Official figures and this site's calculations
Why believe this?
Figures of one view and year of the diagram, with their sources and how they were computed, each under its own anchor. Back to Public money.
16 parts: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Why believe this?
Overall tax rate at the entry to the top 0.1%
46%Estimated2016
Definition
- What it counts
- All direct taxes, including the corporate tax of the companies they control, as a share of economic income, for the tax households at the threshold of the richest 0.1% (g-percentile P99.9). It is not the group's average: the rate falls above that threshold, to 26% for the 75 richest households.
- Caveat
- 2016 tax data, before the 2018 replacement of the wealth tax by a property tax and the flat tax on capital income.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Institut des politiques publiques, Quels impôts les milliardaires paient-ils ? Note n° 92 (Bach, Bozio, Guillouzouic, Malgouyres), updated 2025
- Where
- p. 1
- Published
- May 2025
- It says
le taux d'imposition global devient régressif, passant de 46 % pour les 0,1 % les plus riches, à 26 % pour les 0,0002 % les plus riches (les « milliardaires »)
- As published
- 46.0%
- Read
- 2026-10-04
Why believe this?
V1, Extended primary income, Insee
€10.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Income before any public transfer: labour income with all social contributions, property and self-employment income, retained profits attributed to owners and a share of public bodies' primary income.
- Caveat
- Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 14 “Revenu primaire élargi (D=A+B+C)”, column C (V1)
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- As published
- €10.4 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
V18, Extended primary income, Insee
€170.5bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Income before any public transfer: labour income with all social contributions, property and self-employment income, retained profits attributed to owners and a share of public bodies' primary income.
- Caveat
- Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 14 “Revenu primaire élargi (D=A+B+C)”, column T (V18)
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- As published
- €170.5 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.2–0.3%, Taxes on products
€2.2bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Taxes on products × ∫ level^e over P99.6595–99.8457 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0647), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.62: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20- From
- Top 5%, Taxes on products €33.3bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- V19, Taxes on products, Insee €19.9bn, estimated
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn, estimated
- V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- V20, Taxes on products, Insee €33.3bn, estimated
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn, estimated
- V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- Result
- €2.2 billion
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Corporate tax, below P95
€3.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 22 “Impôt sur les sociétés”, column U (0.5730 × V19), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 22, V19: -6.7
- As published
- €3.8 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 33–49%, CSG
€16.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 23 “Contribution sociale généralisée (CSG)”, columns I and J and K and L (0.3399 × V7 + 1.0000 × V8 + 1.0000 × V9 + 0.7913 × V10), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 23, V7: -4.3; row 23, V8: -4.9; row 23, V9: -5.3; row 23, V10: -5.8
- As published
- €16.3 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 29–39%, Net financial income
€8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Interest, dividends and other property income households receive, less the interest they pay.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 8 “Revenus financiers nets (intérêts, dividendes, etc.)”, columns O and P and Q (0.7311 × V13 + 1.0000 × V14 + 0.2824 × V15), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 8, V13: 3.4; row 8, V14: 4.1; row 8, V15: 4.9
- As published
- €8.0 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Net financial income
€19.3bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Interest, dividends and other property income households receive, less the interest they pay.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 3.5–7.9%, Net financial income, below P95 + Top 3.5–7.9%, Net financial income, above P95- From
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Net financial income, below P95 €8.9bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Net financial income, above P95 €10.4bn, estimated
- Result
- €19.3 billion
Why believe this?
Top 5%, Rents, actual and imputed
€21.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Rents landlords receive and the rent owner-occupiers are deemed to pay themselves, net of costs.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 9 “Loyers réels et imputés aux propriétaires”, column V (V20)
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- As published
- €21.4 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
V19, Income tax, Insee
€15.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
- Caveat
- Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 24 “Impôt sur le revenu (IR)”, column U (V19)
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- As published
- €15.9 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
V20, Income tax, Insee
€49.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
- Caveat
- Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 24 “Impôt sur le revenu (IR)”, column V (V20)
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- As published
- €49.4 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 29–39%, Income tax
€5.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 24 “Impôt sur le revenu (IR)”, columns O and P and Q (0.7311 × V13 + 1.0000 × V14 + 0.2824 × V15), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 24, V13: -1.9; row 24, V14: -2.6; row 24, V15: -3.8
- As published
- €5.1 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Income tax
€14.7bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 3.5–7.9%, Income tax, below P95 + Top 3.5–7.9%, Income tax, above P95- From
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Income tax, below P95 €9.1bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Income tax, above P95 €5.6bn, estimated
- Result
- €14.7 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, Income tax
€5.6bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Income tax × ∫ level^e over P99.8457–99.9602 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.1127), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.37: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20- From
- Top 5%, Income tax €49.4bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- V19, Income tax, Insee €15.9bn, estimated
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn, estimated
- V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- V20, Income tax, Insee €49.4bn, estimated
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn, estimated
- V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- Result
- €5.6 billion
Why believe this?
Top 7.9–13%, Other taxes on income and wealth
€2.5bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 25 “Autres impôts sur les revenus et le patrimoine (TH, ISF/IFI, CRDS, etc.)”, columns T and U (0.6753 × V18 + 0.4270 × V19), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 25, V18: -1.9; row 25, V19: -2.9
- As published
- €2.5 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, Other taxes on income and wealth
€2.9bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Other taxes on income and wealth × ∫ level^e over P96.4785–99.0795 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.3317), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.34: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20- From
- Top 5%, Other taxes on income and wealth €8.8bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- V19, Other taxes on income and wealth, Insee €2.9bn, estimated
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn, estimated
- V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- V20, Other taxes on income and wealth, Insee €8.8bn, estimated
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn, estimated
- V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- Result
- €2.9 billion
Why believe this?
V19, Pension contributions, Insee
€35.7bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
- Caveat
- Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 26 “Cotisations sociales retraite1”, column U (V19)
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- As published
- €35.7 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
V20, Pension contributions, Insee
€57.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
- Caveat
- Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 26 “Cotisations sociales retraite1”, column V (V20)
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- As published
- €57.3 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 29–39%, Pension contributions
€36.7bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 26 “Cotisations sociales retraite1”, columns O and P and Q (0.7311 × V13 + 1.0000 × V14 + 0.2824 × V15), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 26, V13: -17.5; row 26, V14: -18.1; row 26, V15: -20.6
- As published
- €36.7 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Pension contributions
€33.3bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 3.5–7.9%, Pension contributions, below P95 + Top 3.5–7.9%, Pension contributions, above P95- From
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Pension contributions, below P95 €20.5bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Pension contributions, above P95 €12.9bn, estimated
- Result
- €33.3 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, Pension contributions
€2.9bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Pension contributions × ∫ level^e over P99.8457–99.9602 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0503), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.57: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20- From
- Top 5%, Pension contributions €57.3bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- V19, Pension contributions, Insee €35.7bn, estimated
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn, estimated
- V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- V20, Pension contributions, Insee €57.3bn, estimated
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn, estimated
- V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- Result
- €2.9 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, Taxes on products
€2.8bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Taxes on products × ∫ level^e over P99.8457–99.9602 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0828), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.479), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Taxes on products €33.3bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €2.8 billion
Why believe this?
Top 7.9–13%, CSG
€15bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 23 “Contribution sociale généralisée (CSG)”, columns T and U (0.6753 × V18 + 0.4270 × V19), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 23, V18: -12.5; row 23, V19: -15.4
- As published
- €15.0 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Net financial income
€7.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Interest, dividends and other property income households receive, less the interest they pay.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 8 “Revenus financiers nets (intérêts, dividendes, etc.)”, columns L and M and N and O (0.2087 × V10 + 1.0000 × V11 + 1.0000 × V12 + 0.2689 × V13), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 8, V10: 2.1; row 8, V11: 2.6; row 8, V12: 3.3; row 8, V13: 3.4
- As published
- €7.3 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, Net financial income
€26.1bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Interest, dividends and other property income households receive, less the interest they pay.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Net financial income × ∫ level^e over P96.4785–99.0795 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.4189), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.479), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Net financial income €62.3bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €26.1 billion
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Rents, actual and imputed, below P95
€8.5bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Rents landlords receive and the rent owner-occupiers are deemed to pay themselves, net of costs.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 9 “Loyers réels et imputés aux propriétaires”, column U (0.5730 × V19), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 9, V19: 14.9
- As published
- €8.5 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 33%, Income tax
€2.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 24 “Impôt sur le revenu (IR)”, columns C and D and E and F and G and H and I (1.0000 × V1 + 1.0000 × V2 + 1.0000 × V3 + 1.0000 × V4 + 1.0000 × V5 + 1.0000 × V6 + 0.6601 × V7), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 24, V1: -2.7; row 24, V2: 0; row 24, V3: 0; row 24, V4: -0.1; row 24, V5: 0; row 24, V6: 0; row 24, V7: -0.2
- As published
- €2.9 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.2–0.3%, Income tax
€4.1bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Income tax × ∫ level^e over P99.6595–99.8457 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0834), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.479), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Income tax €49.4bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €4.1 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 33–49%, Other taxes on income and wealth
€1.7bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 25 “Autres impôts sur les revenus et le patrimoine (TH, ISF/IFI, CRDS, etc.)”, columns I and J and K and L (0.3399 × V7 + 1.0000 × V8 + 1.0000 × V9 + 0.7913 × V10), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 25, V7: -0.5; row 25, V8: -0.5; row 25, V9: -0.6; row 25, V10: -0.6
- As published
- €1.7 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Other taxes on income and wealth, above P95
€1.5bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Other taxes on income and wealth × ∫ level^e over P95–96.4785 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.1668), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.479), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Other taxes on income and wealth €8.8bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €1.5 billion
Why believe this?
All groups, Pension contributions
€328.7bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 33%, Pension contributions + Bottom 33–49%, Pension contributions + Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Pension contributions + Top 29–39%, Pension contributions + Top 20–29%, Pension contributions + Top 13–20%, Pension contributions + Top 7.9–13%, Pension contributions + Top 3.5–7.9%, Pension contributions + Top 0.9–3.5%, Pension contributions + Top 0.6–0.9%, Pension contributions + Top 0.3–0.6%, Pension contributions + Top 0.2–0.3%, Pension contributions + Top 0.04–0.2%, Pension contributions + Top 0.04%, Pension contributions- From
- Bottom 33%, Pension contributions €34.5bn, estimated
- Bottom 33–49%, Pension contributions €36.3bn, estimated
- Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Pension contributions €35.8bn, estimated
- Top 29–39%, Pension contributions €36.7bn, estimated
- Top 20–29%, Pension contributions €36.5bn, estimated
- Top 13–20%, Pension contributions €35.9bn, estimated
- Top 7.9–13%, Pension contributions €35.3bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Pension contributions €30bn, estimated
- Top 0.9–3.5%, Pension contributions €24bn, estimated
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Pension contributions €4.8bn, estimated
- Top 0.3–0.6%, Pension contributions €4.8bn, estimated
- Top 0.2–0.3%, Pension contributions €4.8bn, estimated
- Top 0.04–0.2%, Pension contributions €4.7bn, estimated
- Top 0.04%, Pension contributions €4.6bn, estimated
- Result
- €328.7 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 33%, Pension contributions
€34.5bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 26 “Cotisations sociales retraite1”, columns C and D and E and F and G and H and I (1.0000 × V1 + 1.0000 × V2 + 1.0000 × V3 + 1.0000 × V4 + 1.0000 × V5 + 1.0000 × V6 + 0.6601 × V7), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 26, V1: -1.4; row 26, V2: -2.5; row 26, V3: -4.2; row 26, V4: -5.6; row 26, V5: -6.9; row 26, V6: -7.8; row 26, V7: -9.3
- As published
- €34.5 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.2–0.3%, Pension contributions
€4.8bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Pension contributions × ∫ level^e over P99.6595–99.8457 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0834), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.479), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Pension contributions €57.3bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €4.8 billion
Why believe this?
Top 20–29%, Other contributions
€23.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 27 “Cotisations sociales chômage1”; 28 “Cotisations sociales famille1”; 29 “Autres cotisations sociales (maladie, invalidité, ATMP)1”, columns Q and R (0.7176 × V15 + 0.9469 × V16), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 29, V15: -8.4; row 29, V16: -9.8; row 27, V15: -2.2; row 27, V16: -2.5; row 28, V15: -2.2; row 28, V16: -2.5
- As published
- €23.2 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, levies paid
€23.1bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Every levy attributed to the group, gross of subsidies.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 0.04%, Taxes on products + Top 0.04%, Taxes on production + Top 0.04%, Corporate tax + Top 0.04%, CSG on earnings and benefits + Top 0.04%, CSG on capital income + Top 0.04%, Income tax + Top 0.04%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Top 0.04%, Pension contributions + Top 0.04%, Other contributions- From
- Top 0.04%, Taxes on products €2.7bn, estimated
- Top 0.04%, Taxes on production €1.9bn, estimated
- Top 0.04%, Corporate tax €3.9bn, estimated
- Top 0.04%, CSG on earnings and benefits €2bn, estimated
- Top 0.04%, CSG on capital income €450m, estimated
- Top 0.04%, Income tax €4.2bn, estimated
- Top 0.04%, Other taxes on income and wealth €752m, estimated
- Top 0.04%, Pension contributions €4.1bn, estimated
- Top 0.04%, Other contributions €3.2bn, estimated
- Result
- €23.1 billion
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Taxes on products, above P95
€5.5bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Taxes on products × ∫ level^e over P95–96.4785 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.1666), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Taxes on products €33.3bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €5.5 billion
Why believe this?
All groups, Taxes on production
€127.9bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 33%, Taxes on production + Bottom 33–49%, Taxes on production + Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Taxes on production + Top 29–39%, Taxes on production + Top 20–29%, Taxes on production + Top 13–20%, Taxes on production + Top 7.9–13%, Taxes on production + Top 3.5–7.9%, Taxes on production + Top 0.9–3.5%, Taxes on production + Top 0.6–0.9%, Taxes on production + Top 0.3–0.6%, Taxes on production + Top 0.2–0.3%, Taxes on production + Top 0.04–0.2%, Taxes on production + Top 0.04%, Taxes on production- From
- Bottom 33%, Taxes on production €15.2bn, estimated
- Bottom 33–49%, Taxes on production €14.5bn, estimated
- Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Taxes on production €14.2bn, estimated
- Top 29–39%, Taxes on production €14.1bn, estimated
- Top 20–29%, Taxes on production €13.8bn, estimated
- Top 13–20%, Taxes on production €13.3bn, estimated
- Top 7.9–13%, Taxes on production €13.1bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Taxes on production €11.3bn, estimated
- Top 0.9–3.5%, Taxes on production €9.3bn, estimated
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Taxes on production €1.9bn, estimated
- Top 0.3–0.6%, Taxes on production €1.9bn, estimated
- Top 0.2–0.3%, Taxes on production €1.9bn, estimated
- Top 0.04–0.2%, Taxes on production €1.9bn, estimated
- Top 0.04%, Taxes on production €1.9bn, estimated
- Result
- €127.9 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.2–0.3%, Taxes on production
€1.9bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Taxes on production × ∫ level^e over P99.6595–99.8457 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Taxes on production €22.2bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €1.9 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Corporate tax
€3.9bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
- Caveat
- Insee attributes the whole amount to residents; the part falling outside France is taken out of every group in proportion.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 0.04%, Corporate tax × (1 − Share of French companies' equity held outside France ÷ 100)- From
- Top 0.04%, Corporate tax €4.9bn, estimated
- Share of French companies' equity held outside France 20%, estimated
- Result
- €3.9 billion
Why believe this?
All groups, CSG
€147.2bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 33%, CSG + Bottom 33–49%, CSG + Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, CSG + Top 29–39%, CSG + Top 20–29%, CSG + Top 13–20%, CSG + Top 7.9–13%, CSG + Top 3.5–7.9%, CSG + Top 0.9–3.5%, CSG + Top 0.6–0.9%, CSG + Top 0.3–0.6%, CSG + Top 0.2–0.3%, CSG + Top 0.04–0.2%, CSG + Top 0.04%, CSG- From
- Bottom 33%, CSG €14.4bn, estimated
- Bottom 33–49%, CSG €16.3bn, estimated
- Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, CSG €16.3bn, estimated
- Top 29–39%, CSG €16.2bn, estimated
- Top 20–29%, CSG €15.7bn, estimated
- Top 13–20%, CSG €15.3bn, estimated
- Top 7.9–13%, CSG €15bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, CSG €13.7bn, estimated
- Top 0.9–3.5%, CSG €12.2bn, estimated
- Top 0.6–0.9%, CSG €2.4bn, estimated
- Top 0.3–0.6%, CSG €2.4bn, estimated
- Top 0.2–0.3%, CSG €2.4bn, estimated
- Top 0.04–0.2%, CSG €2.4bn, estimated
- Top 0.04%, CSG €2.4bn, estimated
- Result
- €147.2 billion
Why believe this?
Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, CSG
€16.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 23 “Contribution sociale généralisée (CSG)”, columns L and M and N and O (0.2087 × V10 + 1.0000 × V11 + 1.0000 × V12 + 0.2689 × V13), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 23, V10: -5.8; row 23, V11: -6.2; row 23, V12: -6.8; row 23, V13: -7.6
- As published
- €16.3 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.6–0.9%, CSG
€2.4bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, CSG × ∫ level^e over P99.0795–99.4036 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, CSG €29.3bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €2.4 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, CSG on capital income
€450mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The part of the CSG levied on capital income: interest, dividends, life insurance, rents and capital gains.
- Competing figures
- €654m, the CSG on capital income by financial income alone. The same computation with another key for the CSG on capital income.
- €578m, the CSG on capital income by all capital income. The same computation with another key for the CSG on capital income.
- Caveat
- An allocation scenario: Insee attributes the whole CSG to each group but does not split it by base, and no source found gives the bases of the CSG on capital income by group. The CSG on investment income (interest, dividends, life insurance) is shared as Insee's net financial income. The CSG on property income is levied on rents landlords receive, capital gains and annuities; Insee's only row near it adds owner-occupiers' imputed rents, which pay no CSG, and holds no capital gains, so sharing it as that row is a convention. The alternatives share all of it as net financial income, or as the group's whole capital income.
Calculation
- Computed as
CSG on capital income × Top 0.04%, share of the CSG on capital income ÷ 100- From
- CSG on capital income €16.9bn, estimated
- Top 0.04%, share of the CSG on capital income 2.7%, estimated
- Result
- €0.4 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Net financial income
€5.2bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Interest, dividends and other property income households receive, less the interest they pay.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Net financial income × ∫ level^e over P99.9602–100 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Net financial income €62.3bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €5.2 billion
Why believe this?
Top 7.9–13%, Net financial income
€13.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Interest, dividends and other property income households receive, less the interest they pay.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 8 “Revenus financiers nets (intérêts, dividendes, etc.)”, columns T and U (0.6753 × V18 + 0.4270 × V19), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 8, V18: 9.6; row 8, V19: 15.6
- As published
- €13.1 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.3–0.6%, Rents, actual and imputed
€1.8bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Rents landlords receive and the rent owner-occupiers are deemed to pay themselves, net of costs.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Rents, actual and imputed × ∫ level^e over P99.4036–99.6595 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Rents, actual and imputed €21.4bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €1.8 billion
Why believe this?
All groups, Income tax
€101.5bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 33%, Income tax + Bottom 33–49%, Income tax + Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Income tax + Top 29–39%, Income tax + Top 20–29%, Income tax + Top 13–20%, Income tax + Top 7.9–13%, Income tax + Top 3.5–7.9%, Income tax + Top 0.9–3.5%, Income tax + Top 0.6–0.9%, Income tax + Top 0.3–0.6%, Income tax + Top 0.2–0.3%, Income tax + Top 0.04–0.2%, Income tax + Top 0.04%, Income tax- From
- Bottom 33%, Income tax €2.9bn, estimated
- Bottom 33–49%, Income tax €1.3bn, estimated
- Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Income tax €3.3bn, estimated
- Top 29–39%, Income tax €5.1bn, estimated
- Top 20–29%, Income tax €7.3bn, estimated
- Top 13–20%, Income tax €9.8bn, estimated
- Top 7.9–13%, Income tax €13.3bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Income tax €17.3bn, estimated
- Top 0.9–3.5%, Income tax €20.6bn, estimated
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Income tax €4.1bn, estimated
- Top 0.3–0.6%, Income tax €4.1bn, estimated
- Top 0.2–0.3%, Income tax €4.1bn, estimated
- Top 0.04–0.2%, Income tax €4.1bn, estimated
- Top 0.04%, Income tax €4.1bn, estimated
- Result
- €101.5 billion
Why believe this?
Top 20–29%, Income tax
€7.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 24 “Impôt sur le revenu (IR)”, columns Q and R (0.7176 × V15 + 0.9469 × V16), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 24, V15: -3.8; row 24, V16: -4.8
- As published
- €7.3 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 13–20%, Other taxes on income and wealth
€2.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 25 “Autres impôts sur les revenus et le patrimoine (TH, ISF/IFI, CRDS, etc.)”, columns R and S and T (0.0531 × V16 + 1.0000 × V17 + 0.3247 × V18), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 25, V16: -1.2; row 25, V17: -1.4; row 25, V18: -1.9
- As published
- €2.1 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, Other taxes on income and wealth
€733mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Other taxes on income and wealth × ∫ level^e over P99.8457–99.9602 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Other taxes on income and wealth €8.8bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €0.7 billion
Why believe this?
Top 20–29%, Pension contributions
€36.5bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 26 “Cotisations sociales retraite1”, columns Q and R (0.7176 × V15 + 0.9469 × V16), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 26, V15: -20.6; row 26, V16: -22.9
- As published
- €36.5 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
All groups, Other contributions
€214bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 33%, Other contributions + Bottom 33–49%, Other contributions + Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Other contributions + Top 29–39%, Other contributions + Top 20–29%, Other contributions + Top 13–20%, Other contributions + Top 7.9–13%, Other contributions + Top 3.5–7.9%, Other contributions + Top 0.9–3.5%, Other contributions + Top 0.6–0.9%, Other contributions + Top 0.3–0.6%, Other contributions + Top 0.2–0.3%, Other contributions + Top 0.04–0.2%, Other contributions + Top 0.04%, Other contributions- From
- Bottom 33%, Other contributions €17.9bn, estimated
- Bottom 33–49%, Other contributions €20.2bn, estimated
- Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Other contributions €21.2bn, estimated
- Top 29–39%, Other contributions €22.3bn, estimated
- Top 20–29%, Other contributions €23.2bn, estimated
- Top 13–20%, Other contributions €24.1bn, estimated
- Top 7.9–13%, Other contributions €25.1bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Other contributions €22.4bn, estimated
- Top 0.9–3.5%, Other contributions €18.8bn, estimated
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Other contributions €3.8bn, estimated
- Top 0.3–0.6%, Other contributions €3.8bn, estimated
- Top 0.2–0.3%, Other contributions €3.8bn, estimated
- Top 0.04–0.2%, Other contributions €3.8bn, estimated
- Top 0.04%, Other contributions €3.8bn, estimated
- Result
- €214.0 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 33%, Other contributions
€17.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 27 “Cotisations sociales chômage1”; 28 “Cotisations sociales famille1”; 29 “Autres cotisations sociales (maladie, invalidité, ATMP)1”, columns C and D and E and F and G and H and I (1.0000 × V1 + 1.0000 × V2 + 1.0000 × V3 + 1.0000 × V4 + 1.0000 × V5 + 1.0000 × V6 + 0.6601 × V7), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 29, V1: -0.5; row 29, V2: -0.8; row 29, V3: -1.3; row 29, V4: -1.7; row 29, V5: -2.1; row 29, V6: -2.4; row 29, V7: -2.8; row 27, V1: -0.1; row 27, V2: -0.2; row 27, V3: -0.4; row 27, V4: -0.5; row 27, V5: -0.7; row 27, V6: -0.8; row 27, V7: -0.9; row 28, V1: -0.1; row 28, V2: -0.3; row 28, V3: -0.5; row 28, V4: -0.6; row 28, V5: -0.8; row 28, V6: -0.9; row 28, V7: -1.1
- As published
- €17.9 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 33%, Subsidies on products
€13.3bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.
Calculation
- Computed as
Subsidies on products × Bottom 33%, Subsidies on products ÷ All groups, Subsidies on products- From
- Subsidies on products €44.2bn, estimated
- Bottom 33%, Subsidies on products €9.7bn, estimated
- All groups, Subsidies on products €32bn, estimated
- Result
- €13.3 billion
Why believe this?
Collective services, economic affairs and subsidies
€465.1bnObservedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- General public services without debt interest, defence, public order, economic affairs, environmental protection and housing and community amenities.
Calculation
- Computed as
General public services − Debt interest + Defence + Public order and safety + Economic affairs + Environmental protection + Housing and community amenities- From
- Result
- €465,106.7 million
Why believe this?
Debt interest
€51.7bnObserved2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Public debt transactions.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
gov_10a_exp(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=MIO_EURsector=S13na_item=TEcofog99=GF0107time=2023· query this cell- As published
- €51,706.4 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.
Why believe this?
Top 13–20%, Subsidies on products
€2.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 19 “Subventions sur les produits (transports, etc.)”, columns R and S and T (0.0531 × V16 + 1.0000 × V17 + 0.3247 × V18), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 19, V16: 1.7; row 19, V17: 1.7; row 19, V18: 1.8
- As published
- €2.4 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, Subsidies on products
€200mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Subsidies on products × ∫ level^e over P99.8457–99.9602 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Subsidies on products €2.4bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €0.2 billion
Why believe this?
Top 20–29%, Subsidies on production
€4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 21 “Subventions sur la production (aides à l'apprentissage, aides sectorielles, etc.)”, columns Q and R (0.7176 × V15 + 0.9469 × V16), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 21, V15: 2.3; row 21, V16: 2.5
- As published
- €4.0 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, Pensions
€18.9bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Pensions × ∫ level^e over P96.4785–99.0795 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.5202), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.00: the same per person, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Pensions €36.4bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €18.9 billion
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Unemployment benefits, above P95
€739mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Unemployment benefits × ∫ level^e over P95–96.4785 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.2957), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.00: the same per person, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Unemployment benefits €2.5bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €0.7 billion
Why believe this?
Top 13–20%, Health care
€12.6bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 40 “Santé”, columns R and S and T (0.0531 × V16 + 1.0000 × V17 + 0.3247 × V18), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 40, V16: 7.8; row 40, V17: 9.1; row 40, V18: 9.4
- As published
- €12.6 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, Health care
€181mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Health care × ∫ level^e over P99.8457–99.9602 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0229), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.00: the same per person, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Health care €7.9bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €0.2 billion
Why believe this?
Top 13–20%, Education
€7.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 41 “Enseignement2”, columns R and S and T (0.0531 × V16 + 1.0000 × V17 + 0.3247 × V18), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 41, V16: 5.2; row 41, V17: 5.4; row 41, V18: 5
- As published
- €7.3 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, Education
€121mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Education × ∫ level^e over P99.8457–99.9602 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0229), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.00: the same per person, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Education €5.3bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €0.1 billion
Why believe this?
Top 7.9–13%, Social care and housing aid
€3.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care for dependent elderly and disabled people, childcare and other social action, housing benefits and the energy cheque, and the running costs of social security, received in kind.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 42 “Action sociale (dépendance, handicap, petite enfance, etc.)”; 44 “Aides au logement et chèque énergie”; 45 “Frais de fonctionnement de la Sécurité sociale”, columns T and U (0.6753 × V18 + 0.4270 × V19), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 42, V18: 2; row 42, V19: 1.7; row 44, V18: 0.1; row 44, V19: 0.1; row 45, V18: 1; row 45, V19: 1
- As published
- €3.3 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Social care and housing aid
€21.5mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care for dependent elderly and disabled people, childcare and other social action, housing benefits and the energy cheque, and the running costs of social security, received in kind.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Social care and housing aid × ∫ level^e over P99.9602–100 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0080), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.00: the same per person, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Social care and housing aid €2.7bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €0.0 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, Collective services
€6bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Defence, police, justice, general administration and other collective spending, spread over people, net of other transfers and of balances with the rest of the world, which are small and negative overall.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Collective services × ∫ level^e over P96.4785–99.0795 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.5202), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.00: the same per person, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Collective services €11.5bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €6.0 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 33–49%, Taxes on products
€41.9bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
- Caveat
- Insee attributes the whole amount to residents; the part falling outside France is taken out of every group in proportion.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 33–49%, Taxes on products × (1 − Share of consumption by visitors ÷ 100)- From
- Bottom 33–49%, Taxes on products €43.9bn, estimated
- Share of consumption by visitors 4.4%, estimated
- Result
- €41.9 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 33–49%, Pension contributions
€30.9bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
Calculation
- Computed as
Pension contributions × Bottom 33–49%, Pension contributions ÷ All groups, Pension contributions- From
- Pension contributions €280.4bn, estimated
- Bottom 33–49%, Pension contributions €36.3bn, estimated
- All groups, Pension contributions €328.7bn, estimated
- Result
- €30.9 billion
Why believe this?
Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, transfers received
€181.6bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Every transfer attributed to the group, subsidies included.
Calculation
- Computed as
Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Subsidies on products + Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Subsidies on production + Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Pensions + Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Unemployment benefits + Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Other cash benefits + Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Health care + Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Education + Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Social care and housing aid + Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Culture and leisure + Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Collective services- From
- Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Subsidies on products €5.3bn, estimated
- Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Subsidies on production €5.7bn, estimated
- Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Pensions €49.7bn, estimated
- Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Unemployment benefits €4.2bn, estimated
- Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Other cash benefits €13.9bn, estimated
- Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Health care €31.2bn, estimated
- Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Education €15.8bn, estimated
- Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Social care and housing aid €10.5bn, estimated
- Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Culture and leisure €5.1bn, estimated
- Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Collective services €40.2bn, estimated
- Result
- €181.6 billion
Why believe this?
Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, CSG on earnings and benefits
€15.2bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The CSG on earnings, pensions and other replacement income, and on gaming: the CSG less its part on capital income.
Calculation
- Computed as
Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, CSG − Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, CSG on capital income- From
- Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, CSG €16.5bn, estimated
- Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, CSG on capital income €1.4bn, estimated
- Result
- €15.2 billion
Why believe this?
Top 29–39%, share of the CSG on capital income
8.2%EstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's part of the CSG on capital income: of the CSG on investment income, its share of net financial income; of the CSG on property income, its share of rents, actual and imputed (an allocation scenario).
- Caveat
- An allocation scenario: Insee attributes the whole CSG to each group but does not split it by base, and no source found gives the bases of the CSG on capital income by group. The CSG on investment income (interest, dividends, life insurance) is shared as Insee's net financial income. The CSG on property income is levied on rents landlords receive, capital gains and annuities; Insee's only row near it adds owner-occupiers' imputed rents, which pay no CSG, and holds no capital gains, so sharing it as that row is a convention. The alternatives share all of it as net financial income, or as the group's whole capital income.
Calculation
- Computed as
(CSG on income from investments, 2023 × Top 29–39%, Net financial income ÷ All groups, Net financial income + CSG on income from property, 2023 × Top 29–39%, Rents, actual and imputed ÷ All groups, Rents, actual and imputed) ÷ (CSG on income from investments, 2023 + CSG on income from property, 2023) × 100- From
- CSG on income from investments, 2023 €9.4bn, estimated
- CSG on income from property, 2023 €7.2bn, estimated
- Top 29–39%, Net financial income €8bn, estimated
- All groups, Net financial income €133.9bn, estimated
- Top 29–39%, Rents, actual and imputed €18.8bn, estimated
- All groups, Rents, actual and imputed €166.8bn, estimated
- Result
- 8.2%
Why believe this?
Rank above which people hold 50% of income
79.7EstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The rank in Insee's ranking by living standard above which people hold this share of extended primary income: linear between Insee's twentieths below P95, on the generalized Pareto tail above.
Calculation
- Computed as
share of primary income above the rank = 50%, on Insee's curve (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490 above P95)- From
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- V1, Extended primary income, Insee €10.4bn, estimated
- V2, Extended primary income, Insee €16.6bn, estimated
- V3, Extended primary income, Insee €25.3bn, estimated
- V4, Extended primary income, Insee €32.4bn, estimated
- V5, Extended primary income, Insee €40.5bn, estimated
- V6, Extended primary income, Insee €47bn, estimated
- V7, Extended primary income, Insee €54.7bn, estimated
- V8, Extended primary income, Insee €63.1bn, estimated
- V9, Extended primary income, Insee €68.3bn, estimated
- V10, Extended primary income, Insee €73.7bn, estimated
- V11, Extended primary income, Insee €80.6bn, estimated
- V12, Extended primary income, Insee €85.9bn, estimated
- V13, Extended primary income, Insee €98.3bn, estimated
- V14, Extended primary income, Insee €103.2bn, estimated
- V15, Extended primary income, Insee €117.7bn, estimated
- V16, Extended primary income, Insee €130.8bn, estimated
- V17, Extended primary income, Insee €146bn, estimated
- V18, Extended primary income, Insee €170.5bn, estimated
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn, estimated
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn, estimated
- Result
- 80
Why believe this?
Top 20–29%, Health care
€15.5bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.
Calculation
- Computed as
Health care × Top 20–29%, Health care ÷ All groups, Health care- From
- Health care €249.7bn, estimated
- Top 20–29%, Health care €13bn, estimated
- All groups, Health care €209.4bn, estimated
- Result
- €15.5 billion
Why believe this?
Top 20–29%, levies paid
€122bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Every levy attributed to the group, gross of subsidies.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 20–29%, Taxes on products + Top 20–29%, Taxes on production + Top 20–29%, Corporate tax + Top 20–29%, CSG on earnings and benefits + Top 20–29%, CSG on capital income + Top 20–29%, Income tax + Top 20–29%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Top 20–29%, Pension contributions + Top 20–29%, Other contributions- From
- Top 20–29%, Taxes on products €30bn, estimated
- Top 20–29%, Taxes on production €13.8bn, estimated
- Top 20–29%, Corporate tax €2bn, estimated
- Top 20–29%, CSG on earnings and benefits €14.6bn, estimated
- Top 20–29%, CSG on capital income €1.4bn, estimated
- Top 20–29%, Income tax €7.4bn, estimated
- Top 20–29%, Other taxes on income and wealth €1.9bn, estimated
- Top 20–29%, Pension contributions €31.1bn, estimated
- Top 20–29%, Other contributions €19.8bn, estimated
- Result
- €122.0 billion
Why believe this?
Top 20–29%, CSG on capital income
€1.4bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The part of the CSG levied on capital income: interest, dividends, life insurance, rents and capital gains.
- Competing figures
- €1.1bn, the CSG on capital income by financial income alone. The same computation with another key for the CSG on capital income.
- €1.2bn, the CSG on capital income by all capital income. The same computation with another key for the CSG on capital income.
- Caveat
- An allocation scenario: Insee attributes the whole CSG to each group but does not split it by base, and no source found gives the bases of the CSG on capital income by group. The CSG on investment income (interest, dividends, life insurance) is shared as Insee's net financial income. The CSG on property income is levied on rents landlords receive, capital gains and annuities; Insee's only row near it adds owner-occupiers' imputed rents, which pay no CSG, and holds no capital gains, so sharing it as that row is a convention. The alternatives share all of it as net financial income, or as the group's whole capital income.
Calculation
- Computed as
CSG on capital income × Top 20–29%, share of the CSG on capital income ÷ 100- From
- CSG on capital income €16.9bn, estimated
- Top 20–29%, share of the CSG on capital income 8.2%, estimated
- Result
- €1.4 billion
Why believe this?
Top 13–20%, Taxes on production
€13.3bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
Calculation
- Computed as
Taxes on production × Top 13–20%, Taxes on production ÷ All groups, Taxes on production- From
- Taxes on production €128.1bn, estimated
- Top 13–20%, Taxes on production €13.3bn, estimated
- All groups, Taxes on production €127.9bn, estimated
- Result
- €13.3 billion
Why believe this?
Top 13–20%, CSG
€15.6bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.
Calculation
- Computed as
CSG × Top 13–20%, CSG ÷ All groups, CSG- From
- CSG €149.8bn, estimated
- Top 13–20%, CSG €15.3bn, estimated
- All groups, CSG €147.2bn, estimated
- Result
- €15.6 billion
Why believe this?
Top 13–20%, Income tax
€10bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
Calculation
- Computed as
Income tax × Top 13–20%, Income tax ÷ All groups, Income tax- From
- Income tax €103.3bn, estimated
- Top 13–20%, Income tax €9.8bn, estimated
- All groups, Income tax €101.5bn, estimated
- Result
- €10.0 billion
Why believe this?
Top 13–20%, Other contributions
€20.6bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.
Calculation
- Computed as
Other contributions × Top 13–20%, Other contributions ÷ All groups, Other contributions- From
- Other contributions €182.4bn, estimated
- Top 13–20%, Other contributions €24.1bn, estimated
- All groups, Other contributions €214bn, estimated
- Result
- €20.6 billion
Why believe this?
Top 7.9–13%, Unemployment benefits
€2.3bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.
Calculation
- Computed as
Unemployment benefits × Top 7.9–13%, Unemployment benefits ÷ All groups, Unemployment benefits- From
- Unemployment benefits €42.9bn, estimated
- Top 7.9–13%, Unemployment benefits €2.5bn, estimated
- All groups, Unemployment benefits €45.8bn, estimated
- Result
- €2.3 billion
Why believe this?
Top 7.9–13%, Other cash benefits
€6.4bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.
Calculation
- Computed as
Other cash benefits × Top 7.9–13%, Other cash benefits ÷ All groups, Other cash benefits- From
- Other cash benefits €137.4bn, estimated
- Top 7.9–13%, Other cash benefits €6.9bn, estimated
- All groups, Other cash benefits €147.6bn, estimated
- Result
- €6.4 billion
Why believe this?
Top 7.9–13%, Culture and leisure
€2.3bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.
Calculation
- Computed as
Culture and leisure × Top 7.9–13%, Culture and leisure ÷ All groups, Culture and leisure- From
- Culture and leisure €41.4bn, estimated
- Top 7.9–13%, Culture and leisure €2.9bn, estimated
- All groups, Culture and leisure €52bn, estimated
- Result
- €2.3 billion
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, net financial income, monthly equivalent per resident, 2023 data
€540EstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 3.5–7.9%, Net financial income × 10⁹ ÷ Top 3.5–7.9%, people ÷ 12- From
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Net financial income €19.3bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, people 3.0 million, estimated
- Result
- €540
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Net financial income, above P95
€4bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Interest, dividends and other property income households receive, less the interest they pay.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Net financial income × ∫ level^e over P95–96.4785 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0645), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.67: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20- From
- Top 5%, Net financial income €62.3bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- V19, Revenus financiers nets (intérêts, dividendes, etc.), Insee €15.6bn, estimated
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn, estimated
- V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- V20, Revenus financiers nets (intérêts, dividendes, etc.), Insee €62.3bn, estimated
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn, estimated
- V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- Result
- €4.0 billion
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Profits kept in companies, below P95
€6bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The part of companies' profits that is not paid out, attributed to the households that own them.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 10 “Profits des entreprises non distribués aux ménages (B)”, column U (0.5730 × V19), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 10, V19: 10.5
- As published
- €6.0 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, received a month per person
€2,040EstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 3.5–7.9%, transfers received × 10⁹ ÷ Top 3.5–7.9%, people ÷ 12- From
- Top 3.5–7.9%, transfers received €72.8bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, people 3.0 million, estimated
- Result
- €2,040
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Pensions
€26.1bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.
Calculation
- Computed as
Pensions × Top 3.5–7.9%, Pensions ÷ All groups, Pensions- From
- Pensions €370bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Pensions €28.1bn, estimated
- All groups, Pensions €397.8bn, estimated
- Result
- €26.1 billion
Why believe this?
Top 7.9–13%, Subsidies on products
€1.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 19 “Subventions sur les produits (transports, etc.)”, columns T and U (0.6753 × V18 + 0.4270 × V19), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 19, V18: 1.8; row 19, V19: 1.7
- As published
- €1.9 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, Subsidies on products
€1.2bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Subsidies on products × ∫ level^e over P96.4785–99.0795 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.4968), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.42: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20- From
- Top 5%, Subsidies on products €2.4bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- V19, Subsidies on products, Insee €1.7bn, estimated
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn, estimated
- V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- V20, Subsidies on products, Insee €2.4bn, estimated
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn, estimated
- V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- Result
- €1.2 billion
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Subsidies on production
€3.9bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 3.5–7.9%, Subsidies on production, below P95 + Top 3.5–7.9%, Subsidies on production, above P95- From
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Subsidies on production, below P95 €2.3bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Subsidies on production, above P95 €1.5bn, estimated
- Result
- €3.9 billion
Why believe this?
V19, Subsidies on production, Insee
€4.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.
- Caveat
- Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 21 “Subventions sur la production (aides à l'apprentissage, aides sectorielles, etc.)”, column U (V19)
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- As published
- €4.1 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
V20, Subsidies on production, Insee
€7.7bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.
- Caveat
- Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 21 “Subventions sur la production (aides à l'apprentissage, aides sectorielles, etc.)”, column V (V20)
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- As published
- €7.7 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 29–39%, Subsidies on production
€4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 21 “Subventions sur la production (aides à l'apprentissage, aides sectorielles, etc.)”, columns O and P and Q (0.7311 × V13 + 1.0000 × V14 + 0.2824 × V15), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 21, V13: 1.9; row 21, V14: 2; row 21, V15: 2.3
- As published
- €4.0 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, Subsidies on production
€491mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Subsidies on production × ∫ level^e over P99.8457–99.9602 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0637), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.76: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20- From
- Top 5%, Subsidies on production €7.7bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- V19, Subsidies on production, Insee €4.1bn, estimated
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn, estimated
- V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- V20, Subsidies on production, Insee €7.7bn, estimated
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn, estimated
- V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- Result
- €0.5 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.2–0.3%, Unemployment benefits
€77.9mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Unemployment benefits × ∫ level^e over P99.6595–99.8457 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0312), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = -0.18: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20- From
- Top 5%, Unemployment benefits €2.5bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- V19, Unemployment benefits, Insee €2.9bn, estimated
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn, estimated
- V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- V20, Unemployment benefits, Insee €2.5bn, estimated
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn, estimated
- V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- Result
- €0.1 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 33%, Other cash benefits
€62.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 33 “Autres revenus de remplacement (IJ, ATMP)”; 34 “Famille”; 35 “Exclusion sociale”; 36 “Invalidité”; 37 “Remboursements des contrats collectifs de complémentaires santé”, columns C and D and E and F and G and H and I (1.0000 × V1 + 1.0000 × V2 + 1.0000 × V3 + 1.0000 × V4 + 1.0000 × V5 + 1.0000 × V6 + 0.6601 × V7), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 33, V1: 0.2; row 33, V2: 0.4; row 33, V3: 0.6; row 33, V4: 0.7; row 33, V5: 0.9; row 33, V6: 1; row 33, V7: 1.2; row 34, V1: 3.2; row 34, V2: 4; row 34, V3: 3.2; row 34, V4: 3; row 34, V5: 2.7; row 34, V6: 2.5; row 34, V7: 1.8; row 35, V1: 5.6; row 35, V2: 4.4; row 35, V3: 4.1; row 35, V4: 4.3; row 35, V5: 2.7; row 35, V6: 1.9; row 35, V7: 2; row 36, V1: 0.5; row 36, V2: 1.7; row 36, V3: 2.1; row 36, V4: 1.5; row 36, V5: 1.3; row 36, V6: 1.3; row 36, V7: 1.3; row 37, V1: 0.4; row 37, V2: 0.4; row 37, V3: 0.8; row 37, V4: 0.8; row 37, V5: 0.9; row 37, V6: 0.9; row 37, V7: 1
- As published
- €62.8 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 7.9–13%, Health care
€9.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 40 “Santé”, columns T and U (0.6753 × V18 + 0.4270 × V19), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 40, V18: 9.4; row 40, V19: 8
- As published
- €9.8 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, Health care
€4.1bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Health care × ∫ level^e over P96.4785–99.0795 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.5207), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = -0.02: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20- From
- Top 5%, Health care €7.9bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- V19, Health care, Insee €8bn, estimated
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn, estimated
- V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- V20, Health care, Insee €7.9bn, estimated
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn, estimated
- V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- Result
- €4.1 billion
Why believe this?
Top 7.9–13%, Education
€5.6bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 41 “Enseignement2”, columns T and U (0.6753 × V18 + 0.4270 × V19), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 41, V18: 5; row 41, V19: 5.1
- As published
- €5.6 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, Education
€2.7bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Education × ∫ level^e over P96.4785–99.0795 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.5186), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.05: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20- From
- Top 5%, Education €5.3bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- V19, Education, Insee €5.1bn, estimated
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn, estimated
- V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- V20, Education, Insee €5.3bn, estimated
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn, estimated
- V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- Result
- €2.7 billion
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Social care and housing aid, above P95
€812mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care for dependent elderly and disabled people, childcare and other social action, housing benefits and the energy cheque, and the running costs of social security, received in kind.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Social care and housing aid × ∫ level^e over P95–96.4785 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.3008), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = -0.04: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20- From
- Top 5%, Social care and housing aid €2.7bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- V19, Action sociale (dépendance, handicap, petite enfance, etc.), Insee €1.7bn, estimated
- V19, Aides au logement et chèque énergie, Insee €100m, estimated
- V19, Frais de fonctionnement de la Sécurité sociale, Insee €1bn, estimated
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn, estimated
- V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- V20, Action sociale (dépendance, handicap, petite enfance, etc.), Insee €1.5bn, estimated
- V20, Aides au logement et chèque énergie, Insee €100m, estimated
- V20, Frais de fonctionnement de la Sécurité sociale, Insee €1.1bn, estimated
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn, estimated
- V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- Result
- €0.8 billion
Why believe this?
Top 13–20%, Social care and housing aid
€4.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care for dependent elderly and disabled people, childcare and other social action, housing benefits and the energy cheque, and the running costs of social security, received in kind.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 42 “Action sociale (dépendance, handicap, petite enfance, etc.)”; 44 “Aides au logement et chèque énergie”; 45 “Frais de fonctionnement de la Sécurité sociale”, columns R and S and T (0.0531 × V16 + 1.0000 × V17 + 0.3247 × V18), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 42, V16: 2.1; row 42, V17: 2.1; row 42, V18: 2; row 44, V16: 0.1; row 44, V17: 0.1; row 44, V18: 0.1; row 45, V16: 0.9; row 45, V17: 0.9; row 45, V18: 1
- As published
- €4.3 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Taxes on products
€16.2bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
- Caveat
- Insee attributes the whole amount to residents; the part falling outside France is taken out of every group in proportion.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 3.5–7.9%, Taxes on products × (1 − Share of consumption by visitors ÷ 100)- From
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Taxes on products €17bn, estimated
- Share of consumption by visitors 4.4%, estimated
- Result
- €16.2 billion
Why believe this?
Top 29–39%, Taxes on products
€34.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 18 “Taxes sur les produits (TVA, TICPE, accises, DMTO, etc.)”, columns O and P and Q (0.7311 × V13 + 1.0000 × V14 + 0.2824 × V15), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 18, V13: -16.7; row 18, V14: -17.5; row 18, V15: -18.1
- As published
- €34.8 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
All groups, Taxes on production
€127.9bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 33%, Taxes on production + Bottom 33–49%, Taxes on production + Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Taxes on production + Top 29–39%, Taxes on production + Top 20–29%, Taxes on production + Top 13–20%, Taxes on production + Top 7.9–13%, Taxes on production + Top 3.5–7.9%, Taxes on production + Top 0.9–3.5%, Taxes on production + Top 0.6–0.9%, Taxes on production + Top 0.3–0.6%, Taxes on production + Top 0.2–0.3%, Taxes on production + Top 0.04–0.2%, Taxes on production + Top 0.04%, Taxes on production- From
- Bottom 33%, Taxes on production €15.2bn, estimated
- Bottom 33–49%, Taxes on production €14.5bn, estimated
- Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Taxes on production €14.2bn, estimated
- Top 29–39%, Taxes on production €14.1bn, estimated
- Top 20–29%, Taxes on production €13.8bn, estimated
- Top 13–20%, Taxes on production €13.3bn, estimated
- Top 7.9–13%, Taxes on production €13.1bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Taxes on production €11.3bn, estimated
- Top 0.9–3.5%, Taxes on production €9.3bn, estimated
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Taxes on production €1.9bn, estimated
- Top 0.3–0.6%, Taxes on production €1.9bn, estimated
- Top 0.2–0.3%, Taxes on production €1.9bn, estimated
- Top 0.04–0.2%, Taxes on production €1.9bn, estimated
- Top 0.04%, Taxes on production €1.9bn, estimated
- Result
- €127.9 billion
Why believe this?
Top 7.9–13%, Taxes on production
€13.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 20 “Taxes sur la production (taxes patronales, TF, etc.)”, columns T and U (0.6753 × V18 + 0.4270 × V19), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 20, V18: -11; row 20, V19: -13.2
- As published
- €13.1 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Corporate tax
€1.7bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 22 “Impôt sur les sociétés”, columns L and M and N and O (0.2087 × V10 + 1.0000 × V11 + 1.0000 × V12 + 0.2689 × V13), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 22, V10: -0.4; row 22, V11: -0.6; row 22, V12: -0.8; row 22, V13: -0.8
- As published
- €1.7 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.6–0.9%, Corporate tax
€3.6bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Corporate tax × ∫ level^e over P99.0795–99.4036 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0631), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.59: one plus the change in log of IPP's 2016 rate over the change in log of economic income, between P99–99.9 and P99.9–100- From
- Top 5%, Corporate tax €57.4bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Direct tax rate, P99–99.9, 2016 42%, estimated
- Personal tax rate, P99–99.9, 2016 23%, estimated
- Contribution rate, P99–99.9, 2016 14%, estimated
- Direct tax rate, top 0.1% 34.5%, estimated
- Personal tax rate, top 0.1% 9.8%, estimated
- Contribution rate, top 0.1% 2.4%, estimated
- Economic income of P99–99.9, 2016 €91.5bn, estimated
- Result
- €3.6 billion
Why believe this?
All groups, CSG
€147.2bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 33%, CSG + Bottom 33–49%, CSG + Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, CSG + Top 29–39%, CSG + Top 20–29%, CSG + Top 13–20%, CSG + Top 7.9–13%, CSG + Top 3.5–7.9%, CSG + Top 0.9–3.5%, CSG + Top 0.6–0.9%, CSG + Top 0.3–0.6%, CSG + Top 0.2–0.3%, CSG + Top 0.04–0.2%, CSG + Top 0.04%, CSG- From
- Bottom 33%, CSG €14.4bn, estimated
- Bottom 33–49%, CSG €16.3bn, estimated
- Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, CSG €16.3bn, estimated
- Top 29–39%, CSG €16.2bn, estimated
- Top 20–29%, CSG €15.7bn, estimated
- Top 13–20%, CSG €15.3bn, estimated
- Top 7.9–13%, CSG €15bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, CSG €15.1bn, estimated
- Top 0.9–3.5%, CSG €13.8bn, estimated
- Top 0.6–0.9%, CSG €2.4bn, estimated
- Top 0.3–0.6%, CSG €2.2bn, estimated
- Top 0.2–0.3%, CSG €2bn, estimated
- Top 0.04–0.2%, CSG €1.7bn, estimated
- Top 0.04%, CSG €1.1bn, estimated
- Result
- €147.2 billion
Why believe this?
Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Net financial income
€7.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Interest, dividends and other property income households receive, less the interest they pay.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 8 “Revenus financiers nets (intérêts, dividendes, etc.)”, columns L and M and N and O (0.2087 × V10 + 1.0000 × V11 + 1.0000 × V12 + 0.2689 × V13), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 8, V10: 2.1; row 8, V11: 2.6; row 8, V12: 3.3; row 8, V13: 3.4
- As published
- €7.3 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, Net financial income
€26bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Interest, dividends and other property income households receive, less the interest they pay.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Net financial income × ∫ level^e over P96.4785–99.0795 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.4167), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Net financial income €62.3bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €26.0 billion
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Rents, actual and imputed, below P95
€8.5bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Rents landlords receive and the rent owner-occupiers are deemed to pay themselves, net of costs.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 9 “Loyers réels et imputés aux propriétaires”, column U (0.5730 × V19), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 9, V19: 14.9
- As published
- €8.5 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
All groups, Income tax
€101.5bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 33%, Income tax + Bottom 33–49%, Income tax + Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Income tax + Top 29–39%, Income tax + Top 20–29%, Income tax + Top 13–20%, Income tax + Top 7.9–13%, Income tax + Top 3.5–7.9%, Income tax + Top 0.9–3.5%, Income tax + Top 0.6–0.9%, Income tax + Top 0.3–0.6%, Income tax + Top 0.2–0.3%, Income tax + Top 0.04–0.2%, Income tax + Top 0.04%, Income tax- From
- Bottom 33%, Income tax €2.9bn, estimated
- Bottom 33–49%, Income tax €1.3bn, estimated
- Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Income tax €3.3bn, estimated
- Top 29–39%, Income tax €5.1bn, estimated
- Top 20–29%, Income tax €7.3bn, estimated
- Top 13–20%, Income tax €9.8bn, estimated
- Top 7.9–13%, Income tax €13.3bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Income tax €19.6bn, estimated
- Top 0.9–3.5%, Income tax €23.3bn, estimated
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Income tax €4bn, estimated
- Top 0.3–0.6%, Income tax €3.7bn, estimated
- Top 0.2–0.3%, Income tax €3.3bn, estimated
- Top 0.04–0.2%, Income tax €2.8bn, estimated
- Top 0.04%, Income tax €1.9bn, estimated
- Result
- €101.5 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Income tax
€1.9bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Income tax × ∫ level^e over P99.9602–100 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0376), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.66: one plus the change in log of IPP's 2016 rate over the change in log of economic income, between P99–99.9 and P99.9–100- From
- Top 5%, Income tax €49.4bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Personal tax rate, P99–99.9, 2016 23%, estimated
- Personal tax rate, top 0.1% 9.8%, estimated
- Economic income of P99–99.9, 2016 €91.5bn, estimated
- Result
- €1.9 billion
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Other taxes on income and wealth
€3.5bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 3.5–7.9%, Other taxes on income and wealth, below P95 + Top 3.5–7.9%, Other taxes on income and wealth, above P95- From
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Other taxes on income and wealth, below P95 €1.7bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Other taxes on income and wealth, above P95 €1.9bn, estimated
- Result
- €3.5 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Pension contributions
€933mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Pension contributions × ∫ level^e over P99.9602–100 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0163), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.31: one plus the change in log of IPP's 2016 rate over the change in log of economic income, between P99–99.9 and P99.9–100- From
- Top 5%, Pension contributions €57.3bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Contribution rate, P99–99.9, 2016 14%, estimated
- Contribution rate, top 0.1% 2.4%, estimated
- Economic income of P99–99.9, 2016 €91.5bn, estimated
- Result
- €0.9 billion
Why believe this?
All groups, Other contributions
€214bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 33%, Other contributions + Bottom 33–49%, Other contributions + Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Other contributions + Top 29–39%, Other contributions + Top 20–29%, Other contributions + Top 13–20%, Other contributions + Top 7.9–13%, Other contributions + Top 3.5–7.9%, Other contributions + Top 0.9–3.5%, Other contributions + Top 0.6–0.9%, Other contributions + Top 0.3–0.6%, Other contributions + Top 0.2–0.3%, Other contributions + Top 0.04–0.2%, Other contributions + Top 0.04%, Other contributions- From
- Bottom 33%, Other contributions €17.9bn, estimated
- Bottom 33–49%, Other contributions €20.2bn, estimated
- Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Other contributions €21.2bn, estimated
- Top 29–39%, Other contributions €22.3bn, estimated
- Top 20–29%, Other contributions €23.2bn, estimated
- Top 13–20%, Other contributions €24.1bn, estimated
- Top 7.9–13%, Other contributions €25.1bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Other contributions €26.6bn, estimated
- Top 0.9–3.5%, Other contributions €22.8bn, estimated
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Other contributions €3.3bn, estimated
- Top 0.3–0.6%, Other contributions €2.8bn, estimated
- Top 0.2–0.3%, Other contributions €2.2bn, estimated
- Top 0.04–0.2%, Other contributions €1.6bn, estimated
- Top 0.04%, Other contributions €734m, estimated
- Result
- €214.0 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, Other contributions
€22.8bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Other contributions × ∫ level^e over P96.4785–99.0795 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.5052), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.31: one plus the change in log of IPP's 2016 rate over the change in log of economic income, between P99–99.9 and P99.9–100- From
- Top 5%, Other contributions €45.1bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Contribution rate, P99–99.9, 2016 14%, estimated
- Contribution rate, top 0.1% 2.4%, estimated
- Economic income of P99–99.9, 2016 €91.5bn, estimated
- Result
- €22.8 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, Pensions
€17.3bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.
Calculation
- Computed as
Pensions × Top 0.9–3.5%, Pensions ÷ All groups, Pensions- From
- Pensions €370bn, estimated
- Top 0.9–3.5%, Pensions €18.6bn, estimated
- All groups, Pensions €397.8bn, estimated
- Result
- €17.3 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, Pensions
€834mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Pensions × ∫ level^e over P99.8457–99.9602 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0229), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.642), e = 0.00: the same per person, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Pensions €36.4bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.6, estimated
- Result
- €0.8 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 33%, Unemployment benefits
€18.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 32 “Allocations chômage”, columns C and D and E and F and G and H and I (1.0000 × V1 + 1.0000 × V2 + 1.0000 × V3 + 1.0000 × V4 + 1.0000 × V5 + 1.0000 × V6 + 0.6601 × V7), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 32, V1: 2.5; row 32, V2: 3.3; row 32, V3: 2.9; row 32, V4: 2.8; row 32, V5: 2.9; row 32, V6: 2.2; row 32, V7: 2.5
- As published
- €18.3 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Unemployment benefits
€19.9mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Unemployment benefits × ∫ level^e over P99.9602–100 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0080), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.642), e = 0.00: the same per person, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Unemployment benefits €2.5bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.6, estimated
- Result
- €0.0 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, Other cash benefits
€4.4bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Other cash benefits × ∫ level^e over P96.4785–99.0795 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.5202), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.642), e = 0.00: the same per person, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Other cash benefits €8.4bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.6, estimated
- Result
- €4.4 billion
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Social care and housing aid, below P95
€1.6bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care for dependent elderly and disabled people, childcare and other social action, housing benefits and the energy cheque, and the running costs of social security, received in kind.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 42 “Action sociale (dépendance, handicap, petite enfance, etc.)”; 44 “Aides au logement et chèque énergie”; 45 “Frais de fonctionnement de la Sécurité sociale”, column U (0.5730 × V19), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 42, V19: 1.7; row 44, V19: 0.1; row 45, V19: 1
- As published
- €1.6 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 20–29%, Culture and leisure
€4.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 43 “Culture et loisirs”, columns Q and R (0.7176 × V15 + 0.9469 × V16), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 43, V15: 2.6; row 43, V16: 2.6
- As published
- €4.3 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, Collective services
€263mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Defence, police, justice, general administration and other collective spending, spread over people, net of other transfers and of balances with the rest of the world, which are small and negative overall.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Collective services × ∫ level^e over P99.8457–99.9602 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0229), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.642), e = 0.00: the same per person, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Collective services €11.5bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.6, estimated
- Result
- €0.3 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.6–0.9%, net financial income, monthly equivalent per resident, 2023 data
€1,320EstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 0.6–0.9%, Net financial income × 10⁹ ÷ Top 0.6–0.9%, people ÷ 12- From
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Net financial income €3.5bn, estimated
- Top 0.6–0.9%, people 221,681, estimated
- Result
- €1,320
Why believe this?
Top 0.6–0.9%, received a month per person
€2,450EstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 0.6–0.9%, transfers received × 10⁹ ÷ Top 0.6–0.9%, people ÷ 12- From
- Top 0.6–0.9%, transfers received €6.5bn, estimated
- Top 0.6–0.9%, people 221,681, estimated
- Result
- €2,450
Why believe this?
Top 0.6–0.9%, Collective services
€1bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Defence, police, justice, general administration and other collective spending, spread over people, net of other transfers and of balances with the rest of the world, which are small and negative overall.
Calculation
- Computed as
Collective services × Top 0.6–0.9%, Collective services ÷ All groups, Collective services- From
- Collective services €332.8bn, estimated
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Collective services €745m, estimated
- All groups, Collective services €239.5bn, estimated
- Result
- €1.0 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.6–0.9%, levies paid
€23.2bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Every levy attributed to the group, gross of subsidies.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 0.6–0.9%, Taxes on products + Top 0.6–0.9%, Taxes on production + Top 0.6–0.9%, Corporate tax + Top 0.6–0.9%, CSG on earnings and benefits + Top 0.6–0.9%, CSG on capital income + Top 0.6–0.9%, Income tax + Top 0.6–0.9%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Top 0.6–0.9%, Pension contributions + Top 0.6–0.9%, Other contributions- From
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Taxes on products €2.7bn, estimated
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Taxes on production €1.9bn, estimated
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Corporate tax €3.9bn, estimated
- Top 0.6–0.9%, CSG on earnings and benefits €2bn, estimated
- Top 0.6–0.9%, CSG on capital income €452m, estimated
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Income tax €4.2bn, estimated
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Other taxes on income and wealth €756m, estimated
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Pension contributions €4.1bn, estimated
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Other contributions €3.2bn, estimated
- Result
- €23.2 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.6–0.9%, CSG on capital income
€452mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The part of the CSG levied on capital income: interest, dividends, life insurance, rents and capital gains.
- Competing figures
- €658m, the CSG on capital income by financial income alone. The same computation with another key for the CSG on capital income.
- €581m, the CSG on capital income by all capital income. The same computation with another key for the CSG on capital income.
- Caveat
- An allocation scenario: Insee attributes the whole CSG to each group but does not split it by base, and no source found gives the bases of the CSG on capital income by group. The CSG on investment income (interest, dividends, life insurance) is shared as Insee's net financial income. The CSG on property income is levied on rents landlords receive, capital gains and annuities; Insee's only row near it adds owner-occupiers' imputed rents, which pay no CSG, and holds no capital gains, so sharing it as that row is a convention. The alternatives share all of it as net financial income, or as the group's whole capital income.
Calculation
- Computed as
CSG on capital income × Top 0.6–0.9%, share of the CSG on capital income ÷ 100- From
- CSG on capital income €16.9bn, estimated
- Top 0.6–0.9%, share of the CSG on capital income 2.7%, estimated
- Result
- €0.5 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.6–0.9%, Pension contributions
€3.9bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
Calculation
- Computed as
Pension contributions × Top 0.6–0.9%, Pension contributions ÷ All groups, Pension contributions- From
- Pension contributions €280.4bn, estimated
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Pension contributions €4.5bn, estimated
- All groups, Pension contributions €328.7bn, estimated
- Result
- €3.9 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.3–0.6%, Pension contributions
€4.1bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
Calculation
- Computed as
Pension contributions × Top 0.3–0.6%, Pension contributions ÷ All groups, Pension contributions- From
- Pension contributions €280.4bn, estimated
- Top 0.3–0.6%, Pension contributions €4.8bn, estimated
- All groups, Pension contributions €328.7bn, estimated
- Result
- €4.1 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.2–0.3%, net financial income, monthly equivalent per resident, 2023 data
€3,260EstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 0.2–0.3%, Net financial income × 10⁹ ÷ Top 0.2–0.3%, people ÷ 12- From
- Top 0.2–0.3%, Net financial income €5bn, estimated
- Top 0.2–0.3%, people 127,358, estimated
- Result
- €3,260
Why believe this?
Top 0.2–0.3%, Pensions
€1.6bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.
Calculation
- Computed as
Pensions × Top 0.2–0.3%, Pensions ÷ All groups, Pensions- From
- Pensions €370bn, estimated
- Top 0.2–0.3%, Pensions €1.7bn, estimated
- All groups, Pensions €397.8bn, estimated
- Result
- €1.6 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.2–0.3%, received a month per person
€2,680EstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 0.2–0.3%, transfers received × 10⁹ ÷ Top 0.2–0.3%, people ÷ 12- From
- Top 0.2–0.3%, transfers received €4.1bn, estimated
- Top 0.2–0.3%, people 127,358, estimated
- Result
- €2,680
Why believe this?
Top 0.2–0.3%, Unemployment benefits
€87.1mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.
Calculation
- Computed as
Unemployment benefits × Top 0.2–0.3%, Unemployment benefits ÷ All groups, Unemployment benefits- From
- Unemployment benefits €42.9bn, estimated
- Top 0.2–0.3%, Unemployment benefits €93.1m, estimated
- All groups, Unemployment benefits €45.8bn, estimated
- Result
- €0.1 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.2–0.3%, Other cash benefits
€291mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.
Calculation
- Computed as
Other cash benefits × Top 0.2–0.3%, Other cash benefits ÷ All groups, Other cash benefits- From
- Other cash benefits €137.4bn, estimated
- Top 0.2–0.3%, Other cash benefits €313m, estimated
- All groups, Other cash benefits €147.6bn, estimated
- Result
- €0.3 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.2–0.3%, Culture and leisure
€77.1mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.
Calculation
- Computed as
Culture and leisure × Top 0.2–0.3%, Culture and leisure ÷ All groups, Culture and leisure- From
- Culture and leisure €41.4bn, estimated
- Top 0.2–0.3%, Culture and leisure €96.8m, estimated
- All groups, Culture and leisure €52bn, estimated
- Result
- €0.1 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 33–49%, Subsidies on products
€4.7bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 19 “Subventions sur les produits (transports, etc.)”, columns I and J and K and L (0.3399 × V7 + 1.0000 × V8 + 1.0000 × V9 + 0.7913 × V10), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 19, V7: 1.6; row 19, V8: 1.5; row 19, V9: 1.5; row 19, V10: 1.5
- As published
- €4.7 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Subsidies on products, above P95
€400mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Subsidies on products × ∫ level^e over P95–96.4785 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.1668), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.479), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Subsidies on products €2.4bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €0.4 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 33%, Subsidies on production
€4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 21 “Subventions sur la production (aides à l'apprentissage, aides sectorielles, etc.)”, columns C and D and E and F and G and H and I (1.0000 × V1 + 1.0000 × V2 + 1.0000 × V3 + 1.0000 × V4 + 1.0000 × V5 + 1.0000 × V6 + 0.6601 × V7), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 21, V1: 0.2; row 21, V2: 0.3; row 21, V3: 0.5; row 21, V4: 0.6; row 21, V5: 0.8; row 21, V6: 0.9; row 21, V7: 1.1
- As published
- €4.0 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.2–0.3%, Subsidies on production
€642mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Subsidies on production × ∫ level^e over P99.6595–99.8457 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0834), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.479), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Subsidies on production €7.7bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €0.6 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Pensions
€290mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Pensions × ∫ level^e over P99.9602–100 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0080), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.479), e = 0.00: the same per person, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Pensions €36.4bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €0.3 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, Unemployment benefits
€57.3mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Unemployment benefits × ∫ level^e over P99.8457–99.9602 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0229), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.479), e = 0.00: the same per person, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Unemployment benefits €2.5bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €0.1 billion
Why believe this?
Top 29–39%, Other cash benefits
€11.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 33 “Autres revenus de remplacement (IJ, ATMP)”; 34 “Famille”; 35 “Exclusion sociale”; 36 “Invalidité”; 37 “Remboursements des contrats collectifs de complémentaires santé”, columns O and P and Q (0.7311 × V13 + 1.0000 × V14 + 0.2824 × V15), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 33, V13: 2; row 33, V14: 2.1; row 33, V15: 2.4; row 34, V13: 1; row 34, V14: 0.9; row 34, V15: 0.8; row 35, V13: 0.6; row 35, V14: 0.6; row 35, V15: 0.5; row 36, V13: 1.2; row 36, V14: 1.2; row 36, V15: 1; row 37, V13: 1.1; row 37, V14: 1.1; row 37, V15: 1.1
- As published
- €11.9 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Other cash benefits
€6.2bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 3.5–7.9%, Other cash benefits, below P95 + Top 3.5–7.9%, Other cash benefits, above P95- From
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Other cash benefits, below P95 €3.7bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Other cash benefits, above P95 €2.5bn, estimated
- Result
- €6.2 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 33–49%, Health care
€35.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 40 “Santé”, columns I and J and K and L (0.3399 × V7 + 1.0000 × V8 + 1.0000 × V9 + 0.7913 × V10), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 40, V7: 13.8; row 40, V8: 13.6; row 40, V9: 9.8; row 40, V10: 9.7
- As published
- €35.8 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Health care, above P95
€2.3bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Health care × ∫ level^e over P95–96.4785 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.2957), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.479), e = 0.00: the same per person, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Health care €7.9bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €2.3 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 33–49%, Education
€19.7bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 41 “Enseignement2”, columns I and J and K and L (0.3399 × V7 + 1.0000 × V8 + 1.0000 × V9 + 0.7913 × V10), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 41, V7: 6.3; row 41, V8: 6.6; row 41, V9: 6; row 41, V10: 6.3
- As published
- €19.7 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Education, above P95
€1.6bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Education × ∫ level^e over P95–96.4785 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.2957), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.479), e = 0.00: the same per person, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Education €5.3bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €1.6 billion
Why believe this?
Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Social care and housing aid
€11.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care for dependent elderly and disabled people, childcare and other social action, housing benefits and the energy cheque, and the running costs of social security, received in kind.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 42 “Action sociale (dépendance, handicap, petite enfance, etc.)”; 44 “Aides au logement et chèque énergie”; 45 “Frais de fonctionnement de la Sécurité sociale”, columns L and M and N and O (0.2087 × V10 + 1.0000 × V11 + 1.0000 × V12 + 0.2689 × V13), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 42, V10: 3.6; row 42, V11: 3.7; row 42, V12: 3.4; row 42, V13: 3.1; row 44, V10: 0.2; row 44, V11: 0.2; row 44, V12: 0.2; row 44, V13: 0.1; row 45, V10: 0.9; row 45, V11: 0.9; row 45, V12: 0.9; row 45, V13: 0.9
- As published
- €11.4 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, Social care and housing aid
€1.4bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care for dependent elderly and disabled people, childcare and other social action, housing benefits and the energy cheque, and the running costs of social security, received in kind.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Social care and housing aid × ∫ level^e over P96.4785–99.0795 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.5202), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.479), e = 0.00: the same per person, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Social care and housing aid €2.7bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €1.4 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Collective services
€91.5mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Defence, police, justice, general administration and other collective spending, spread over people, net of other transfers and of balances with the rest of the world, which are small and negative overall.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Collective services × ∫ level^e over P99.9602–100 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0080), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.479), e = 0.00: the same per person, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Collective services €11.5bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €0.1 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, Pensions
€776mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.
Calculation
- Computed as
Pensions × Top 0.04–0.2%, Pensions ÷ All groups, Pensions- From
- Pensions €370bn, estimated
- Top 0.04–0.2%, Pensions €834m, estimated
- All groups, Pensions €397.8bn, estimated
- Result
- €0.8 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, Taxes on products
€2.9bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
Calculation
- Computed as
Taxes on products × Top 0.04–0.2%, Taxes on products ÷ All groups, Taxes on products- From
- Taxes on products €318.8bn, estimated
- Top 0.04–0.2%, Taxes on products €2.9bn, estimated
- All groups, Taxes on products €318.6bn, estimated
- Result
- €2.9 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 33%, Taxes on products
€73.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 18 “Taxes sur les produits (TVA, TICPE, accises, DMTO, etc.)”, columns C and D and E and F and G and H and I (1.0000 × V1 + 1.0000 × V2 + 1.0000 × V3 + 1.0000 × V4 + 1.0000 × V5 + 1.0000 × V6 + 0.6601 × V7), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 18, V1: -8.2; row 18, V2: -11.1; row 18, V3: -10; row 18, V4: -11.1; row 18, V5: -11.6; row 18, V6: -12.7; row 18, V7: -13.2
- As published
- €73.4 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Taxes on products
€4.5bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Taxes on products × ∫ level^e over P99.9602–100 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.1341), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.642), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Taxes on products €33.3bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.6, estimated
- Result
- €4.5 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 33–49%, Taxes on production
€14.5bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 20 “Taxes sur la production (taxes patronales, TF, etc.)”, columns I and J and K and L (0.3399 × V7 + 1.0000 × V8 + 1.0000 × V9 + 0.7913 × V10), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 20, V7: -3.9; row 20, V8: -4.3; row 20, V9: -4.8; row 20, V10: -5.1
- As published
- €14.5 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
All groups, Corporate tax
€78.1bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 33%, Corporate tax + Bottom 33–49%, Corporate tax + Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Corporate tax + Top 29–39%, Corporate tax + Top 20–29%, Corporate tax + Top 13–20%, Corporate tax + Top 7.9–13%, Corporate tax + Top 3.5–7.9%, Corporate tax + Top 0.9–3.5%, Corporate tax + Top 0.6–0.9%, Corporate tax + Top 0.3–0.6%, Corporate tax + Top 0.2–0.3%, Corporate tax + Top 0.04–0.2%, Corporate tax + Top 0.04%, Corporate tax- From
- Bottom 33%, Corporate tax €2.3bn, estimated
- Bottom 33–49%, Corporate tax €1.2bn, estimated
- Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Corporate tax €1.7bn, estimated
- Top 29–39%, Corporate tax €1.6bn, estimated
- Top 20–29%, Corporate tax €2.5bn, estimated
- Top 13–20%, Corporate tax €2.9bn, estimated
- Top 7.9–13%, Corporate tax €4.6bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Corporate tax €13.2bn, estimated
- Top 0.9–3.5%, Corporate tax €22bn, estimated
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Corporate tax €4.3bn, estimated
- Top 0.3–0.6%, Corporate tax €4.4bn, estimated
- Top 0.2–0.3%, Corporate tax €4.6bn, estimated
- Top 0.04–0.2%, Corporate tax €5.1bn, estimated
- Top 0.04%, Corporate tax €7.7bn, estimated
- Result
- €78.1 billion
Why believe this?
Top 13–20%, Corporate tax
€2.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 22 “Impôt sur les sociétés”, columns R and S and T (0.0531 × V16 + 1.0000 × V17 + 0.3247 × V18), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 22, V16: -1.7; row 22, V17: -2; row 22, V18: -2.6
- As published
- €2.9 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.3–0.6%, Corporate tax
€4.4bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Corporate tax × ∫ level^e over P99.4036–99.6595 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0764), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.642), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Corporate tax €57.4bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.6, estimated
- Result
- €4.4 billion
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Net financial income, below P95
€8.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Interest, dividends and other property income households receive, less the interest they pay.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 8 “Revenus financiers nets (intérêts, dividendes, etc.)”, column U (0.5730 × V19), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 8, V19: 15.6
- As published
- €8.9 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Rents, actual and imputed
€19.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Rents landlords receive and the rent owner-occupiers are deemed to pay themselves, net of costs.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 9 “Loyers réels et imputés aux propriétaires”, columns L and M and N and O (0.2087 × V10 + 1.0000 × V11 + 1.0000 × V12 + 0.2689 × V13), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 9, V10: 7.1; row 9, V11: 7.6; row 9, V12: 8.4; row 9, V13: 8.7
- As published
- €19.8 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, Other taxes on income and wealth
€798mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
Calculation
- Computed as
Other taxes on income and wealth × Top 0.04–0.2%, Other taxes on income and wealth ÷ All groups, Other taxes on income and wealth- From
- Other taxes on income and wealth €24.7bn, estimated
- Top 0.04–0.2%, Other taxes on income and wealth €778m, estimated
- All groups, Other taxes on income and wealth €24.1bn, estimated
- Result
- €0.8 billion
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Other contributions, above P95
€7.4bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Other contributions × ∫ level^e over P95–96.4785 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.1630), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.642), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Other contributions €45.1bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.6, estimated
- Result
- €7.4 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, Pension contributions
€1.7bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
Calculation
- Computed as
Pension contributions × Top 0.04–0.2%, Pension contributions ÷ All groups, Pension contributions- From
- Pension contributions €280.4bn, estimated
- Top 0.04–0.2%, Pension contributions €2bn, estimated
- All groups, Pension contributions €328.7bn, estimated
- Result
- €1.7 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, Taxes on products
€2.7bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
- Caveat
- Insee attributes the whole amount to residents; the part falling outside France is taken out of every group in proportion.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 0.04–0.2%, Taxes on products × (1 − Share of consumption by visitors ÷ 100)- From
- Top 0.04–0.2%, Taxes on products €2.8bn, estimated
- Share of consumption by visitors 4.4%, estimated
- Result
- €2.7 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, people
27,208EstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Individuals of all ages, as Insee counts them in its distributional accounts.
Calculation
- Computed as
(Everyone, Individuals, millions, Insee × (upper percentile − lower percentile) ÷ 100) × 1,000,000- From
- Everyone, Individuals, millions, Insee 68.4, estimated
- Rank above which people hold 2% of income 100, estimated
- Result
- 27,208
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Profits kept in companies
€70.5bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The part of companies' profits that is not paid out, attributed to the households that own them.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Profits kept in companies × ∫ level^e over P99.9602–100 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.7796), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.94: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20- From
- Top 5%, Profits kept in companies €90.4bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- V19, Profits des entreprises non distribués aux ménages (B), Insee €10.5bn, estimated
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn, estimated
- V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- V20, Profits des entreprises non distribués aux ménages (B), Insee €90.4bn, estimated
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn, estimated
- V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- Result
- €70.5 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, profits kept in companies, monthly equivalent per resident, 2023 data
€23,080EstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
- Competing figures
- €23,080, Central. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €22,340, a strict Pareto tail above P95. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €37,130, a tail as concentrated as WID's ranking by own income. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €215,850, each item along Insee's V19 to V20 gradient. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €23,080, personal taxes, contributions and corporate tax along IPP's rates. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 0.04%, Profits kept in companies × 10⁹ ÷ Top 0.04%, people ÷ 12- From
- Top 0.04%, Profits kept in companies €7.5bn, estimated
- Top 0.04%, people 27,208, estimated
- Result
- €23,080
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Social care and housing aid
€17.9mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care for dependent elderly and disabled people, childcare and other social action, housing benefits and the energy cheque, and the running costs of social security, received in kind.
Calculation
- Computed as
Social care and housing aid × Top 0.04%, Social care and housing aid ÷ All groups, Social care and housing aid- From
- Social care and housing aid €107.7bn, estimated
- Top 0.04%, Social care and housing aid €19.4m, estimated
- All groups, Social care and housing aid €116.3bn, estimated
- Result
- €0.0 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Health care
€74.9mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.
Calculation
- Computed as
Health care × Top 0.04%, Health care ÷ All groups, Health care- From
- Health care €249.7bn, estimated
- Top 0.04%, Health care €62.8m, estimated
- All groups, Health care €209.4bn, estimated
- Result
- €0.1 billion
Why believe this?
Public debt held by the rest of the world, end 2023
€1,589bnObserved2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Gross consolidated debt of general government at the end of the year, at face value, by the sector that holds it.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
gov_10dd_ggd(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=MIO_EURsector=S13na_item=GDmaturity=TOTALsector2=S2time=2023· query this cell- As published
- €1,588,630.7 million
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-06-05, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.
Why believe this?
Public debt held by the central bank, end 2023
€660.9bnObserved2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Gross consolidated debt of general government at the end of the year, at face value, by the sector that holds it.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
gov_10dd_ggd(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=MIO_EURsector=S13na_item=GDmaturity=TOTALsector2=S121time=2023· query this cell- As published
- €660,930.0 million
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-06-05, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, levies through companies
€42bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Taxes on products and on production and corporate tax that companies hand over but whose incidence Insee attributes to the group.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 0.9–3.5%, Taxes on products + Top 0.9–3.5%, Taxes on production + Top 0.9–3.5%, Corporate tax- From
- Top 0.9–3.5%, Taxes on products €13.3bn, estimated
- Top 0.9–3.5%, Taxes on production €9.3bn, estimated
- Top 0.9–3.5%, Corporate tax €19.4bn, estimated
- Result
- €42.0 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.6–0.9%, levies through companies
€8.4bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Taxes on products and on production and corporate tax that companies hand over but whose incidence Insee attributes to the group.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 0.6–0.9%, Taxes on products + Top 0.6–0.9%, Taxes on production + Top 0.6–0.9%, Corporate tax- From
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Taxes on products €2.7bn, estimated
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Taxes on production €1.9bn, estimated
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Corporate tax €3.9bn, estimated
- Result
- €8.4 billion
Why believe this?
Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, subsidies through companies
€11bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Subsidies paid to companies whose benefit Insee attributes to the group.
Calculation
- Computed as
Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Subsidies on products + Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Subsidies on production- From
- Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Subsidies on products €5.3bn, estimated
- Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Subsidies on production €5.7bn, estimated
- Result
- €11.0 billion