%, Pension contributions €7.7bn, estimated
- Result
- €328.7 billion
Why believe this?
Top 29–39%, Other contributions
€22.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 27 “Cotisations sociales chômage1”; 28 “Cotisations sociales famille1”; 29 “Autres cotisations sociales (maladie, invalidité, ATMP)1”, columns O and P and Q (0.7311 × V13 + 1.0000 × V14 + 0.2824 × V15), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 29, V13: -6.7; row 29, V14: -7.1; row 29, V15: -8.4; row 27, V13: -1.9; row 27, V14: -1.9; row 27, V15: -2.2; row 28, V13: -1.9; row 28, V14: -2; row 28, V15: -2.2
- As published
- €22.3 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, Corporate tax
€6.9bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
Calculation
- Computed as
Corporate tax × Top 0.04–0.2%, Corporate tax ÷ All groups, Corporate tax- From
- Corporate tax €79.3bn, estimated
- Top 0.04–0.2%, Corporate tax €6.8bn, estimated
- All groups, Corporate tax €78.1bn, estimated
- Result
- €6.9 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, people
78,339EstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Individuals of all ages, as Insee counts them in its distributional accounts.
Calculation
- Computed as
(Everyone, Individuals, millions, Insee × (upper percentile − lower percentile) ÷ 100) × 1,000,000- From
- Everyone, Individuals, millions, Insee 68.4, estimated
- Rank above which people hold 4% of income 99.8, estimated
- Rank above which people hold 2% of income 100, estimated
- Result
- 78,339
Why believe this?
Living standard at P99.96, constant 2024 euros
€456,070EstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The living standard at this rank on the Pareto curve through the two thresholds around it: the logarithm of the living standard is linear in the logarithm of the share of people above it.
Calculation
- Computed as
Living standard at P99.9, constant 2024 euros × ((100 − 99.9602) ÷ (100 − 99.9))^(−1 ÷ α), with α = ln((100 − 99.9) ÷ (100 − 99.99)) ÷ ln(Living standard at P99.99, constant 2024 euros ÷ Living standard at P99.9, constant 2024 euros) = 1.785- From
- Living standard at P99.9, constant 2024 euros €272,119, estimated
- Living standard at P99.99, constant 2024 euros €988,388, estimated
- Result
- €456,070
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Unemployment benefits
€18.6mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.
Calculation
- Computed as
Unemployment benefits × Top 0.04%, Unemployment benefits ÷ All groups, Unemployment benefits- From
- Unemployment benefits €42.9bn, estimated
- Top 0.04%, Unemployment benefits €19.9m, estimated
- All groups, Unemployment benefits €45.8bn, estimated
- Result
- €0.0 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Other cash benefits
€62.2mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.
Calculation
- Computed as
Other cash benefits × Top 0.04%, Other cash benefits ÷ All groups, Other cash benefits- From
- Other cash benefits €137.4bn, estimated
- Top 0.04%, Other cash benefits €66.8m, estimated
- All groups, Other cash benefits €147.6bn, estimated
- Result
- €0.1 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Culture and leisure
€16.5mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.
Calculation
- Computed as
Culture and leisure × Top 0.04%, Culture and leisure ÷ All groups, Culture and leisure- From
- Culture and leisure €41.4bn, estimated
- Top 0.04%, Culture and leisure €20.7m, estimated
- All groups, Culture and leisure €52bn, estimated
- Result
- €0.0 billion
Why believe this?
Outside France, Corporate tax
€15.9bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
Calculation
- Computed as
Corporate tax × Share of French companies' equity held outside France ÷ 100- From
- Corporate tax €79.3bn, estimated
- Share of French companies' equity held outside France 20%, estimated
- Result
- €15.9 billion
Why believe this?
Other revenue
€156.3bnObservedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Public revenue that Insee does not attribute as a levy: sales of services and fees, property income, transfers received and capital taxes other than inheritance and gift duties; transfers from the rest of the world and those duties are drawn apart.
Calculation
- Computed as
Public revenue − Taxes on production and imports − Taxes on income and wealth − Social contributions − International cooperation from the EU − Capital transfers from the EU (recovery plan) − Inheritance and gift duties- From
- Result
- €156,294.5 million
Why believe this?
Inheritance and gift duties
€20.8bnObserved2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Taxes on capital transfers (ESA D.91A): inheritance and gift duties.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
gov_10a_taxag(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=MIO_EURsector=S13_S212na_item=D91Atime=2023· query this cell- As published
- €20,815.0 million
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-07-21, read 2026-10-04
Calculation
- Transformation
- Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.
Why believe this?
Top 20–29%, subsidies through companies
€9.5bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Subsidies paid to companies whose benefit Insee attributes to the group.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 20–29%, Subsidies on products + Top 20–29%, Subsidies on production- From
- Top 20–29%, Subsidies on products €3.9bn, estimated
- Top 20–29%, Subsidies on production €5.6bn, estimated
- Result
- €9.5 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.6–0.9%, subsidies through companies
€1.2bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Subsidies paid to companies whose benefit Insee attributes to the group.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 0.6–0.9%, Subsidies on products + Top 0.6–0.9%, Subsidies on production- From
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Subsidies on products €276m, estimated
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Subsidies on production €890m, estimated
- Result
- €1.2 billion