Official figures and this site's calculations
Why believe this?
Figures of one view and year of the diagram, with their sources and how they were computed, each under its own anchor. Back to Public money.
16 parts: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Why believe this?
Tax households above P99.999, 2016
378Observed2016
Definition
- What it counts
- The number of tax households above the threshold.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Institut des politiques publiques, Quels impôts les milliardaires paient-ils ? Note n° 92 (Bach, Bozio, Guillouzouic, Malgouyres), updated 2025
- Where
- Tableau 1, p. 3
- Published
- May 2025
- It says
P99.999: 378 foyers
- As published
- 378
- Read
- 2026-10-04
Why believe this?
Personal tax rate, P99.9–99.99, 2016
20%Estimated2016
Definition
- What it counts
- Wealth tax, income tax and social levies on capital income and earnings as a share of economic income, averaged over the slice.
- Caveat
- Read from IPP Note 92, Figure 1b, to about one point: the figure plots rates by g-percentile, averaged here over the slice.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Institut des politiques publiques, Quels impôts les milliardaires paient-ils ? Note n° 92 (Bach, Bozio, Guillouzouic, Malgouyres), updated 2025
- Where
- Figure 1b, p. 6, read from the chart (±1 point)
- Published
- May 2025
- It says
Taux d'imposition global par g-percentile, revenu économique
- As published
- 20.0%
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, paid a month per person
€166,280EstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 0.04%, levies paid × 10⁹ ÷ Top 0.04%, people ÷ 12- From
- Top 0.04%, levies paid €54.3bn, estimated
- Top 0.04%, people 27,208, estimated
- Result
- €166,280
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Taxes on products
€1.1bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
- Caveat
- Insee attributes the whole amount to residents; the part falling outside France is taken out of every group in proportion.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 0.04%, Taxes on products × (1 − Share of consumption by visitors ÷ 100)- From
- Top 0.04%, Taxes on products €1.1bn, estimated
- Share of consumption by visitors 4.4%, estimated
- Result
- €1.1 billion
Why believe this?
V16, Extended primary income, Insee
€130.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Income before any public transfer: labour income with all social contributions, property and self-employment income, retained profits attributed to owners and a share of public bodies' primary income.
- Caveat
- Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 14 “Revenu primaire élargi (D=A+B+C)”, column R (V16)
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- As published
- €130.8 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 20–29%, Taxes on products
€31.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 18 “Taxes sur les produits (TVA, TICPE, accises, DMTO, etc.)”, columns Q and R (0.7176 × V15 + 0.9469 × V16), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 18, V15: -18.1; row 18, V16: -19.4
- As published
- €31.4 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Purchases of non-residents on the territory
€65.9bnObserved2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Consumption by non-resident households on the economic territory (ESA P34), current prices.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
nama_10_fcs(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=CP_MEURna_item=P34time=2023· query this cell- As published
- €65,858.0 million
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-10-13, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.
Why believe this?
All groups, Taxes on production
€127.9bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 33%, Taxes on production + Bottom 33–49%, Taxes on production + Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Taxes on production + Top 29–39%, Taxes on production + Top 20–29%, Taxes on production + Top 13–20%, Taxes on production + Top 7.9–13%, Taxes on production + Top 3.5–7.9%, Taxes on production + Top 0.9–3.5%, Taxes on production + Top 0.6–0.9%, Taxes on production + Top 0.3–0.6%, Taxes on production + Top 0.2–0.3%, Taxes on production + Top 0.04–0.2%, Taxes on production + Top 0.04%, Taxes on production- From
- Bottom 33%, Taxes on production €15.2bn, estimated
- Bottom 33–49%, Taxes on production €14.5bn, estimated
- Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Taxes on production €14.2bn, estimated
- Top 29–39%, Taxes on production €14.1bn, estimated
- Top 20–29%, Taxes on production €13.8bn, estimated
- Top 13–20%, Taxes on production €13.3bn, estimated
- Top 7.9–13%, Taxes on production €13.1bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Taxes on production €12.4bn, estimated
- Top 0.9–3.5%, Taxes on production €10.6bn, estimated
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Taxes on production €1.8bn, estimated
- Top 0.3–0.6%, Taxes on production €1.6bn, estimated
- Top 0.2–0.3%, Taxes on production €1.4bn, estimated
- Top 0.04–0.2%, Taxes on production €1.2bn, estimated
- Top 0.04%, Taxes on production €769m, estimated
- Result
- €127.9 billion
Why believe this?
Top 13–20%, Taxes on production
€13.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 20 “Taxes sur la production (taxes patronales, TF, etc.)”, columns R and S and T (0.0531 × V16 + 1.0000 × V17 + 0.3247 × V18), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 20, V16: -8.6; row 20, V17: -9.3; row 20, V18: -11
- As published
- €13.3 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Taxes on income and wealth
€357.2bnObserved2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Personal income tax, CSG and CRDS, corporate income tax, and the property wealth tax (IFI).
Where it comes from
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
gov_10a_main(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=MIO_EURsector=S13na_item=D5RECtime=2023· query this cell- As published
- €357,244.0 million
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-07-21, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.
Why believe this?
Other taxes on income and wealth
€24.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 25 “Autres impôts sur les revenus et le patrimoine (TH, ISF/IFI, CRDS, etc.)”, column B (Ensemble)
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- As published
- €24.3 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 33–49%, Corporate tax
€1.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 22 “Impôt sur les sociétés”, columns I and J and K and L (0.3399 × V7 + 1.0000 × V8 + 1.0000 × V9 + 0.7913 × V10), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 22, V7: -0.3; row 22, V8: -0.4; row 22, V9: -0.4; row 22, V10: -0.4
- As published
- €1.2 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Corporate tax, above P95
€1.1bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Corporate tax × ∫ level^e over P95–96.4785 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0186), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.94: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20- From
- Top 5%, Corporate tax €57.4bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- V19, Corporate tax, Insee €6.7bn, estimated
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn, estimated
- V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- V20, Corporate tax, Insee €57.4bn, estimated
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn, estimated
- V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- Result
- €1.1 billion
Why believe this?
Shares issued by non-financial corporations
€11,069bnObserved2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Listed and unlisted shares (ESA F51), at the end of the year, at market value or own funds for unlisted companies.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
nasa_10_f_bs(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=MIO_EURco_nco=NCOsector=S11finpos=LIABna_item=F51time=2023· query this cell- As published
- €11,069,025.0 million
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-10-14, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.
Why believe this?
All groups, CSG
€147.2bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 33%, CSG + Bottom 33–49%, CSG + Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, CSG + Top 29–39%, CSG + Top 20–29%, CSG + Top 13–20%, CSG + Top 7.9–13%, CSG + Top 3.5–7.9%, CSG + Top 0.9–3.5%, CSG + Top 0.6–0.9%, CSG + Top 0.3–0.6%, CSG + Top 0.2–0.3%, CSG + Top 0.04–0.2%, CSG + Top 0.04%, CSG- From
- Bottom 33%, CSG €14.4bn, estimated
- Bottom 33–49%, CSG €16.3bn, estimated
- Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, CSG €16.3bn, estimated
- Top 29–39%, CSG €16.2bn, estimated
- Top 20–29%, CSG €15.7bn, estimated
- Top 13–20%, CSG €15.3bn, estimated
- Top 7.9–13%, CSG €15bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, CSG €14.6bn, estimated
- Top 0.9–3.5%, CSG €13.4bn, estimated
- Top 0.6–0.9%, CSG €2.4bn, estimated
- Top 0.3–0.6%, CSG €2.3bn, estimated
- Top 0.2–0.3%, CSG €2.1bn, estimated
- Top 0.04–0.2%, CSG €1.9bn, estimated
- Top 0.04%, CSG €1.4bn, estimated
- Result
- €147.2 billion
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, CSG
€14.6bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 3.5–7.9%, CSG, below P95 + Top 3.5–7.9%, CSG, above P95- From
- Top 3.5–7.9%, CSG, below P95 €8.8bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, CSG, above P95 €5.8bn, estimated
- Result
- €14.6 billion
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, CSG, below P95
€8.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 23 “Contribution sociale généralisée (CSG)”, column U (0.5730 × V19), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 23, V19: -15.4
- As published
- €8.8 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.3–0.6%, Net financial income
€5.2bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Interest, dividends and other property income households receive, less the interest they pay.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Net financial income × ∫ level^e over P99.4036–99.6595 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Net financial income €62.3bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €5.2 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Rents, actual and imputed
€1.8bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Rents landlords receive and the rent owner-occupiers are deemed to pay themselves, net of costs.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Rents, actual and imputed × ∫ level^e over P99.9602–100 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Rents, actual and imputed €21.4bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €1.8 billion
Why believe this?
Top 20–29%, Rents, actual and imputed
€17.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Rents landlords receive and the rent owner-occupiers are deemed to pay themselves, net of costs.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 9 “Loyers réels et imputés aux propriétaires”, columns Q and R (0.7176 × V15 + 0.9469 × V16), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 9, V15: 9.9; row 9, V16: 10.6
- As published
- €17.1 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
All groups, Income tax
€101.5bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 33%, Income tax + Bottom 33–49%, Income tax + Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Income tax + Top 29–39%, Income tax + Top 20–29%, Income tax + Top 13–20%, Income tax + Top 7.9–13%, Income tax + Top 3.5–7.9%, Income tax + Top 0.9–3.5%, Income tax + Top 0.6–0.9%, Income tax + Top 0.3–0.6%, Income tax + Top 0.2–0.3%, Income tax + Top 0.04–0.2%, Income tax + Top 0.04%, Income tax- From
- Bottom 33%, Income tax €2.9bn, estimated
- Bottom 33–49%, Income tax €1.3bn, estimated
- Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Income tax €3.3bn, estimated
- Top 29–39%, Income tax €5.1bn, estimated
- Top 20–29%, Income tax €7.3bn, estimated
- Top 13–20%, Income tax €9.8bn, estimated
- Top 7.9–13%, Income tax €13.3bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Income tax €14.7bn, estimated
- Top 0.9–3.5%, Income tax €15.9bn, estimated
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Income tax €3.8bn, estimated
- Top 0.3–0.6%, Income tax €4.1bn, estimated
- Top 0.2–0.3%, Income tax €4.6bn, estimated
- Top 0.04–0.2%, Income tax €5.6bn, estimated
- Top 0.04%, Income tax €9.8bn, estimated
- Result
- €101.5 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Other taxes on income and wealth
€1.6bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Other taxes on income and wealth × ∫ level^e over P99.9602–100 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.1858), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.34: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20- From
- Top 5%, Other taxes on income and wealth €8.8bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- V19, Other taxes on income and wealth, Insee €2.9bn, estimated
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn, estimated
- V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- V20, Other taxes on income and wealth, Insee €8.8bn, estimated
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn, estimated
- V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- Result
- €1.6 billion
Why believe this?
V20, Cotisations sociales chômage1, Insee
€5.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- A row of Insee's distributional accounts, read as published.
- Caveat
- Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 27 “Cotisations sociales chômage1”, column V (V20)
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- As published
- €5.1 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
All groups, Other contributions
€214bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 33%, Other contributions + Bottom 33–49%, Other contributions + Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Other contributions + Top 29–39%, Other contributions + Top 20–29%, Other contributions + Top 13–20%, Other contributions + Top 7.9–13%, Other contributions + Top 3.5–7.9%, Other contributions + Top 0.9–3.5%, Other contributions + Top 0.6–0.9%, Other contributions + Top 0.3–0.6%, Other contributions + Top 0.2–0.3%, Other contributions + Top 0.04–0.2%, Other contributions + Top 0.04%, Other contributions- From
- Bottom 33%, Other contributions €17.9bn, estimated
- Bottom 33–49%, Other contributions €20.2bn, estimated
- Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Other contributions €21.2bn, estimated
- Top 29–39%, Other contributions €22.3bn, estimated
- Top 20–29%, Other contributions €23.2bn, estimated
- Top 13–20%, Other contributions €24.1bn, estimated
- Top 7.9–13%, Other contributions €25.1bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Other contributions €24.5bn, estimated
- Top 0.9–3.5%, Other contributions €21.2bn, estimated
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Other contributions €3.6bn, estimated
- Top 0.3–0.6%, Other contributions €3.4bn, estimated
- Top 0.2–0.3%, Other contributions €3bn, estimated
- Top 0.04–0.2%, Other contributions €2.6bn, estimated
- Top 0.04%, Other contributions €1.7bn, estimated
- Result
- €214.0 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.3–0.6%, Other contributions
€3.4bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Other contributions × ∫ level^e over P99.4036–99.6595 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0745), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.66: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20- From
- Top 5%, Other contributions €45.1bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- V19, Autres cotisations sociales (maladie, invalidité, ATMP)1, Insee €18.2bn, estimated
- V19, Cotisations sociales chômage1, Insee €3.7bn, estimated
- V19, Cotisations sociales famille1, Insee €4.1bn, estimated
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn, estimated
- V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- V20, Autres cotisations sociales (maladie, invalidité, ATMP)1, Insee €32.3bn, estimated
- V20, Cotisations sociales chômage1, Insee €5.1bn, estimated
- V20, Cotisations sociales famille1, Insee €7.7bn, estimated
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn, estimated
- V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- Result
- €3.4 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, Taxes on production
€9.3bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Taxes on production × ∫ level^e over P96.4785–99.0795 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.4189), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.479), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Taxes on production €22.2bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €9.3 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.6–0.9%, Taxes on production
€1.9bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Taxes on production × ∫ level^e over P99.0795–99.4036 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0838), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.479), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Taxes on production €22.2bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €1.9 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 33%, CSG
€14.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 23 “Contribution sociale généralisée (CSG)”, columns C and D and E and F and G and H and I (1.0000 × V1 + 1.0000 × V2 + 1.0000 × V3 + 1.0000 × V4 + 1.0000 × V5 + 1.0000 × V6 + 0.6601 × V7), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 23, V1: -0.5; row 23, V2: -0.9; row 23, V3: -1.5; row 23, V4: -2.2; row 23, V5: -2.8; row 23, V6: -3.7; row 23, V7: -4.3
- As published
- €14.4 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.2–0.3%, CSG
€2.4bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, CSG × ∫ level^e over P99.6595–99.8457 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0834), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.479), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, CSG €29.3bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €2.4 billion
Why believe this?
Top 20–29%, Net financial income
€8.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Interest, dividends and other property income households receive, less the interest they pay.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 8 “Revenus financiers nets (intérêts, dividendes, etc.)”, columns Q and R (0.7176 × V15 + 0.9469 × V16), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 8, V15: 4.9; row 8, V16: 5.6
- As published
- €8.8 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Rents, actual and imputed, above P95
€3.6bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Rents landlords receive and the rent owner-occupiers are deemed to pay themselves, net of costs.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Rents, actual and imputed × ∫ level^e over P95–96.4785 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.1668), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.479), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Rents, actual and imputed €21.4bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €3.6 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, Rents, actual and imputed
€1.8bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Rents landlords receive and the rent owner-occupiers are deemed to pay themselves, net of costs.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Rents, actual and imputed × ∫ level^e over P99.8457–99.9602 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0828), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.479), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Rents, actual and imputed €21.4bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €1.8 billion
Why believe this?
Top 7.9–13%, Income tax
€13.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 24 “Impôt sur le revenu (IR)”, columns T and U (0.6753 × V18 + 0.4270 × V19), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 24, V18: -9.7; row 24, V19: -15.9
- As published
- €13.3 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 29–39%, Other taxes on income and wealth
€1.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 25 “Autres impôts sur les revenus et le patrimoine (TH, ISF/IFI, CRDS, etc.)”, columns O and P and Q (0.7311 × V13 + 1.0000 × V14 + 0.2824 × V15), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 25, V13: -0.8; row 25, V14: -0.9; row 25, V15: -1
- As published
- €1.8 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.3–0.6%, Other taxes on income and wealth
€736mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Other taxes on income and wealth × ∫ level^e over P99.4036–99.6595 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0837), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.479), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Other taxes on income and wealth €8.8bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €0.7 billion
Why believe this?
Top 7.9–13%, Pension contributions
€35.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 26 “Cotisations sociales retraite1”, columns T and U (0.6753 × V18 + 0.4270 × V19), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 26, V18: -29.7; row 26, V19: -35.7
- As published
- €35.3 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Other contributions
€3.6bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Other contributions × ∫ level^e over P99.9602–100 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0807), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.479), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Other contributions €45.1bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €3.6 billion
Why believe this?
Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Other contributions
€21.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 27 “Cotisations sociales chômage1”; 28 “Cotisations sociales famille1”; 29 “Autres cotisations sociales (maladie, invalidité, ATMP)1”, columns L and M and N and O (0.2087 × V10 + 1.0000 × V11 + 1.0000 × V12 + 0.2689 × V13), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 29, V10: -4.8; row 29, V11: -5.1; row 29, V12: -5.6; row 29, V13: -6.7; row 27, V10: -1.3; row 27, V11: -1.4; row 27, V12: -1.5; row 27, V13: -1.9; row 28, V10: -1.5; row 28, V11: -1.6; row 28, V12: -1.6; row 28, V13: -1.9
- As published
- €21.2 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Taxes on production
€1.9bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Taxes on production × ∫ level^e over P99.9602–100 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Taxes on production €22.2bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €1.9 billion
Why believe this?
All groups, Corporate tax
€78.1bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 33%, Corporate tax + Bottom 33–49%, Corporate tax + Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Corporate tax + Top 29–39%, Corporate tax + Top 20–29%, Corporate tax + Top 13–20%, Corporate tax + Top 7.9–13%, Corporate tax + Top 3.5–7.9%, Corporate tax + Top 0.9–3.5%, Corporate tax + Top 0.6–0.9%, Corporate tax + Top 0.3–0.6%, Corporate tax + Top 0.2–0.3%, Corporate tax + Top 0.04–0.2%, Corporate tax + Top 0.04%, Corporate tax- From
- Bottom 33%, Corporate tax €2.3bn, estimated
- Bottom 33–49%, Corporate tax €1.2bn, estimated
- Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Corporate tax €1.7bn, estimated
- Top 29–39%, Corporate tax €1.6bn, estimated
- Top 20–29%, Corporate tax €2.5bn, estimated
- Top 13–20%, Corporate tax €2.9bn, estimated
- Top 7.9–13%, Corporate tax €4.6bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Corporate tax €13.4bn, estimated
- Top 0.9–3.5%, Corporate tax €23.9bn, estimated
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Corporate tax €4.8bn, estimated
- Top 0.3–0.6%, Corporate tax €4.8bn, estimated
- Top 0.2–0.3%, Corporate tax €4.8bn, estimated
- Top 0.04–0.2%, Corporate tax €4.8bn, estimated
- Top 0.04%, Corporate tax €4.8bn, estimated
- Result
- €78.1 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, Corporate tax
€23.9bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Corporate tax × ∫ level^e over P96.4785–99.0795 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.4167), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Corporate tax €57.4bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €23.9 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 33%, CSG
€14.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 23 “Contribution sociale généralisée (CSG)”, columns C and D and E and F and G and H and I (1.0000 × V1 + 1.0000 × V2 + 1.0000 × V3 + 1.0000 × V4 + 1.0000 × V5 + 1.0000 × V6 + 0.6601 × V7), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 23, V1: -0.5; row 23, V2: -0.9; row 23, V3: -1.5; row 23, V4: -2.2; row 23, V5: -2.8; row 23, V6: -3.7; row 23, V7: -4.3
- As published
- €14.4 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 20–29%, Net financial income
€8.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Interest, dividends and other property income households receive, less the interest they pay.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 8 “Revenus financiers nets (intérêts, dividendes, etc.)”, columns Q and R (0.7176 × V15 + 0.9469 × V16), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 8, V15: 4.9; row 8, V16: 5.6
- As published
- €8.8 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.2–0.3%, Net financial income
€5.2bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Interest, dividends and other property income households receive, less the interest they pay.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Net financial income × ∫ level^e over P99.6595–99.8457 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Net financial income €62.3bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €5.2 billion
Why believe this?
Top 7.9–13%, Income tax
€13.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 24 “Impôt sur le revenu (IR)”, columns T and U (0.6753 × V18 + 0.4270 × V19), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 24, V18: -9.7; row 24, V19: -15.9
- As published
- €13.3 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 29–39%, Other taxes on income and wealth
€1.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 25 “Autres impôts sur les revenus et le patrimoine (TH, ISF/IFI, CRDS, etc.)”, columns O and P and Q (0.7311 × V13 + 1.0000 × V14 + 0.2824 × V15), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 25, V13: -0.8; row 25, V14: -0.9; row 25, V15: -1
- As published
- €1.8 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 7.9–13%, Pension contributions
€35.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 26 “Cotisations sociales retraite1”, columns T and U (0.6753 × V18 + 0.4270 × V19), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 26, V18: -29.7; row 26, V19: -35.7
- As published
- €35.3 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Other contributions
€21.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 27 “Cotisations sociales chômage1”; 28 “Cotisations sociales famille1”; 29 “Autres cotisations sociales (maladie, invalidité, ATMP)1”, columns L and M and N and O (0.2087 × V10 + 1.0000 × V11 + 1.0000 × V12 + 0.2689 × V13), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 29, V10: -4.8; row 29, V11: -5.1; row 29, V12: -5.6; row 29, V13: -6.7; row 27, V10: -1.3; row 27, V11: -1.4; row 27, V12: -1.5; row 27, V13: -1.9; row 28, V10: -1.5; row 28, V11: -1.6; row 28, V12: -1.6; row 28, V13: -1.9
- As published
- €21.2 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.6–0.9%, Other contributions
€3.8bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Other contributions × ∫ level^e over P99.0795–99.4036 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Other contributions €45.1bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €3.8 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 33%, profits kept in companies, monthly equivalent per resident, 2023 data
€10EstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
- Competing figures
- €10, Central. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €10, a strict Pareto tail above P95. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €10, a tail as concentrated as WID's ranking by own income. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €10, each item along Insee's V19 to V20 gradient. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €10, personal taxes, contributions and corporate tax along IPP's rates. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 33%, Profits kept in companies × 10⁹ ÷ Bottom 33%, people ÷ 12- From
- Bottom 33%, Profits kept in companies €3.6bn, estimated
- Bottom 33%, people 22.8 million, estimated
- Result
- €10
Why believe this?
Subsidies on products
€31.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 19 “Subventions sur les produits (transports, etc.)”, column B (Ensemble)
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- As published
- €31.8 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 29–39%, Subsidies on products
€3.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 19 “Subventions sur les produits (transports, etc.)”, columns O and P and Q (0.7311 × V13 + 1.0000 × V14 + 0.2824 × V15), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 19, V13: 1.6; row 19, V14: 1.6; row 19, V15: 1.7
- As published
- €3.2 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Subsidies on production
€53bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.
- Caveat
- Estimated for this page: both years are put on the general-government perimeter (Eurostat S13). Each Insee item is scaled to Eurostat's total of its category for the year, split between the items of the category and between groups as Insee's 2023 accounts split it. Insee's own 2023 levels are wider in places (firms' collective pension and health schemes) and COFOG counts spending gross of the fees that finance part of it; the evidence panels show both.
Calculation
- Computed as
Collective services, economic affairs and subsidies, at home × Subsidies on production ÷ Insee items in COFOG 01 without debt interest, 02 to 06- From
- Collective services, economic affairs and subsidies, at home €430bn
- Subsidies on production €38.1bn, estimated
- Insee items in COFOG 01 without debt interest, 02 to 06 €309.3bn, estimated
- Result
- €53.0 billion
Why believe this?
Top 7.9–13%, Subsidies on production
€4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 21 “Subventions sur la production (aides à l'apprentissage, aides sectorielles, etc.)”, columns T and U (0.6753 × V18 + 0.4270 × V19), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 21, V18: 3.3; row 21, V19: 4.1
- As published
- €4.0 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 5%, Unemployment benefits
€2.5bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 32 “Allocations chômage”, column V (V20)
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- As published
- €2.5 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 33–49%, Other cash benefits
€21bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 33 “Autres revenus de remplacement (IJ, ATMP)”; 34 “Famille”; 35 “Exclusion sociale”; 36 “Invalidité”; 37 “Remboursements des contrats collectifs de complémentaires santé”, columns I and J and K and L (0.3399 × V7 + 1.0000 × V8 + 1.0000 × V9 + 0.7913 × V10), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 33, V7: 1.2; row 33, V8: 1.4; row 33, V9: 1.5; row 33, V10: 1.6; row 34, V7: 1.8; row 34, V8: 1.9; row 34, V9: 1.7; row 34, V10: 1.7; row 35, V7: 2; row 35, V8: 1.6; row 35, V9: 1.4; row 35, V10: 0.9; row 36, V7: 1.3; row 36, V8: 0.9; row 36, V9: 1.1; row 36, V10: 1.1; row 37, V7: 1; row 37, V8: 1; row 37, V9: 1; row 37, V10: 1
- As published
- €21.0 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 5%, Other cash benefits
€8.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 33 “Autres revenus de remplacement (IJ, ATMP)”; 34 “Famille”; 35 “Exclusion sociale”; 36 “Invalidité”; 37 “Remboursements des contrats collectifs de complémentaires santé”, column V (V20), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 33, V20: 6.1; row 34, V20: 0.3; row 35, V20: 0.2; row 36, V20: 0.6; row 37, V20: 1.2
- As published
- €8.4 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, Other cash benefits
€192mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Other cash benefits × ∫ level^e over P99.8457–99.9602 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0229), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.00: the same per person, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Other cash benefits €8.4bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €0.2 billion
Why believe this?
Health care
€209.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 40 “Santé”, column B (Ensemble)
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- As published
- €209.4 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 29–39%, Health care
€20.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 40 “Santé”, columns O and P and Q (0.7311 × V13 + 1.0000 × V14 + 0.2824 × V15), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 40, V13: 10.8; row 40, V14: 10.8; row 40, V15: 7.8
- As published
- €20.9 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 33%, Education
€58.5bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.
Calculation
- Computed as
Education × Bottom 33%, Education ÷ All groups, Education- From
- Education €141.6bn, estimated
- Bottom 33%, Education €53bn, estimated
- All groups, Education €128.1bn, estimated
- Result
- €58.5 billion
Why believe this?
Education
€128.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 41 “Enseignement2”, column B (Ensemble)
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- As published
- €128.1 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 29–39%, Education
€11bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 41 “Enseignement2”, columns O and P and Q (0.7311 × V13 + 1.0000 × V14 + 0.2824 × V15), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 41, V13: 5.6; row 41, V14: 5.3; row 41, V15: 5.7
- As published
- €11.0 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 20–29%, Social care and housing aid
€5.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care for dependent elderly and disabled people, childcare and other social action, housing benefits and the energy cheque, and the running costs of social security, received in kind.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 42 “Action sociale (dépendance, handicap, petite enfance, etc.)”; 44 “Aides au logement et chèque énergie”; 45 “Frais de fonctionnement de la Sécurité sociale”, columns Q and R (0.7176 × V15 + 0.9469 × V16), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 42, V15: 2.5; row 42, V16: 2.1; row 44, V15: 0.1; row 44, V16: 0.1; row 45, V15: 0.9; row 45, V16: 0.9
- As published
- €5.4 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.2–0.3%, Social care and housing aid
€101mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care for dependent elderly and disabled people, childcare and other social action, housing benefits and the energy cheque, and the running costs of social security, received in kind.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Social care and housing aid × ∫ level^e over P99.6595–99.8457 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0372), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.00: the same per person, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Social care and housing aid €2.7bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €0.1 billion
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Culture and leisure
€2.3bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 3.5–7.9%, Culture and leisure, below P95 + Top 3.5–7.9%, Culture and leisure, above P95- From
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Culture and leisure, below P95 €1.5bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Culture and leisure, above P95 €769m, estimated
- Result
- €2.3 billion
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Culture and leisure, below P95
€1.5bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 43 “Culture et loisirs”, column U (0.5730 × V19), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 43, V19: 2.6
- As published
- €1.5 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 5%, Culture and leisure
€2.6bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 43 “Culture et loisirs”, column V (V20)
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- As published
- €2.6 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.3–0.6%, Culture and leisure
€133mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Culture and leisure × ∫ level^e over P99.4036–99.6595 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0512), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.00: the same per person, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Culture and leisure €2.6bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €0.1 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 33–49%, Collective services
€51.3bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Defence, police, justice, general administration and other collective spending, spread over people, net of other transfers and of balances with the rest of the world, which are small and negative overall.
Calculation
- Computed as
Collective services × Bottom 33–49%, Collective services ÷ All groups, Collective services- From
- Collective services €332.8bn, estimated
- Bottom 33–49%, Collective services €36.9bn, estimated
- All groups, Collective services €239.5bn, estimated
- Result
- €51.3 billion
Why believe this?
Rank above which people hold 70% of income
61.3EstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The rank in Insee's ranking by living standard above which people hold this share of extended primary income: linear between Insee's twentieths below P95, on the generalized Pareto tail above.
Calculation
- Computed as
share of primary income above the rank = 70%, on Insee's curve (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490 above P95)- From
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- V1, Extended primary income, Insee €10.4bn, estimated
- V2, Extended primary income, Insee €16.6bn, estimated
- V3, Extended primary income, Insee €25.3bn, estimated
- V4, Extended primary income, Insee €32.4bn, estimated
- V5, Extended primary income, Insee €40.5bn, estimated
- V6, Extended primary income, Insee €47bn, estimated
- V7, Extended primary income, Insee €54.7bn, estimated
- V8, Extended primary income, Insee €63.1bn, estimated
- V9, Extended primary income, Insee €68.3bn, estimated
- V10, Extended primary income, Insee €73.7bn, estimated
- V11, Extended primary income, Insee €80.6bn, estimated
- V12, Extended primary income, Insee €85.9bn, estimated
- V13, Extended primary income, Insee €98.3bn, estimated
- V14, Extended primary income, Insee €103.2bn, estimated
- V15, Extended primary income, Insee €117.7bn, estimated
- V16, Extended primary income, Insee €130.8bn, estimated
- V17, Extended primary income, Insee €146bn, estimated
- V18, Extended primary income, Insee €170.5bn, estimated
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn, estimated
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn, estimated
- Result
- 61
Why believe this?
Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Taxes on products
€39.6bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
Calculation
- Computed as
Taxes on products × Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Taxes on products ÷ All groups, Taxes on products- From
- Taxes on products €318.8bn, estimated
- Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Taxes on products €39.5bn, estimated
- All groups, Taxes on products €318.6bn, estimated
- Result
- €39.6 billion
Why believe this?
Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Other taxes on income and wealth
€1.9bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
Calculation
- Computed as
Other taxes on income and wealth × Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Other taxes on income and wealth ÷ All groups, Other taxes on income and wealth- From
- Other taxes on income and wealth €24.7bn, estimated
- Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Other taxes on income and wealth €1.8bn, estimated
- All groups, Other taxes on income and wealth €24.1bn, estimated
- Result
- €1.9 billion
Why believe this?
Top 29–39%, Subsidies on production
€5.6bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.
Calculation
- Computed as
Subsidies on production × Top 29–39%, Subsidies on production ÷ All groups, Subsidies on production- From
- Subsidies on production €53bn, estimated
- Top 29–39%, Subsidies on production €4bn, estimated
- All groups, Subsidies on production €38.2bn, estimated
- Result
- €5.6 billion
Why believe this?
Top 20–29%, rents, actual and imputed, monthly equivalent per resident, 2023 data
€250EstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
- Competing figures
- €250, Central. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €250, a strict Pareto tail above P95. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €250, a tail as concentrated as WID's ranking by own income. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €250, each item along Insee's V19 to V20 gradient. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €250, personal taxes, contributions and corporate tax along IPP's rates. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 20–29%, Rents, actual and imputed × 10⁹ ÷ Top 20–29%, people ÷ 12- From
- Top 20–29%, Rents, actual and imputed €17.1bn, estimated
- Top 20–29%, people 5.7 million, estimated
- Result
- €250
Why believe this?
Top 13–20%, net financial income, monthly equivalent per resident, 2023 data
€190EstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
- Competing figures
- €190, Central. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €190, a strict Pareto tail above P95. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €190, a tail as concentrated as WID's ranking by own income. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €190, each item along Insee's V19 to V20 gradient. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €190, personal taxes, contributions and corporate tax along IPP's rates. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 13–20%, Net financial income × 10⁹ ÷ Top 13–20%, people ÷ 12- From
- Top 13–20%, Net financial income €10.8bn, estimated
- Top 13–20%, people 4.7 million, estimated
- Result
- €190
Why believe this?
Top 13–20%, received a month per person
€1,820EstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
- Competing figures
- €1,820, Central. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €1,820, a strict Pareto tail above P95. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €1,820, a tail as concentrated as WID's ranking by own income. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €1,820, each item along Insee's V19 to V20 gradient. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €1,820, personal taxes, contributions and corporate tax along IPP's rates. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 13–20%, transfers received × 10⁹ ÷ Top 13–20%, people ÷ 12- From
- Top 13–20%, transfers received €102.9bn, estimated
- Top 13–20%, people 4.7 million, estimated
- Result
- €1,820
Why believe this?
Top 13–20%, Pensions
€32.3bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.
Calculation
- Computed as
Pensions × Top 13–20%, Pensions ÷ All groups, Pensions- From
- Pensions €370bn, estimated
- Top 13–20%, Pensions €34.8bn, estimated
- All groups, Pensions €397.8bn, estimated
- Result
- €32.3 billion
Why believe this?
Living standard at P92.1, constant 2024 euros
€53,088EstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The living standard at this rank, interpolated linearly between Insee's two published thresholds around it.
Calculation
- Computed as
Living standard at D9, constant 2024 euros + (Living standard at C95, constant 2024 euros − Living standard at D9, constant 2024 euros) × (92.135 − 90) ÷ 5- From
- Living standard at D9, constant 2024 euros €47,900, estimated
- Living standard at C95, constant 2024 euros €60,050, estimated
- Result
- €53,088
Why believe this?
V19, Revenus financiers nets (intérêts, dividendes, etc.), Insee
€15.6bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- A row of Insee's distributional accounts, read as published.
- Caveat
- Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 8 “Revenus financiers nets (intérêts, dividendes, etc.)”, column U (V19)
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- As published
- €15.6 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, rents, actual and imputed, monthly equivalent per resident, 2023 data
€380EstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 3.5–7.9%, Rents, actual and imputed × 10⁹ ÷ Top 3.5–7.9%, people ÷ 12- From
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Rents, actual and imputed €13.7bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, people 3.0 million, estimated
- Result
- €380
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Profits kept in companies, above P95
€15.1bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The part of companies' profits that is not paid out, attributed to the households that own them.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Profits kept in companies × ∫ level^e over P95–96.4785 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.1666), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Profits kept in companies €90.4bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €15.1 billion
Why believe this?
Top 5%, Profits kept in companies
€90.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The part of companies' profits that is not paid out, attributed to the households that own them.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 10 “Profits des entreprises non distribués aux ménages (B)”, column V (V20)
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- As published
- €90.4 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Subsidies on products
€50.6mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Subsidies on products × ∫ level^e over P99.9602–100 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0211), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.42: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20- From
- Top 5%, Subsidies on products €2.4bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- V19, Subsidies on products, Insee €1.7bn, estimated
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn, estimated
- V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- V20, Subsidies on products, Insee €2.4bn, estimated
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn, estimated
- V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- Result
- €0.1 billion
Why believe this?
Top 29–39%, Pensions
€45.6bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 31 “Pensions de retraite”, columns O and P and Q (0.7311 × V13 + 1.0000 × V14 + 0.2824 × V15), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 31, V13: 20.9; row 31, V14: 23.8; row 31, V15: 23.1
- As published
- €45.6 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 20–29%, Unemployment benefits
€2.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 32 “Allocations chômage”, columns Q and R (0.7176 × V15 + 0.9469 × V16), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 32, V15: 1.8; row 32, V16: 1.6
- As published
- €2.8 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.2–0.3%, Other cash benefits
€425mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Other cash benefits × ∫ level^e over P99.6595–99.8457 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0506), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.33: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20- From
- Top 5%, Other cash benefits €8.4bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- V19, Autres revenus de remplacement (IJ, ATMP), Insee €3.8bn, estimated
- V19, Famille, Insee €400m, estimated
- V19, Exclusion sociale, Insee €200m, estimated
- V19, Invalidité, Insee €800m, estimated
- V19, Remboursements des contrats collectifs de complémentaires santé, Insee €1.2bn, estimated
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn, estimated
- V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- V20, Autres revenus de remplacement (IJ, ATMP), Insee €6.1bn, estimated
- V20, Famille, Insee €300m, estimated
- V20, Exclusion sociale, Insee €200m, estimated
- V20, Invalidité, Insee €600m, estimated
- V20, Remboursements des contrats collectifs de complémentaires santé, Insee €1.2bn, estimated
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn, estimated
- V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- Result
- €0.4 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Health care
€60.7mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Health care × ∫ level^e over P99.9602–100 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0077), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = -0.02: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20- From
- Top 5%, Health care €7.9bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- V19, Health care, Insee €8bn, estimated
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn, estimated
- V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- V20, Health care, Insee €7.9bn, estimated
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn, estimated
- V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- Result
- €0.1 billion
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Education
€4.9bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.
Calculation
- Computed as
Education × Top 3.5–7.9%, Education ÷ All groups, Education- From
- Education €141.6bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Education €4.5bn, estimated
- All groups, Education €128.1bn, estimated
- Result
- €4.9 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Education
€47mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Education × ∫ level^e over P99.9602–100 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0089), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.05: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20- From
- Top 5%, Education €5.3bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- V19, Education, Insee €5.1bn, estimated
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn, estimated
- V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- V20, Education, Insee €5.3bn, estimated
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn, estimated
- V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- Result
- €0.0 billion
Why believe this?
V19, Frais de fonctionnement de la Sécurité sociale, Insee
€1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- A row of Insee's distributional accounts, read as published.
- Caveat
- Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 45 “Frais de fonctionnement de la Sécurité sociale”, column U (V19)
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- As published
- €1.0 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, Social care and housing aid
€58mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care for dependent elderly and disabled people, childcare and other social action, housing benefits and the energy cheque, and the running costs of social security, received in kind.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Social care and housing aid × ∫ level^e over P99.8457–99.9602 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0215), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = -0.04: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20- From
- Top 5%, Social care and housing aid €2.7bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- V19, Action sociale (dépendance, handicap, petite enfance, etc.), Insee €1.7bn, estimated
- V19, Aides au logement et chèque énergie, Insee €100m, estimated
- V19, Frais de fonctionnement de la Sécurité sociale, Insee €1bn, estimated
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn, estimated
- V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- V20, Action sociale (dépendance, handicap, petite enfance, etc.), Insee €1.5bn, estimated
- V20, Aides au logement et chèque énergie, Insee €100m, estimated
- V20, Frais de fonctionnement de la Sécurité sociale, Insee €1.1bn, estimated
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn, estimated
- V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- Result
- €0.1 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 33%, Culture and leisure
€17.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 43 “Culture et loisirs”, columns C and D and E and F and G and H and I (1.0000 × V1 + 1.0000 × V2 + 1.0000 × V3 + 1.0000 × V4 + 1.0000 × V5 + 1.0000 × V6 + 0.6601 × V7), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 43, V1: 2.6; row 43, V2: 2.6; row 43, V3: 2.6; row 43, V4: 2.6; row 43, V5: 2.6; row 43, V6: 2.6; row 43, V7: 2.6
- As published
- €17.3 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.6–0.9%, Culture and leisure
€169mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Culture and leisure × ∫ level^e over P99.0795–99.4036 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0648), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.00: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20- From
- Top 5%, Culture and leisure €2.6bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- V19, Culture and leisure, Insee €2.6bn, estimated
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn, estimated
- V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- V20, Culture and leisure, Insee €2.6bn, estimated
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn, estimated
- V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- Result
- €0.2 billion
Why believe this?
Top 29–39%, Collective services
€23.5bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Defence, police, justice, general administration and other collective spending, spread over people, net of other transfers and of balances with the rest of the world, which are small and negative overall.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 46 “Autres transferts non monétaires”, columns O and P and Q (0.7311 × V13 + 1.0000 × V14 + 0.2824 × V15), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 46, V13: 11.6; row 46, V14: 11.8; row 46, V15: 11.3
- As published
- €23.5 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 33–49%, Taxes on products
€43.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 18 “Taxes sur les produits (TVA, TICPE, accises, DMTO, etc.)”, columns I and J and K and L (0.3399 × V7 + 1.0000 × V8 + 1.0000 × V9 + 0.7913 × V10), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 18, V7: -13.2; row 18, V8: -13.8; row 18, V9: -14; row 18, V10: -14.6
- As published
- €43.8 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 33%, Taxes on production
€15.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 20 “Taxes sur la production (taxes patronales, TF, etc.)”, columns C and D and E and F and G and H and I (1.0000 × V1 + 1.0000 × V2 + 1.0000 × V3 + 1.0000 × V4 + 1.0000 × V5 + 1.0000 × V6 + 0.6601 × V7), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 20, V1: -0.9; row 20, V2: -1.3; row 20, V3: -1.8; row 20, V4: -2.3; row 20, V5: -2.9; row 20, V6: -3.4; row 20, V7: -3.9
- As published
- €15.2 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 20–29%, Corporate tax
€2.5bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 22 “Impôt sur les sociétés”, columns Q and R (0.7176 × V15 + 0.9469 × V16), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 22, V15: -1.2; row 22, V16: -1.7
- As published
- €2.5 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.2–0.3%, Corporate tax
€5bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Corporate tax × ∫ level^e over P99.6595–99.8457 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0880), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.59: one plus the change in log of IPP's 2016 rate over the change in log of economic income, between P99–99.9 and P99.9–100- From
- Top 5%, Corporate tax €57.4bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Direct tax rate, P99–99.9, 2016 42%, estimated
- Personal tax rate, P99–99.9, 2016 23%, estimated
- Contribution rate, P99–99.9, 2016 14%, estimated
- Direct tax rate, top 0.1% 34.5%, estimated
- Personal tax rate, top 0.1% 9.8%, estimated
- Contribution rate, top 0.1% 2.4%, estimated
- Economic income of P99–99.9, 2016 €91.5bn, estimated
- Result
- €5.0 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, CSG
€13.8bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, CSG × ∫ level^e over P96.4785–99.0795 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.4713), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.66: one plus the change in log of IPP's 2016 rate over the change in log of economic income, between P99–99.9 and P99.9–100- From
- Top 5%, CSG €29.3bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Personal tax rate, P99–99.9, 2016 23%, estimated
- Personal tax rate, top 0.1% 9.8%, estimated
- Economic income of P99–99.9, 2016 €91.5bn, estimated
- Result
- €13.8 billion
Why believe this?
Top 20–29%, Net financial income
€8.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Interest, dividends and other property income households receive, less the interest they pay.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 8 “Revenus financiers nets (intérêts, dividendes, etc.)”, columns Q and R (0.7176 × V15 + 0.9469 × V16), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 8, V15: 4.9; row 8, V16: 5.6
- As published
- €8.8 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Rents, actual and imputed, above P95
€3.6bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Rents landlords receive and the rent owner-occupiers are deemed to pay themselves, net of costs.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Rents, actual and imputed × ∫ level^e over P95–96.4785 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.1666), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Rents, actual and imputed €21.4bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €3.6 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, Rents, actual and imputed
€1.8bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Rents landlords receive and the rent owner-occupiers are deemed to pay themselves, net of costs.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Rents, actual and imputed × ∫ level^e over P99.8457–99.9602 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Rents, actual and imputed €21.4bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €1.8 billion
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Corporate tax
€4bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
- Caveat
- Insee attributes the whole amount to residents; the part falling outside France is taken out of every group in proportion.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 3.5–7.9%, Corporate tax × (1 − Share of French companies' equity held outside France ÷ 100)- From
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Corporate tax €5bn, estimated
- Share of French companies' equity held outside France 20%, estimated
- Result
- €4.0 billion
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Taxes on production
€11.3bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
Calculation
- Computed as
Taxes on production × Top 3.5–7.9%, Taxes on production ÷ All groups, Taxes on production- From
- Taxes on production €128.1bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Taxes on production €11.3bn, estimated
- All groups, Taxes on production €127.9bn, estimated
- Result
- €11.3 billion
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, CSG
€14bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.
Calculation
- Computed as
CSG × Top 3.5–7.9%, CSG ÷ All groups, CSG- From
- CSG €149.8bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, CSG €13.7bn, estimated
- All groups, CSG €147.2bn, estimated
- Result
- €14.0 billion
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Income tax
€17.7bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
Calculation
- Computed as
Income tax × Top 3.5–7.9%, Income tax ÷ All groups, Income tax- From
- Income tax €103.3bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Income tax €17.3bn, estimated
- All groups, Income tax €101.5bn, estimated
- Result
- €17.7 billion
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Other contributions
€19.1bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.
Calculation
- Computed as
Other contributions × Top 3.5–7.9%, Other contributions ÷ All groups, Other contributions- From
- Other contributions €182.4bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Other contributions €22.4bn, estimated
- All groups, Other contributions €214bn, estimated
- Result
- €19.1 billion
Why believe this?
Shape of the top 5%'s tail
0.6EstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The generalized Pareto shape: the coefficient tends to 1 ÷ (1 − shape) at the very top; a strict Pareto tail has shape 1 − 1 ÷ b.
Calculation
- Computed as
Generalized Pareto interpolation (Blanchet, Fournier and Piketty 2022) of Insee's concentration curve of extended primary income along its ranking by living standard: φ = −log (share above rank p), x = −log (1 − p), at p = 0, 5%, ..., 95%; derivatives at P95 from the parabola through P85, P90 and P95; then the largest shape at which the tail holds, above P99, P99.9 and P99.99, no more of the top 5%'s income than WID's ranking of adults by their own pre-tax income- From
- V1, Extended primary income, Insee €10.4bn, estimated
- V2, Extended primary income, Insee €16.6bn, estimated
- V3, Extended primary income, Insee €25.3bn, estimated
- V4, Extended primary income, Insee €32.4bn, estimated
- V5, Extended primary income, Insee €40.5bn, estimated
- V6, Extended primary income, Insee €47bn, estimated
- V7, Extended primary income, Insee €54.7bn, estimated
- V8, Extended primary income, Insee €63.1bn, estimated
- V9, Extended primary income, Insee €68.3bn, estimated
- V10, Extended primary income, Insee €73.7bn, estimated
- V11, Extended primary income, Insee €80.6bn, estimated
- V12, Extended primary income, Insee €85.9bn, estimated
- V13, Extended primary income, Insee €98.3bn, estimated
- V14, Extended primary income, Insee €103.2bn, estimated
- V15, Extended primary income, Insee €117.7bn, estimated
- V16, Extended primary income, Insee €130.8bn, estimated
- V17, Extended primary income, Insee €146bn, estimated
- V18, Extended primary income, Insee €170.5bn, estimated
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn, estimated
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn, estimated
- WID pre-tax income share above P95 24.4%, estimated
- WID pre-tax income share above P99 11.8%, estimated
- WID pre-tax income share above P99.9 4.7%, estimated
- WID pre-tax income share above P99.99 2%, estimated
- Result
- 1
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, Profits kept in companies
€6bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The part of companies' profits that is not paid out, attributed to the households that own them.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Profits kept in companies × ∫ level^e over P96.4785–99.0795 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0667), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.94: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20- From
- Top 5%, Profits kept in companies €90.4bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- V19, Profits des entreprises non distribués aux ménages (B), Insee €10.5bn, estimated
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn, estimated
- V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- V20, Profits des entreprises non distribués aux ménages (B), Insee €90.4bn, estimated
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn, estimated
- V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- Result
- €6.0 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, Social care and housing aid
€1.3bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care for dependent elderly and disabled people, childcare and other social action, housing benefits and the energy cheque, and the running costs of social security, received in kind.
Calculation
- Computed as
Social care and housing aid × Top 0.9–3.5%, Social care and housing aid ÷ All groups, Social care and housing aid- From
- Social care and housing aid €107.7bn, estimated
- Top 0.9–3.5%, Social care and housing aid €1.4bn, estimated
- All groups, Social care and housing aid €116.3bn, estimated
- Result
- €1.3 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, Subsidies on products
€919mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Subsidies on products × ∫ level^e over P96.4785–99.0795 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.3831), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.642), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Subsidies on products €2.4bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.6, estimated
- Result
- €0.9 billion
Why believe this?
All groups, Subsidies on production
€38.2bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 33%, Subsidies on production + Bottom 33–49%, Subsidies on production + Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Subsidies on production + Top 29–39%, Subsidies on production + Top 20–29%, Subsidies on production + Top 13–20%, Subsidies on production + Top 7.9–13%, Subsidies on production + Top 3.5–7.9%, Subsidies on production + Top 0.9–3.5%, Subsidies on production + Top 0.6–0.9%, Subsidies on production + Top 0.3–0.6%, Subsidies on production + Top 0.2–0.3%, Subsidies on production + Top 0.04–0.2%, Subsidies on production + Top 0.04%, Subsidies on production- From
- Bottom 33%, Subsidies on production €4bn, estimated
- Bottom 33–49%, Subsidies on production €4bn, estimated
- Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Subsidies on production €4.1bn, estimated
- Top 29–39%, Subsidies on production €4bn, estimated
- Top 20–29%, Subsidies on production €4bn, estimated
- Top 13–20%, Subsidies on production €4bn, estimated
- Top 7.9–13%, Subsidies on production €4bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Subsidies on production €3.6bn, estimated
- Top 0.9–3.5%, Subsidies on production €2.9bn, estimated
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Subsidies on production €578m, estimated
- Top 0.3–0.6%, Subsidies on production €588m, estimated
- Top 0.2–0.3%, Subsidies on production €615m, estimated
- Top 0.04–0.2%, Subsidies on production €681m, estimated
- Top 0.04%, Subsidies on production €1bn, estimated
- Result
- €38.2 billion
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Subsidies on production
€3.6bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 3.5–7.9%, Subsidies on production, below P95 + Top 3.5–7.9%, Subsidies on production, above P95- From
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Subsidies on production, below P95 €2.3bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Subsidies on production, above P95 €1.3bn, estimated
- Result
- €3.6 billion
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Subsidies on production, below P95
€2.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 21 “Subventions sur la production (aides à l'apprentissage, aides sectorielles, etc.)”, column U (0.5730 × V19), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 21, V19: 4.1
- As published
- €2.3 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, Subsidies on production
€681mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Subsidies on production × ∫ level^e over P99.8457–99.9602 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0884), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.642), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Subsidies on production €7.7bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.6, estimated
- Result
- €0.7 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, Pensions
€17.6bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.
Calculation
- Computed as
Pensions × Top 0.9–3.5%, Pensions ÷ All groups, Pensions- From
- Pensions €370bn, estimated
- Top 0.9–3.5%, Pensions €18.9bn, estimated
- All groups, Pensions €397.8bn, estimated
- Result
- €17.6 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 33–49%, Pensions
€58.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 31 “Pensions de retraite”, columns I and J and K and L (0.3399 × V7 + 1.0000 × V8 + 1.0000 × V9 + 0.7913 × V10), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 31, V7: 18.6; row 31, V8: 17.7; row 31, V9: 18.9; row 31, V10: 20.1
- As published
- €58.8 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Unemployment benefits
€4.5bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 32 “Allocations chômage”, columns L and M and N and O (0.2087 × V10 + 1.0000 × V11 + 1.0000 × V12 + 0.2689 × V13), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 32, V10: 2; row 32, V11: 1.6; row 32, V12: 1.9; row 32, V13: 2
- As published
- €4.5 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.2–0.3%, Unemployment benefits
€93.1mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Unemployment benefits × ∫ level^e over P99.6595–99.8457 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0372), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.642), e = 0.00: the same per person, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Unemployment benefits €2.5bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.6, estimated
- Result
- €0.1 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, Health care
€4.1bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Health care × ∫ level^e over P96.4785–99.0795 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.5202), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.642), e = 0.00: the same per person, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Health care €7.9bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.6, estimated
- Result
- €4.1 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, Education
€2.8bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Education × ∫ level^e over P96.4785–99.0795 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.5202), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.642), e = 0.00: the same per person, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Education €5.3bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.6, estimated
- Result
- €2.8 billion
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Social care and housing aid, above P95
€798mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care for dependent elderly and disabled people, childcare and other social action, housing benefits and the energy cheque, and the running costs of social security, received in kind.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Social care and housing aid × ∫ level^e over P95–96.4785 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.2957), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.642), e = 0.00: the same per person, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Social care and housing aid €2.7bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.6, estimated
- Result
- €0.8 billion
Why believe this?
Top 7.9–13%, Culture and leisure
€2.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 43 “Culture et loisirs”, columns T and U (0.6753 × V18 + 0.4270 × V19), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 43, V18: 2.6; row 43, V19: 2.6
- As published
- €2.9 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 33–49%, Collective services
€36.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Defence, police, justice, general administration and other collective spending, spread over people, net of other transfers and of balances with the rest of the world, which are small and negative overall.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 46 “Autres transferts non monétaires”, columns I and J and K and L (0.3399 × V7 + 1.0000 × V8 + 1.0000 × V9 + 0.7913 × V10), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 46, V7: 12.2; row 46, V8: 11.8; row 46, V9: 11.8; row 46, V10: 11.6
- As published
- €36.9 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, Unemployment benefits
€1.2bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.
Calculation
- Computed as
Unemployment benefits × Top 0.9–3.5%, Unemployment benefits ÷ All groups, Unemployment benefits- From
- Unemployment benefits €42.9bn, estimated
- Top 0.9–3.5%, Unemployment benefits €1.3bn, estimated
- All groups, Unemployment benefits €45.8bn, estimated
- Result
- €1.2 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, Other cash benefits
€4.1bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.
Calculation
- Computed as
Other cash benefits × Top 0.9–3.5%, Other cash benefits ÷ All groups, Other cash benefits- From
- Other cash benefits €137.4bn, estimated
- Top 0.9–3.5%, Other cash benefits €4.4bn, estimated
- All groups, Other cash benefits €147.6bn, estimated
- Result
- €4.1 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, Culture and leisure
€1.1bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.
Calculation
- Computed as
Culture and leisure × Top 0.9–3.5%, Culture and leisure ÷ All groups, Culture and leisure- From
- Culture and leisure €41.4bn, estimated
- Top 0.9–3.5%, Culture and leisure €1.4bn, estimated
- All groups, Culture and leisure €52bn, estimated
- Result
- €1.1 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.6–0.9%, share of the CSG on capital income
2.7%EstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's part of the CSG on capital income: of the CSG on investment income, its share of net financial income; of the CSG on property income, its share of rents, actual and imputed (an allocation scenario).
- Caveat
- An allocation scenario: Insee attributes the whole CSG to each group but does not split it by base, and no source found gives the bases of the CSG on capital income by group. The CSG on investment income (interest, dividends, life insurance) is shared as Insee's net financial income. The CSG on property income is levied on rents landlords receive, capital gains and annuities; Insee's only row near it adds owner-occupiers' imputed rents, which pay no CSG, and holds no capital gains, so sharing it as that row is a convention. The alternatives share all of it as net financial income, or as the group's whole capital income.
Calculation
- Computed as
(CSG on income from investments, 2023 × Top 0.6–0.9%, Net financial income ÷ All groups, Net financial income + CSG on income from property, 2023 × Top 0.6–0.9%, Rents, actual and imputed ÷ All groups, Rents, actual and imputed) ÷ (CSG on income from investments, 2023 + CSG on income from property, 2023) × 100- From
- CSG on income from investments, 2023 €9.4bn, estimated
- CSG on income from property, 2023 €7.2bn, estimated
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Net financial income €5.2bn, estimated
- All groups, Net financial income €133.9bn, estimated
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Rents, actual and imputed €1.8bn, estimated
- All groups, Rents, actual and imputed €166.8bn, estimated
- Result
- 2.7%
Why believe this?
Top 0.3–0.6%, net financial income, monthly equivalent per resident, 2023 data
€2,480EstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 0.3–0.6%, Net financial income × 10⁹ ÷ Top 0.3–0.6%, people ÷ 12- From
- Top 0.3–0.6%, Net financial income €5.2bn, estimated
- Top 0.3–0.6%, people 175,047, estimated
- Result
- €2,480
Why believe this?
Top 0.3–0.6%, transfers received
€5.4bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Every transfer attributed to the group, subsidies included.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 0.3–0.6%, Subsidies on products + Top 0.3–0.6%, Subsidies on production + Top 0.3–0.6%, Pensions + Top 0.3–0.6%, Unemployment benefits + Top 0.3–0.6%, Other cash benefits + Top 0.3–0.6%, Health care + Top 0.3–0.6%, Education + Top 0.3–0.6%, Social care and housing aid + Top 0.3–0.6%, Culture and leisure + Top 0.3–0.6%, Collective services- From
- Top 0.3–0.6%, Subsidies on products €218m, estimated
- Top 0.3–0.6%, Subsidies on production €827m, estimated
- Top 0.3–0.6%, Pensions €2bn, estimated
- Top 0.3–0.6%, Unemployment benefits €106m, estimated
- Top 0.3–0.6%, Other cash benefits €490m, estimated
- Top 0.3–0.6%, Health care €477m, estimated
- Top 0.3–0.6%, Education €309m, estimated
- Top 0.3–0.6%, Social care and housing aid €124m, estimated
- Top 0.3–0.6%, Culture and leisure €106m, estimated
- Top 0.3–0.6%, Collective services €775m, estimated
- Result
- €5.4 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.3–0.6%, Collective services
€818mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Defence, police, justice, general administration and other collective spending, spread over people, net of other transfers and of balances with the rest of the world, which are small and negative overall.
Calculation
- Computed as
Collective services × Top 0.3–0.6%, Collective services ÷ All groups, Collective services- From
- Collective services €332.8bn, estimated
- Top 0.3–0.6%, Collective services €589m, estimated
- All groups, Collective services €239.5bn, estimated
- Result
- €0.8 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.3–0.6%, CSG on earnings and benefits
€1.9bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The CSG on earnings, pensions and other replacement income, and on gaming: the CSG less its part on capital income.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 0.3–0.6%, CSG − Top 0.3–0.6%, CSG on capital income- From
- Top 0.3–0.6%, CSG €2.3bn, estimated
- Top 0.3–0.6%, CSG on capital income €450m, estimated
- Result
- €1.9 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.3–0.6%, Taxes on products
€2.7bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
- Caveat
- Insee attributes the whole amount to residents; the part falling outside France is taken out of every group in proportion.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 0.3–0.6%, Taxes on products × (1 − Share of consumption by visitors ÷ 100)- From
- Top 0.3–0.6%, Taxes on products €2.8bn, estimated
- Share of consumption by visitors 4.4%, estimated
- Result
- €2.7 billion
Why believe this?
Living standard at P99.7, constant 2024 euros, a month
€13,600EstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The yearly amount divided by twelve, rounded to a hundred euros.
Calculation
- Computed as
Living standard at P99.7, constant 2024 euros ÷ 12, rounded to €100- From
- Living standard at P99.7, constant 2024 euros €163,732, estimated
- Result
- €13,600
Why believe this?
Top 0.2–0.3%, Social care and housing aid
€89.2mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care for dependent elderly and disabled people, childcare and other social action, housing benefits and the energy cheque, and the running costs of social security, received in kind.
Calculation
- Computed as
Social care and housing aid × Top 0.2–0.3%, Social care and housing aid ÷ All groups, Social care and housing aid- From
- Social care and housing aid €107.7bn, estimated
- Top 0.2–0.3%, Social care and housing aid €96.3m, estimated
- All groups, Social care and housing aid €116.3bn, estimated
- Result
- €0.1 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.2–0.3%, Pensions
€1.3bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.
Calculation
- Computed as
Pensions × Top 0.2–0.3%, Pensions ÷ All groups, Pensions- From
- Pensions €370bn, estimated
- Top 0.2–0.3%, Pensions €1.4bn, estimated
- All groups, Pensions €397.8bn, estimated
- Result
- €1.3 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.2–0.3%, Taxes on products
€2.8bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
Calculation
- Computed as
Taxes on products × Top 0.2–0.3%, Taxes on products ÷ All groups, Taxes on products- From
- Taxes on products €318.8bn, estimated
- Top 0.2–0.3%, Taxes on products €2.8bn, estimated
- All groups, Taxes on products €318.6bn, estimated
- Result
- €2.8 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.2–0.3%, Other taxes on income and wealth
€752mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
Calculation
- Computed as
Other taxes on income and wealth × Top 0.2–0.3%, Other taxes on income and wealth ÷ All groups, Other taxes on income and wealth- From
- Other taxes on income and wealth €24.7bn, estimated
- Top 0.2–0.3%, Other taxes on income and wealth €733m, estimated
- All groups, Other taxes on income and wealth €24.1bn, estimated
- Result
- €0.8 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, Net financial income
€7.2bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Interest, dividends and other property income households receive, less the interest they pay.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Net financial income × ∫ level^e over P99.8457–99.9602 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.1148), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.67: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20- From
- Top 5%, Net financial income €62.3bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- V19, Revenus financiers nets (intérêts, dividendes, etc.), Insee €15.6bn, estimated
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn, estimated
- V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- V20, Revenus financiers nets (intérêts, dividendes, etc.), Insee €62.3bn, estimated
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn, estimated
- V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- Result
- €7.2 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, net financial income, monthly equivalent per resident, 2023 data
€5,520EstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
- Competing figures
- €5,520, Central. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €5,480, a strict Pareto tail above P95. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €5,860, a tail as concentrated as WID's ranking by own income. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €7,610, each item along Insee's V19 to V20 gradient. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €5,520, personal taxes, contributions and corporate tax along IPP's rates. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 0.04–0.2%, Net financial income × 10⁹ ÷ Top 0.04–0.2%, people ÷ 12- From
- Top 0.04–0.2%, Net financial income €5.2bn, estimated
- Top 0.04–0.2%, people 78,339, estimated
- Result
- €5,520
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, Unemployment benefits
€53.6mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.
Calculation
- Computed as
Unemployment benefits × Top 0.04–0.2%, Unemployment benefits ÷ All groups, Unemployment benefits- From
- Unemployment benefits €42.9bn, estimated
- Top 0.04–0.2%, Unemployment benefits €57.3m, estimated
- All groups, Unemployment benefits €45.8bn, estimated
- Result
- €0.1 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, Other cash benefits
€179mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.
Calculation
- Computed as
Other cash benefits × Top 0.04–0.2%, Other cash benefits ÷ All groups, Other cash benefits- From
- Other cash benefits €137.4bn, estimated
- Top 0.04–0.2%, Other cash benefits €192m, estimated
- All groups, Other cash benefits €147.6bn, estimated
- Result
- €0.2 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, Culture and leisure
€47.4mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.
Calculation
- Computed as
Culture and leisure × Top 0.04–0.2%, Culture and leisure ÷ All groups, Culture and leisure- From
- Culture and leisure €41.4bn, estimated
- Top 0.04–0.2%, Culture and leisure €59.6m, estimated
- All groups, Culture and leisure €52bn, estimated
- Result
- €0.0 billion
Why believe this?
Top 29–39%, Subsidies on products
€3.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 19 “Subventions sur les produits (transports, etc.)”, columns O and P and Q (0.7311 × V13 + 1.0000 × V14 + 0.2824 × V15), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 19, V13: 1.6; row 19, V14: 1.6; row 19, V15: 1.7
- As published
- €3.2 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.3–0.6%, Subsidies on products
€201mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Subsidies on products × ∫ level^e over P99.4036–99.6595 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0837), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.479), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Subsidies on products €2.4bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €0.2 billion
Why believe this?
Top 7.9–13%, Subsidies on production
€4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 21 “Subventions sur la production (aides à l'apprentissage, aides sectorielles, etc.)”, columns T and U (0.6753 × V18 + 0.4270 × V19), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 21, V18: 3.3; row 21, V19: 4.1
- As published
- €4.0 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 33–49%, Other cash benefits
€21bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 33 “Autres revenus de remplacement (IJ, ATMP)”; 34 “Famille”; 35 “Exclusion sociale”; 36 “Invalidité”; 37 “Remboursements des contrats collectifs de complémentaires santé”, columns I and J and K and L (0.3399 × V7 + 1.0000 × V8 + 1.0000 × V9 + 0.7913 × V10), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 33, V7: 1.2; row 33, V8: 1.4; row 33, V9: 1.5; row 33, V10: 1.6; row 34, V7: 1.8; row 34, V8: 1.9; row 34, V9: 1.7; row 34, V10: 1.7; row 35, V7: 2; row 35, V8: 1.6; row 35, V9: 1.4; row 35, V10: 0.9; row 36, V7: 1.3; row 36, V8: 0.9; row 36, V9: 1.1; row 36, V10: 1.1; row 37, V7: 1; row 37, V8: 1; row 37, V9: 1; row 37, V10: 1
- As published
- €21.0 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 29–39%, Health care
€20.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 40 “Santé”, columns O and P and Q (0.7311 × V13 + 1.0000 × V14 + 0.2824 × V15), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 40, V13: 10.8; row 40, V14: 10.8; row 40, V15: 7.8
- As published
- €20.9 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.3–0.6%, Health care
€404mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Health care × ∫ level^e over P99.4036–99.6595 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0512), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.479), e = 0.00: the same per person, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Health care €7.9bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €0.4 billion
Why believe this?
Top 29–39%, Education
€11bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 41 “Enseignement2”, columns O and P and Q (0.7311 × V13 + 1.0000 × V14 + 0.2824 × V15), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 41, V13: 5.6; row 41, V14: 5.3; row 41, V15: 5.7
- As published
- €11.0 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.3–0.6%, Education
€271mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Education × ∫ level^e over P99.4036–99.6595 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0512), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.479), e = 0.00: the same per person, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Education €5.3bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €0.3 billion
Why believe this?
Top 20–29%, Social care and housing aid
€5.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care for dependent elderly and disabled people, childcare and other social action, housing benefits and the energy cheque, and the running costs of social security, received in kind.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 42 “Action sociale (dépendance, handicap, petite enfance, etc.)”; 44 “Aides au logement et chèque énergie”; 45 “Frais de fonctionnement de la Sécurité sociale”, columns Q and R (0.7176 × V15 + 0.9469 × V16), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 42, V15: 2.5; row 42, V16: 2.1; row 44, V15: 0.1; row 44, V16: 0.1; row 45, V15: 0.9; row 45, V16: 0.9
- As published
- €5.4 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Culture and leisure
€2.3bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 3.5–7.9%, Culture and leisure, below P95 + Top 3.5–7.9%, Culture and leisure, above P95- From
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Culture and leisure, below P95 €1.5bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Culture and leisure, above P95 €769m, estimated
- Result
- €2.3 billion
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Culture and leisure, below P95
€1.5bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 43 “Culture et loisirs”, column U (0.5730 × V19), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 43, V19: 2.6
- As published
- €1.5 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
All groups, Collective services
€239.5bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 33%, Collective services + Bottom 33–49%, Collective services + Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Collective services + Top 29–39%, Collective services + Top 20–29%, Collective services + Top 13–20%, Collective services + Top 7.9–13%, Collective services + Top 3.5–7.9%, Collective services + Top 0.9–3.5%, Collective services + Top 0.6–0.9%, Collective services + Top 0.3–0.6%, Collective services + Top 0.2–0.3%, Collective services + Top 0.04–0.2%, Collective services + Top 0.04%, Collective services- From
- Bottom 33%, Collective services €83.4bn, estimated
- Bottom 33–49%, Collective services €36.9bn, estimated
- Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Collective services €28.9bn, estimated
- Top 29–39%, Collective services €23.5bn, estimated
- Top 20–29%, Collective services €19.2bn, estimated
- Top 13–20%, Collective services €15.7bn, estimated
- Top 7.9–13%, Collective services €13.4bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Collective services €10.4bn, estimated
- Top 0.9–3.5%, Collective services €6bn, estimated
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Collective services €745m, estimated
- Top 0.3–0.6%, Collective services €589m, estimated
- Top 0.2–0.3%, Collective services €428m, estimated
- Top 0.04–0.2%, Collective services €263m, estimated
- Top 0.04%, Collective services €91.5m, estimated
- Result
- €239.5 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, received a month per person
€3,190EstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
- Competing figures
- €3,190, Central. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €3,180, a strict Pareto tail above P95. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €3,260, a tail as concentrated as WID's ranking by own income. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €3,180, each item along Insee's V19 to V20 gradient. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €3,190, personal taxes, contributions and corporate tax along IPP's rates. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 0.04–0.2%, transfers received × 10⁹ ÷ Top 0.04–0.2%, people ÷ 12- From
- Top 0.04–0.2%, transfers received €3bn, estimated
- Top 0.04–0.2%, people 78,339, estimated
- Result
- €3,190
Why believe this?
Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Taxes on products
€39.5bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 18 “Taxes sur les produits (TVA, TICPE, accises, DMTO, etc.)”, columns L and M and N and O (0.2087 × V10 + 1.0000 × V11 + 1.0000 × V12 + 0.2689 × V13), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 18, V10: -14.6; row 18, V11: -15.5; row 18, V12: -16.5; row 18, V13: -16.7
- As published
- €39.5 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.2–0.3%, Taxes on products
€2.7bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Taxes on products × ∫ level^e over P99.6595–99.8457 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0799), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.642), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Taxes on products €33.3bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.6, estimated
- Result
- €2.7 billion
Why believe this?
Top 29–39%, Corporate tax
€1.6bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 22 “Impôt sur les sociétés”, columns O and P and Q (0.7311 × V13 + 1.0000 × V14 + 0.2824 × V15), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 22, V13: -0.8; row 22, V14: -0.7; row 22, V15: -1.2
- As published
- €1.6 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Net financial income, above P95
€10.2bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Interest, dividends and other property income households receive, less the interest they pay.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Net financial income × ∫ level^e over P95–96.4785 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.1630), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.642), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Net financial income €62.3bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.6, estimated
- Result
- €10.2 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 33%, Rents, actual and imputed
€29bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Rents landlords receive and the rent owner-occupiers are deemed to pay themselves, net of costs.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 9 “Loyers réels et imputés aux propriétaires”, columns C and D and E and F and G and H and I (1.0000 × V1 + 1.0000 × V2 + 1.0000 × V3 + 1.0000 × V4 + 1.0000 × V5 + 1.0000 × V6 + 0.6601 × V7), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 9, V1: 3.3; row 9, V2: 3.6; row 9, V3: 3.4; row 9, V4: 3.9; row 9, V5: 5; row 9, V6: 5.8; row 9, V7: 6.1
- As published
- €29.0 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, Income tax
€4.4bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Income tax × ∫ level^e over P99.8457–99.9602 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0884), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.642), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Income tax €49.4bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.6, estimated
- Result
- €4.4 billion
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Income tax
€17.2bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 3.5–7.9%, Income tax, below P95 + Top 3.5–7.9%, Income tax, above P95- From
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Income tax, below P95 €9.1bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Income tax, above P95 €8.1bn, estimated
- Result
- €17.2 billion
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Income tax, below P95
€9.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 24 “Impôt sur le revenu (IR)”, column U (0.5730 × V19), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 24, V19: -15.9
- As published
- €9.1 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, Other taxes on income and wealth
€3.4bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Other taxes on income and wealth × ∫ level^e over P96.4785–99.0795 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.3831), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.642), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Other taxes on income and wealth €8.8bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.6, estimated
- Result
- €3.4 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, Pension contributions
€5.1bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Pension contributions × ∫ level^e over P99.8457–99.9602 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0884), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.642), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Pension contributions €57.3bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.6, estimated
- Result
- €5.1 billion
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Pension contributions
€29.8bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 3.5–7.9%, Pension contributions, below P95 + Top 3.5–7.9%, Pension contributions, above P95- From
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Pension contributions, below P95 €20.5bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Pension contributions, above P95 €9.3bn, estimated
- Result
- €29.8 billion
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Pension contributions, below P95
€20.5bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 26 “Cotisations sociales retraite1”, column U (0.5730 × V19), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 26, V19: -35.7
- As published
- €20.5 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, Taxes on production
€1.9bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
Calculation
- Computed as
Taxes on production × Top 0.04–0.2%, Taxes on production ÷ All groups, Taxes on production- From
- Taxes on production €128.1bn, estimated
- Top 0.04–0.2%, Taxes on production €1.9bn, estimated
- All groups, Taxes on production €127.9bn, estimated
- Result
- €1.9 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, CSG
€2.5bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.
Calculation
- Computed as
CSG × Top 0.04–0.2%, CSG ÷ All groups, CSG- From
- CSG €149.8bn, estimated
- Top 0.04–0.2%, CSG €2.4bn, estimated
- All groups, CSG €147.2bn, estimated
- Result
- €2.5 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, Income tax
€4.2bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
Calculation
- Computed as
Income tax × Top 0.04–0.2%, Income tax ÷ All groups, Income tax- From
- Income tax €103.3bn, estimated
- Top 0.04–0.2%, Income tax €4.1bn, estimated
- All groups, Income tax €101.5bn, estimated
- Result
- €4.2 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, Other contributions
€3.2bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.
Calculation
- Computed as
Other contributions × Top 0.04–0.2%, Other contributions ÷ All groups, Other contributions- From
- Other contributions €182.4bn, estimated
- Top 0.04–0.2%, Other contributions €3.8bn, estimated
- All groups, Other contributions €214bn, estimated
- Result
- €3.2 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, received a month per person
€7,690EstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 0.04%, transfers received × 10⁹ ÷ Top 0.04%, people ÷ 12- From
- Top 0.04%, transfers received €2.5bn, estimated
- Top 0.04%, people 27,208, estimated
- Result
- €7,690
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Social care and housing aid
€19.9mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care for dependent elderly and disabled people, childcare and other social action, housing benefits and the energy cheque, and the running costs of social security, received in kind.
Calculation
- Computed as
Social care and housing aid × Top 0.04%, Social care and housing aid ÷ All groups, Social care and housing aid- From
- Social care and housing aid €107.7bn, estimated
- Top 0.04%, Social care and housing aid €21.5m, estimated
- All groups, Social care and housing aid €116.3bn, estimated
- Result
- €0.0 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Pensions
€457mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.
Calculation
- Computed as
Pensions × Top 0.04%, Pensions ÷ All groups, Pensions- From
- Pensions €370bn, estimated
- Top 0.04%, Pensions €491m, estimated
- All groups, Pensions €397.8bn, estimated
- Result
- €0.5 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Education
€46.6mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.
Calculation
- Computed as
Education × Top 0.04%, Education ÷ All groups, Education- From
- Education €141.6bn, estimated
- Top 0.04%, Education €42.2m, estimated
- All groups, Education €128.1bn, estimated
- Result
- €0.0 billion
Why believe this?
Net lending
€−151.9bnObserved2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Revenue minus expenditure of general government.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
gov_10a_main(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=MIO_EURsector=S13na_item=B9time=2023· query this cell- As published
- €−151,920.3 million
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-07-21, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.
Why believe this?
Levies through companies
€526.2bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Taxes on products and on production and corporate tax: companies pay them, people bear them.
Calculation
- Computed as
Taxes on products + Taxes on production + Corporate tax- From
- Taxes on products €318.8bn, estimated
- Taxes on production €128.1bn, estimated
- Corporate tax €79.3bn, estimated
- Result
- €526.2 billion
Why believe this?
Top 7.9–13%, levies through companies
€39bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Taxes on products and on production and corporate tax that companies hand over but whose incidence Insee attributes to the group.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 7.9–13%, Taxes on products + Top 7.9–13%, Taxes on production + Top 7.9–13%, Corporate tax- From
- Top 7.9–13%, Taxes on products €22.1bn, estimated
- Top 7.9–13%, Taxes on production €13.1bn, estimated
- Top 7.9–13%, Corporate tax €3.8bn, estimated
- Result
- €39.0 billion