Official figures and this site's calculations
Why believe this?
Figures of one view and year of the diagram, with their sources and how they were computed, each under its own anchor. Back to Public money.
16 parts: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Why believe this?
Tax households above P99.9998, 2016
75Observed2016
Definition
- What it counts
- The number of tax households above the threshold.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Institut des politiques publiques, Quels impôts les milliardaires paient-ils ? Note n° 92 (Bach, Bozio, Guillouzouic, Malgouyres), updated 2025
- Where
- Tableau 1, p. 3
- Published
- May 2025
- It says
P99.9998: 75 foyers
- As published
- 75
- Read
- 2026-10-04
Why believe this?
Insee items in ESA D2, taxes on production and imports
€446.6bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of Insee's 2023 items mapped to this category.
Calculation
- Computed as
Taxes on products + Taxes on production- From
- Taxes on products €318.6bn, estimated
- Taxes on production €128bn, estimated
- Result
- €446.6 billion
Why believe this?
V3, Extended primary income, Insee
€25.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Income before any public transfer: labour income with all social contributions, property and self-employment income, retained profits attributed to owners and a share of public bodies' primary income.
- Caveat
- Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 14 “Revenu primaire élargi (D=A+B+C)”, column E (V3)
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- As published
- €25.3 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 33%, Taxes on products
€73.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 18 “Taxes sur les produits (TVA, TICPE, accises, DMTO, etc.)”, columns C and D and E and F and G and H and I (1.0000 × V1 + 1.0000 × V2 + 1.0000 × V3 + 1.0000 × V4 + 1.0000 × V5 + 1.0000 × V6 + 0.6601 × V7), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 18, V1: -8.2; row 18, V2: -11.1; row 18, V3: -10; row 18, V4: -11.1; row 18, V5: -11.6; row 18, V6: -12.7; row 18, V7: -13.2
- As published
- €73.4 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Share of consumption by visitors
4.4%EstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Purchases of non-residents as a share of all household consumption on the territory.
- Caveat
- Taxes on products also fall on households' purchases of dwellings and on what general government and exempt sectors buy; Insee attributes them all to households through consumption, and visitors take no part in those, so this share applies to the consumption part and slightly overstates what visitors bear.
Why believe this?
Bottom 33–49%, Taxes on production
€14.5bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 20 “Taxes sur la production (taxes patronales, TF, etc.)”, columns I and J and K and L (0.3399 × V7 + 1.0000 × V8 + 1.0000 × V9 + 0.7913 × V10), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 20, V7: -3.9; row 20, V8: -4.3; row 20, V9: -4.8; row 20, V10: -5.1
- As published
- €14.5 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Taxes on production, above P95
€4.8bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Taxes on production × ∫ level^e over P95–96.4785 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.2175), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.63: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20- From
- Top 5%, Taxes on production €22.2bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- V19, Taxes on production, Insee €13.2bn, estimated
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn, estimated
- V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- V20, Taxes on production, Insee €22.2bn, estimated
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn, estimated
- V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- Result
- €4.8 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.3–0.6%, Taxes on production
€1.6bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Taxes on production × ∫ level^e over P99.4036–99.6595 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0732), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.63: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20- From
- Top 5%, Taxes on production €22.2bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- V19, Taxes on production, Insee €13.2bn, estimated
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn, estimated
- V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- V20, Taxes on production, Insee €22.2bn, estimated
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn, estimated
- V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- Result
- €1.6 billion
Why believe this?
Top 13–20%, Corporate tax
€2.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 22 “Impôt sur les sociétés”, columns R and S and T (0.0531 × V16 + 1.0000 × V17 + 0.3247 × V18), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 22, V16: -1.7; row 22, V17: -2; row 22, V18: -2.6
- As published
- €2.9 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Share of French companies' equity held outside France
20%EstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Listed and unlisted shares held by the rest of the world, as a share of the shares issued by non-financial and financial corporations, at the end of the year (financial accounts).
- Competing figures
- 49.5%, La détention des actions des sociétés françaises du CAC 40 par les non-résidents est restée stable en 2023, Bulletin de la Banque de France 255/5. The Banque de France's survey covers the listed shares of the 35 French CAC 40 companies, at market value, where non-residents hold half; the financial accounts cover every French company, listed or not, most of them held at home. The two bound the share of corporate tax that falls on owners outside France.
- Caveat
- Shares that French companies hold in one another count in the denominator, so a chain of holdings inside France dilutes the share held abroad; the listed-only figure of the Banque de France is the upper end of the range.
Calculation
- Computed as
Shares held by the rest of the world ÷ (Shares issued by non-financial corporations + Shares issued by financial corporations) × 100- From
- Result
- 20.0%
Why believe this?
V19, CSG, Insee
€15.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.
- Caveat
- Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 23 “Contribution sociale généralisée (CSG)”, column U (V19)
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- As published
- €15.4 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, CSG
€1.9bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, CSG × ∫ level^e over P99.8457–99.9602 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0649), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.78: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20- From
- Top 5%, CSG €29.3bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- V19, CSG, Insee €15.4bn, estimated
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn, estimated
- V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- V20, CSG, Insee €29.3bn, estimated
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn, estimated
- V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- Result
- €1.9 billion
Why believe this?
CSG on income from investments, 2023
€9.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Yield of the CSG on this base, all recipients (CCSS).
Where it comes from
- Source
- Commission des comptes de la Sécurité sociale, Les comptes de la Sécurité sociale, juin 2025
- Where
- Fiche 1.3, Tableau 1, page 47
- Published
- June 2025
- It says
CSG sur les revenus du patrimoine 7167; CSG sur les revenus du placement 9444 (M€, 2023)
- As published
- €9,444.0 million
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 33%, Rents, actual and imputed
€29bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Rents landlords receive and the rent owner-occupiers are deemed to pay themselves, net of costs.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 9 “Loyers réels et imputés aux propriétaires”, columns C and D and E and F and G and H and I (1.0000 × V1 + 1.0000 × V2 + 1.0000 × V3 + 1.0000 × V4 + 1.0000 × V5 + 1.0000 × V6 + 0.6601 × V7), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 9, V1: 3.3; row 9, V2: 3.6; row 9, V3: 3.4; row 9, V4: 3.9; row 9, V5: 5; row 9, V6: 5.8; row 9, V7: 6.1
- As published
- €29.0 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.6–0.9%, Rents, actual and imputed
€1.8bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Rents landlords receive and the rent owner-occupiers are deemed to pay themselves, net of costs.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Rents, actual and imputed × ∫ level^e over P99.0795–99.4036 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Rents, actual and imputed €21.4bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €1.8 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.6–0.9%, Other taxes on income and wealth
€681mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Other taxes on income and wealth × ∫ level^e over P99.0795–99.4036 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0774), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.34: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20- From
- Top 5%, Other taxes on income and wealth €8.8bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- V19, Other taxes on income and wealth, Insee €2.9bn, estimated
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn, estimated
- V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- V20, Other taxes on income and wealth, Insee €8.8bn, estimated
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn, estimated
- V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- Result
- €0.7 billion
Why believe this?
All groups, Pension contributions
€328.7bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 33%, Pension contributions + Bottom 33–49%, Pension contributions + Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Pension contributions + Top 29–39%, Pension contributions + Top 20–29%, Pension contributions + Top 13–20%, Pension contributions + Top 7.9–13%, Pension contributions + Top 3.5–7.9%, Pension contributions + Top 0.9–3.5%, Pension contributions + Top 0.6–0.9%, Pension contributions + Top 0.3–0.6%, Pension contributions + Top 0.2–0.3%, Pension contributions + Top 0.04–0.2%, Pension contributions + Top 0.04%, Pension contributions- From
- Bottom 33%, Pension contributions €34.5bn, estimated
- Bottom 33–49%, Pension contributions €36.3bn, estimated
- Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Pension contributions €35.8bn, estimated
- Top 29–39%, Pension contributions €36.7bn, estimated
- Top 20–29%, Pension contributions €36.5bn, estimated
- Top 13–20%, Pension contributions €35.9bn, estimated
- Top 7.9–13%, Pension contributions €35.3bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Pension contributions €33.3bn, estimated
- Top 0.9–3.5%, Pension contributions €27.6bn, estimated
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Pension contributions €4.5bn, estimated
- Top 0.3–0.6%, Pension contributions €4.1bn, estimated
- Top 0.2–0.3%, Pension contributions €3.6bn, estimated
- Top 0.04–0.2%, Pension contributions €2.9bn, estimated
- Top 0.04%, Pension contributions €1.7bn, estimated
- Result
- €328.7 billion
Why believe this?
Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95
1.9EstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Mean extended primary income above P95 of Insee's ranking over the income at P95: the steepness of the top of the curve.
Calculation
- Computed as
Generalized Pareto interpolation (Blanchet, Fournier and Piketty 2022) of Insee's concentration curve of extended primary income along its ranking by living standard: φ = −log (share above rank p), x = −log (1 − p), at p = 0, 5%, ..., 95%; derivatives at P95 from the parabola through P85, P90 and P95; then the coefficient b held at its P95 value up to the top, a strict Pareto tail- From
- V1, Extended primary income, Insee €10.4bn, estimated
- V2, Extended primary income, Insee €16.6bn, estimated
- V3, Extended primary income, Insee €25.3bn, estimated
- V4, Extended primary income, Insee €32.4bn, estimated
- V5, Extended primary income, Insee €40.5bn, estimated
- V6, Extended primary income, Insee €47bn, estimated
- V7, Extended primary income, Insee €54.7bn, estimated
- V8, Extended primary income, Insee €63.1bn, estimated
- V9, Extended primary income, Insee €68.3bn, estimated
- V10, Extended primary income, Insee €73.7bn, estimated
- V11, Extended primary income, Insee €80.6bn, estimated
- V12, Extended primary income, Insee €85.9bn, estimated
- V13, Extended primary income, Insee €98.3bn, estimated
- V14, Extended primary income, Insee €103.2bn, estimated
- V15, Extended primary income, Insee €117.7bn, estimated
- V16, Extended primary income, Insee €130.8bn, estimated
- V17, Extended primary income, Insee €146bn, estimated
- V18, Extended primary income, Insee €170.5bn, estimated
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn, estimated
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn, estimated
- Result
- 2
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Taxes on products
€17bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 3.5–7.9%, Taxes on products, below P95 + Top 3.5–7.9%, Taxes on products, above P95- From
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Taxes on products, below P95 €11.4bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Taxes on products, above P95 €5.6bn, estimated
- Result
- €17.0 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Taxes on production
€1.8bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Taxes on production × ∫ level^e over P99.9602–100 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0807), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.479), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Taxes on production €22.2bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €1.8 billion
Why believe this?
Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Taxes on production
€14.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 20 “Taxes sur la production (taxes patronales, TF, etc.)”, columns L and M and N and O (0.2087 × V10 + 1.0000 × V11 + 1.0000 × V12 + 0.2689 × V13), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 20, V10: -5.1; row 20, V11: -5.5; row 20, V12: -5.8; row 20, V13: -6.7
- As published
- €14.2 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 7.9–13%, Corporate tax
€4.6bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 22 “Impôt sur les sociétés”, columns T and U (0.6753 × V18 + 0.4270 × V19), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 22, V18: -2.6; row 22, V19: -6.7
- As published
- €4.6 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, Corporate tax
€24bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Corporate tax × ∫ level^e over P96.4785–99.0795 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.4189), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.479), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Corporate tax €57.4bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €24.0 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.2–0.3%, Net financial income
€5.2bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Interest, dividends and other property income households receive, less the interest they pay.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Net financial income × ∫ level^e over P99.6595–99.8457 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0834), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.479), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Net financial income €62.3bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €5.2 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 33–49%, Rents, actual and imputed
€20.7bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Rents landlords receive and the rent owner-occupiers are deemed to pay themselves, net of costs.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 9 “Loyers réels et imputés aux propriétaires”, columns I and J and K and L (0.3399 × V7 + 1.0000 × V8 + 1.0000 × V9 + 0.7913 × V10), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 9, V7: 6.1; row 9, V8: 6.2; row 9, V9: 6.8; row 9, V10: 7.1
- As published
- €20.7 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Other taxes on income and wealth, below P95
€1.7bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 25 “Autres impôts sur les revenus et le patrimoine (TH, ISF/IFI, CRDS, etc.)”, column U (0.5730 × V19), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 25, V19: -2.9
- As published
- €1.7 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.6–0.9%, Other contributions
€3.8bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Other contributions × ∫ level^e over P99.0795–99.4036 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0838), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.479), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Other contributions €45.1bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €3.8 billion
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Taxes on products, below P95
€11.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 18 “Taxes sur les produits (TVA, TICPE, accises, DMTO, etc.)”, column U (0.5730 × V19), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 18, V19: -19.9
- As published
- €11.4 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, Taxes on production
€9.3bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Taxes on production × ∫ level^e over P96.4785–99.0795 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.4167), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Taxes on production €22.2bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €9.3 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.6–0.9%, Taxes on production
€1.9bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Taxes on production × ∫ level^e over P99.0795–99.4036 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Taxes on production €22.2bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €1.9 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, CSG on earnings and benefits
€2bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The CSG on earnings, pensions and other replacement income, and on gaming: the CSG less its part on capital income.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 0.04%, CSG − Top 0.04%, CSG on capital income- From
- Top 0.04%, CSG €2.5bn, estimated
- Top 0.04%, CSG on capital income €450m, estimated
- Result
- €2.0 billion
Why believe this?
Top 20–29%, CSG
€15.7bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 23 “Contribution sociale généralisée (CSG)”, columns Q and R (0.7176 × V15 + 0.9469 × V16), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 23, V15: -8.9; row 23, V16: -9.8
- As published
- €15.7 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.2–0.3%, CSG
€2.4bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, CSG × ∫ level^e over P99.6595–99.8457 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, CSG €29.3bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €2.4 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 33%, Net financial income
€8.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Interest, dividends and other property income households receive, less the interest they pay.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 8 “Revenus financiers nets (intérêts, dividendes, etc.)”, columns C and D and E and F and G and H and I (1.0000 × V1 + 1.0000 × V2 + 1.0000 × V3 + 1.0000 × V4 + 1.0000 × V5 + 1.0000 × V6 + 0.6601 × V7), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 8, V1: 1; row 8, V2: 0.9; row 8, V3: 1; row 8, V4: 1.1; row 8, V5: 1.3; row 8, V6: 1.7; row 8, V7: 1.9
- As published
- €8.3 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Rents, actual and imputed, above P95
€3.6bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Rents landlords receive and the rent owner-occupiers are deemed to pay themselves, net of costs.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Rents, actual and imputed × ∫ level^e over P95–96.4785 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.1666), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Rents, actual and imputed €21.4bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €3.6 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, Rents, actual and imputed
€1.8bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Rents landlords receive and the rent owner-occupiers are deemed to pay themselves, net of costs.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Rents, actual and imputed × ∫ level^e over P99.8457–99.9602 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Rents, actual and imputed €21.4bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €1.8 billion
Why believe this?
Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Income tax
€3.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 24 “Impôt sur le revenu (IR)”, columns L and M and N and O (0.2087 × V10 + 1.0000 × V11 + 1.0000 × V12 + 0.2689 × V13), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 24, V10: -0.7; row 24, V11: -1.1; row 24, V12: -1.5; row 24, V13: -1.9
- As published
- €3.3 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Other taxes on income and wealth
€3.1bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 3.5–7.9%, Other taxes on income and wealth, below P95 + Top 3.5–7.9%, Other taxes on income and wealth, above P95- From
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Other taxes on income and wealth, below P95 €1.7bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Other taxes on income and wealth, above P95 €1.5bn, estimated
- Result
- €3.1 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.3–0.6%, Other taxes on income and wealth
€733mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Other taxes on income and wealth × ∫ level^e over P99.4036–99.6595 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Other taxes on income and wealth €8.8bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €0.7 billion
Why believe this?
Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Pension contributions
€35.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 26 “Cotisations sociales retraite1”, columns L and M and N and O (0.2087 × V10 + 1.0000 × V11 + 1.0000 × V12 + 0.2689 × V13), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 26, V10: -12.9; row 26, V11: -13.8; row 26, V12: -14.6; row 26, V13: -17.5
- As published
- €35.8 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Other contributions
€3.8bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Other contributions × ∫ level^e over P99.9602–100 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Other contributions €45.1bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €3.8 billion
Why believe this?
Top 7.9–13%, Other contributions
€25.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 27 “Cotisations sociales chômage1”; 28 “Cotisations sociales famille1”; 29 “Autres cotisations sociales (maladie, invalidité, ATMP)1”, columns T and U (0.6753 × V18 + 0.4270 × V19), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 29, V18: -14.3; row 29, V19: -18.2; row 27, V18: -3.2; row 27, V19: -3.7; row 28, V18: -3.2; row 28, V19: -4.1
- As published
- €25.1 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 33%, rents, actual and imputed, monthly equivalent per resident, 2023 data
€110EstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
- Competing figures
- €110, Central. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €110, a strict Pareto tail above P95. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €110, a tail as concentrated as WID's ranking by own income. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €110, each item along Insee's V19 to V20 gradient. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €110, personal taxes, contributions and corporate tax along IPP's rates. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 33%, Rents, actual and imputed × 10⁹ ÷ Bottom 33%, people ÷ 12- From
- Bottom 33%, Rents, actual and imputed €29bn, estimated
- Bottom 33%, people 22.8 million, estimated
- Result
- €110
Why believe this?
Bottom 33%, transfers received
€507.9bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Every transfer attributed to the group, subsidies included.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 33%, Subsidies on products + Bottom 33%, Subsidies on production + Bottom 33%, Pensions + Bottom 33%, Unemployment benefits + Bottom 33%, Other cash benefits + Bottom 33%, Health care + Bottom 33%, Education + Bottom 33%, Social care and housing aid + Bottom 33%, Culture and leisure + Bottom 33%, Collective services- From
- Bottom 33%, Subsidies on products €13.3bn, estimated
- Bottom 33%, Subsidies on production €5.6bn, estimated
- Bottom 33%, Pensions €74.2bn, estimated
- Bottom 33%, Unemployment benefits €17.1bn, estimated
- Bottom 33%, Other cash benefits €58.5bn, estimated
- Bottom 33%, Health care €94bn, estimated
- Bottom 33%, Education €58.5bn, estimated
- Bottom 33%, Social care and housing aid €57.1bn, estimated
- Bottom 33%, Culture and leisure €13.8bn, estimated
- Bottom 33%, Collective services €115.8bn, estimated
- Result
- €507.9 billion
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Subsidies on products
€1.4bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 3.5–7.9%, Subsidies on products, below P95 + Top 3.5–7.9%, Subsidies on products, above P95- From
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Subsidies on products, below P95 €974m, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Subsidies on products, above P95 €400m, estimated
- Result
- €1.4 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.3–0.6%, Subsidies on products
€200mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Subsidies on products × ∫ level^e over P99.4036–99.6595 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Subsidies on products €2.4bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €0.2 billion
Why believe this?
Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Subsidies on production
€4.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 21 “Subventions sur la production (aides à l'apprentissage, aides sectorielles, etc.)”, columns L and M and N and O (0.2087 × V10 + 1.0000 × V11 + 1.0000 × V12 + 0.2689 × V13), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 21, V10: 1.4; row 21, V11: 1.6; row 21, V12: 1.7; row 21, V13: 1.9
- As published
- €4.1 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Unemployment benefits, below P95
€1.7bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 32 “Allocations chômage”, column U (0.5730 × V19), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 32, V19: 2.9
- As published
- €1.7 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 13–20%, Other cash benefits
€8.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 33 “Autres revenus de remplacement (IJ, ATMP)”; 34 “Famille”; 35 “Exclusion sociale”; 36 “Invalidité”; 37 “Remboursements des contrats collectifs de complémentaires santé”, columns R and S and T (0.0531 × V16 + 1.0000 × V17 + 0.3247 × V18), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 33, V16: 2.6; row 33, V17: 2.8; row 33, V18: 3.2; row 34, V16: 0.8; row 34, V17: 0.6; row 34, V18: 0.4; row 35, V16: 0.4; row 35, V17: 0.4; row 35, V18: 0.4; row 36, V16: 1.2; row 36, V17: 0.9; row 36, V18: 1.1; row 37, V16: 1.1; row 37, V17: 1.1; row 37, V18: 1.1
- As published
- €8.1 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Health care
€6.9bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 3.5–7.9%, Health care, below P95 + Top 3.5–7.9%, Health care, above P95- From
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Health care, below P95 €4.6bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Health care, above P95 €2.3bn, estimated
- Result
- €6.9 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.3–0.6%, Health care
€404mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Health care × ∫ level^e over P99.4036–99.6595 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0512), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.00: the same per person, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Health care €7.9bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €0.4 billion
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Education
€4.5bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 3.5–7.9%, Education, below P95 + Top 3.5–7.9%, Education, above P95- From
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Education, below P95 €2.9bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Education, above P95 €1.6bn, estimated
- Result
- €4.5 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.3–0.6%, Education
€271mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Education × ∫ level^e over P99.4036–99.6595 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0512), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.00: the same per person, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Education €5.3bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €0.3 billion
Why believe this?
Social care and housing aid
€107.7bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care for dependent elderly and disabled people, childcare and other social action, housing benefits and the energy cheque, and the running costs of social security, received in kind.
- Caveat
- Estimated for this page: both years are put on the general-government perimeter (Eurostat S13). Each Insee item is scaled to Eurostat's total of its category for the year, split between the items of the category and between groups as Insee's 2023 accounts split it. Insee's own 2023 levels are wider in places (firms' collective pension and health schemes) and COFOG counts spending gross of the fees that finance part of it; the evidence panels show both.
Calculation
- Computed as
Social protection × Social care and housing aid ÷ Insee items in COFOG 10, social protection- From
- Social protection €657.9bn
- Social care and housing aid €115.8bn, estimated
- Insee items in COFOG 10, social protection €707.5bn, estimated
- Result
- €107.7 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 33%, Social care and housing aid
€61.7bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care for dependent elderly and disabled people, childcare and other social action, housing benefits and the energy cheque, and the running costs of social security, received in kind.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 42 “Action sociale (dépendance, handicap, petite enfance, etc.)”; 44 “Aides au logement et chèque énergie”; 45 “Frais de fonctionnement de la Sécurité sociale”, columns C and D and E and F and G and H and I (1.0000 × V1 + 1.0000 × V2 + 1.0000 × V3 + 1.0000 × V4 + 1.0000 × V5 + 1.0000 × V6 + 0.6601 × V7), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 42, V1: 4.9; row 42, V2: 6.5; row 42, V3: 7; row 42, V4: 8.8; row 42, V5: 5.7; row 42, V6: 4.7; row 42, V7: 5.3; row 44, V1: 4.4; row 44, V2: 3.2; row 44, V3: 2.6; row 44, V4: 1.9; row 44, V5: 1.1; row 44, V6: 0.6; row 44, V7: 0.5; row 45, V1: 0.8; row 45, V2: 0.9; row 45, V3: 1; row 45, V4: 1.1; row 45, V5: 1; row 45, V6: 1; row 45, V7: 1
- As published
- €61.7 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
All groups, Collective services
€239.5bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 33%, Collective services + Bottom 33–49%, Collective services + Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Collective services + Top 29–39%, Collective services + Top 20–29%, Collective services + Top 13–20%, Collective services + Top 7.9–13%, Collective services + Top 3.5–7.9%, Collective services + Top 0.9–3.5%, Collective services + Top 0.6–0.9%, Collective services + Top 0.3–0.6%, Collective services + Top 0.2–0.3%, Collective services + Top 0.04–0.2%, Collective services + Top 0.04%, Collective services- From
- Bottom 33%, Collective services €83.4bn, estimated
- Bottom 33–49%, Collective services €36.9bn, estimated
- Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Collective services €28.9bn, estimated
- Top 29–39%, Collective services €23.5bn, estimated
- Top 20–29%, Collective services €19.2bn, estimated
- Top 13–20%, Collective services €15.7bn, estimated
- Top 7.9–13%, Collective services €13.4bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Collective services €10.4bn, estimated
- Top 0.9–3.5%, Collective services €6bn, estimated
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Collective services €745m, estimated
- Top 0.3–0.6%, Collective services €589m, estimated
- Top 0.2–0.3%, Collective services €428m, estimated
- Top 0.04–0.2%, Collective services €263m, estimated
- Top 0.04%, Collective services €91.5m, estimated
- Result
- €239.5 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 33%, CSG on earnings and benefits
€12.8bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The CSG on earnings, pensions and other replacement income, and on gaming: the CSG less its part on capital income.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 33%, CSG − Bottom 33%, CSG on capital income- From
- Bottom 33%, CSG €14.7bn, estimated
- Bottom 33%, CSG on capital income €1.9bn, estimated
- Result
- €12.8 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 33–49%, net financial income, monthly equivalent per resident, 2023 data
€50EstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
- Competing figures
- €50, Central. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €50, a strict Pareto tail above P95. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €50, a tail as concentrated as WID's ranking by own income. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €50, each item along Insee's V19 to V20 gradient. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €50, personal taxes, contributions and corporate tax along IPP's rates. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 33–49%, Net financial income × 10⁹ ÷ Bottom 33–49%, people ÷ 12- From
- Bottom 33–49%, Net financial income €6.4bn, estimated
- Bottom 33–49%, people 10.7 million, estimated
- Result
- €50
Why believe this?
Bottom 33–49%, people
10.7 millionEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Individuals of all ages, as Insee counts them in its distributional accounts.
Calculation
- Computed as
(Everyone, Individuals, millions, Insee × (upper percentile − lower percentile) ÷ 100) × 1,000,000- From
- Everyone, Individuals, millions, Insee 68.4, estimated
- Rank above which people hold 90% of income 33.3, estimated
- Rank above which people hold 80% of income 49, estimated
- Result
- 10,708,601
Why believe this?
Bottom 33–49%, received a month per person
€1,800EstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
- Competing figures
- €1,800, Central. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €1,800, a strict Pareto tail above P95. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €1,800, a tail as concentrated as WID's ranking by own income. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €1,800, each item along Insee's V19 to V20 gradient. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €1,800, personal taxes, contributions and corporate tax along IPP's rates. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 33–49%, transfers received × 10⁹ ÷ Bottom 33–49%, people ÷ 12- From
- Bottom 33–49%, transfers received €231.9bn, estimated
- Bottom 33–49%, people 10.7 million, estimated
- Result
- €1,800
Why believe this?
Bottom 33–49%, Corporate tax
€1.2bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
Calculation
- Computed as
Corporate tax × Bottom 33–49%, Corporate tax ÷ All groups, Corporate tax- From
- Corporate tax €79.3bn, estimated
- Bottom 33–49%, Corporate tax €1.2bn, estimated
- All groups, Corporate tax €78.1bn, estimated
- Result
- €1.2 billion
Why believe this?
Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Subsidies on products
€5.3bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.
Calculation
- Computed as
Subsidies on products × Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Subsidies on products ÷ All groups, Subsidies on products- From
- Subsidies on products €44.2bn, estimated
- Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Subsidies on products €3.8bn, estimated
- All groups, Subsidies on products €32bn, estimated
- Result
- €5.3 billion
Why believe this?
Top 29–39%, paid a month per person
€1,480EstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
- Competing figures
- €1,480, Central. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €1,480, a strict Pareto tail above P95. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €1,480, a tail as concentrated as WID's ranking by own income. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €1,480, each item along Insee's V19 to V20 gradient. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €1,480, personal taxes, contributions and corporate tax along IPP's rates. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 29–39%, levies paid × 10⁹ ÷ Top 29–39%, people ÷ 12- From
- Top 29–39%, levies paid €122.5bn, estimated
- Top 29–39%, people 6.9 million, estimated
- Result
- €1,480
Why believe this?
Top 29–39%, Taxes on products
€33.3bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
- Caveat
- Insee attributes the whole amount to residents; the part falling outside France is taken out of every group in proportion.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 29–39%, Taxes on products × (1 − Share of consumption by visitors ÷ 100)- From
- Top 29–39%, Taxes on products €34.8bn, estimated
- Share of consumption by visitors 4.4%, estimated
- Result
- €33.3 billion
Why believe this?
Top 29–39%, Taxes on production
€14.2bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
Calculation
- Computed as
Taxes on production × Top 29–39%, Taxes on production ÷ All groups, Taxes on production- From
- Taxes on production €128.1bn, estimated
- Top 29–39%, Taxes on production €14.1bn, estimated
- All groups, Taxes on production €127.9bn, estimated
- Result
- €14.2 billion
Why believe this?
Top 29–39%, CSG
€16.5bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.
Calculation
- Computed as
CSG × Top 29–39%, CSG ÷ All groups, CSG- From
- CSG €149.8bn, estimated
- Top 29–39%, CSG €16.2bn, estimated
- All groups, CSG €147.2bn, estimated
- Result
- €16.5 billion
Why believe this?
Top 29–39%, Income tax
€5.2bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
Calculation
- Computed as
Income tax × Top 29–39%, Income tax ÷ All groups, Income tax- From
- Income tax €103.3bn, estimated
- Top 29–39%, Income tax €5.1bn, estimated
- All groups, Income tax €101.5bn, estimated
- Result
- €5.2 billion
Why believe this?
Top 29–39%, Other contributions
€19bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.
Calculation
- Computed as
Other contributions × Top 29–39%, Other contributions ÷ All groups, Other contributions- From
- Other contributions €182.4bn, estimated
- Top 29–39%, Other contributions €22.3bn, estimated
- All groups, Other contributions €214bn, estimated
- Result
- €19.0 billion
Why believe this?
Top 20–29%, profits kept in companies, monthly equivalent per resident, 2023 data
€60EstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
- Competing figures
- €60, Central. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €60, a strict Pareto tail above P95. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €60, a tail as concentrated as WID's ranking by own income. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €60, each item along Insee's V19 to V20 gradient. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
- €60, personal taxes, contributions and corporate tax along IPP's rates. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 20–29%, Profits kept in companies × 10⁹ ÷ Top 20–29%, people ÷ 12- From
- Top 20–29%, Profits kept in companies €3.9bn, estimated
- Top 20–29%, people 5.7 million, estimated
- Result
- €60
Why believe this?
Top 20–29%, Unemployment benefits
€2.6bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.
Calculation
- Computed as
Unemployment benefits × Top 20–29%, Unemployment benefits ÷ All groups, Unemployment benefits- From
- Unemployment benefits €42.9bn, estimated
- Top 20–29%, Unemployment benefits €2.8bn, estimated
- All groups, Unemployment benefits €45.8bn, estimated
- Result
- €2.6 billion
Why believe this?
Top 20–29%, Other cash benefits
€9.2bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.
Calculation
- Computed as
Other cash benefits × Top 20–29%, Other cash benefits ÷ All groups, Other cash benefits- From
- Other cash benefits €137.4bn, estimated
- Top 20–29%, Other cash benefits €9.9bn, estimated
- All groups, Other cash benefits €147.6bn, estimated
- Result
- €9.2 billion
Why believe this?
Top 20–29%, Culture and leisure
€3.4bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.
Calculation
- Computed as
Culture and leisure × Top 20–29%, Culture and leisure ÷ All groups, Culture and leisure- From
- Culture and leisure €41.4bn, estimated
- Top 20–29%, Culture and leisure €4.3bn, estimated
- All groups, Culture and leisure €52bn, estimated
- Result
- €3.4 billion
Why believe this?
Top 13–20%, share of the CSG on capital income
8.8%EstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's part of the CSG on capital income: of the CSG on investment income, its share of net financial income; of the CSG on property income, its share of rents, actual and imputed (an allocation scenario).
- Caveat
- An allocation scenario: Insee attributes the whole CSG to each group but does not split it by base, and no source found gives the bases of the CSG on capital income by group. The CSG on investment income (interest, dividends, life insurance) is shared as Insee's net financial income. The CSG on property income is levied on rents landlords receive, capital gains and annuities; Insee's only row near it adds owner-occupiers' imputed rents, which pay no CSG, and holds no capital gains, so sharing it as that row is a convention. The alternatives share all of it as net financial income, or as the group's whole capital income.
Calculation
- Computed as
(CSG on income from investments, 2023 × Top 13–20%, Net financial income ÷ All groups, Net financial income + CSG on income from property, 2023 × Top 13–20%, Rents, actual and imputed ÷ All groups, Rents, actual and imputed) ÷ (CSG on income from investments, 2023 + CSG on income from property, 2023) × 100- From
- CSG on income from investments, 2023 €9.4bn, estimated
- CSG on income from property, 2023 €7.2bn, estimated
- Top 13–20%, Net financial income €10.8bn, estimated
- All groups, Net financial income €133.9bn, estimated
- Top 13–20%, Rents, actual and imputed €16.4bn, estimated
- All groups, Rents, actual and imputed €166.8bn, estimated
- Result
- 8.8%
Why believe this?
Living standard at P86.6, constant 2024 euros, a month
€3,720EstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The yearly amount divided by twelve, rounded to ten euros.
Calculation
- Computed as
Living standard at P86.6, constant 2024 euros ÷ 12, rounded to €10- From
- Living standard at P86.6, constant 2024 euros €44,615, estimated
- Result
- €3,720
Why believe this?
Top 7.9–13%, Health care
€11.6bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.
Calculation
- Computed as
Health care × Top 7.9–13%, Health care ÷ All groups, Health care- From
- Health care €249.7bn, estimated
- Top 7.9–13%, Health care €9.8bn, estimated
- All groups, Health care €209.4bn, estimated
- Result
- €11.6 billion
Why believe this?
Top 7.9–13%, levies paid
€121.9bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Every levy attributed to the group, gross of subsidies.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 7.9–13%, Taxes on products + Top 7.9–13%, Taxes on production + Top 7.9–13%, Corporate tax + Top 7.9–13%, CSG on earnings and benefits + Top 7.9–13%, CSG on capital income + Top 7.9–13%, Income tax + Top 7.9–13%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Top 7.9–13%, Pension contributions + Top 7.9–13%, Other contributions- From
- Top 7.9–13%, Taxes on products €22.1bn, estimated
- Top 7.9–13%, Taxes on production €13.1bn, estimated
- Top 7.9–13%, Corporate tax €3.8bn, estimated
- Top 7.9–13%, CSG on earnings and benefits €13.7bn, estimated
- Top 7.9–13%, CSG on capital income €1.6bn, estimated
- Top 7.9–13%, Income tax €13.6bn, estimated
- Top 7.9–13%, Other taxes on income and wealth €2.6bn, estimated
- Top 7.9–13%, Pension contributions €30.1bn, estimated
- Top 7.9–13%, Other contributions €21.4bn, estimated
- Result
- €121.9 billion
Why believe this?
Top 7.9–13%, CSG on capital income
€1.6bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The part of the CSG levied on capital income: interest, dividends, life insurance, rents and capital gains.
- Competing figures
- €1.7bn, the CSG on capital income by financial income alone. The same computation with another key for the CSG on capital income.
- €1.4bn, the CSG on capital income by all capital income. The same computation with another key for the CSG on capital income.
- Caveat
- An allocation scenario: Insee attributes the whole CSG to each group but does not split it by base, and no source found gives the bases of the CSG on capital income by group. The CSG on investment income (interest, dividends, life insurance) is shared as Insee's net financial income. The CSG on property income is levied on rents landlords receive, capital gains and annuities; Insee's only row near it adds owner-occupiers' imputed rents, which pay no CSG, and holds no capital gains, so sharing it as that row is a convention. The alternatives share all of it as net financial income, or as the group's whole capital income.
Calculation
- Computed as
CSG on capital income × Top 7.9–13%, share of the CSG on capital income ÷ 100- From
- CSG on capital income €16.9bn, estimated
- Top 7.9–13%, share of the CSG on capital income 9.5%, estimated
- Result
- €1.6 billion
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Net financial income, below P95
€8.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Interest, dividends and other property income households receive, less the interest they pay.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 8 “Revenus financiers nets (intérêts, dividendes, etc.)”, column U (0.5730 × V19), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 8, V19: 15.6
- As published
- €8.9 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
V20, Revenus financiers nets (intérêts, dividendes, etc.), Insee
€62.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- A row of Insee's distributional accounts, read as published.
- Caveat
- Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 8 “Revenus financiers nets (intérêts, dividendes, etc.)”, column V (V20)
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- As published
- €62.3 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Subsidies on production
€5bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.
Calculation
- Computed as
Subsidies on production × Top 3.5–7.9%, Subsidies on production ÷ All groups, Subsidies on production- From
- Subsidies on production €53bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Subsidies on production €3.6bn, estimated
- All groups, Subsidies on production €38.2bn, estimated
- Result
- €5.0 billion
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, transfers received
€72.4bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Every transfer attributed to the group, subsidies included.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 3.5–7.9%, Subsidies on products + Top 3.5–7.9%, Subsidies on production + Top 3.5–7.9%, Pensions + Top 3.5–7.9%, Unemployment benefits + Top 3.5–7.9%, Other cash benefits + Top 3.5–7.9%, Health care + Top 3.5–7.9%, Education + Top 3.5–7.9%, Social care and housing aid + Top 3.5–7.9%, Culture and leisure + Top 3.5–7.9%, Collective services- From
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Subsidies on products €2.2bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Subsidies on production €5.4bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Pensions €25.2bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Unemployment benefits €2.3bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Other cash benefits €5.4bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Health care €8.3bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Education €4.9bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Social care and housing aid €2.2bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Culture and leisure €1.8bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Collective services €14.7bn, estimated
- Result
- €72.4 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.6–0.9%, Subsidies on products
€182mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Subsidies on products × ∫ level^e over P99.0795–99.4036 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0756), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.42: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20- From
- Top 5%, Subsidies on products €2.4bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- V19, Subsidies on products, Insee €1.7bn, estimated
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn, estimated
- V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- V20, Subsidies on products, Insee €2.4bn, estimated
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn, estimated
- V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- Result
- €0.2 billion
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Pensions
€27.1bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 3.5–7.9%, Pensions, below P95 + Top 3.5–7.9%, Pensions, above P95- From
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Pensions, below P95 €17.3bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Pensions, above P95 €9.8bn, estimated
- Result
- €27.1 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 33%, Unemployment benefits
€18.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 32 “Allocations chômage”, columns C and D and E and F and G and H and I (1.0000 × V1 + 1.0000 × V2 + 1.0000 × V3 + 1.0000 × V4 + 1.0000 × V5 + 1.0000 × V6 + 0.6601 × V7), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 32, V1: 2.5; row 32, V2: 3.3; row 32, V3: 2.9; row 32, V4: 2.8; row 32, V5: 2.9; row 32, V6: 2.2; row 32, V7: 2.5
- As published
- €18.3 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.6–0.9%, Health care
€509mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Health care × ∫ level^e over P99.0795–99.4036 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0644), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = -0.02: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20- From
- Top 5%, Health care €7.9bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- V19, Health care, Insee €8bn, estimated
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn, estimated
- V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- V20, Health care, Insee €7.9bn, estimated
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn, estimated
- V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- Result
- €0.5 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.6–0.9%, Education
€350mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Education × ∫ level^e over P99.0795–99.4036 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0661), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.05: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20- From
- Top 5%, Education €5.3bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- V19, Education, Insee €5.1bn, estimated
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn, estimated
- V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- V20, Education, Insee €5.3bn, estimated
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn, estimated
- V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- Result
- €0.4 billion
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Social care and housing aid, below P95
€1.6bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care for dependent elderly and disabled people, childcare and other social action, housing benefits and the energy cheque, and the running costs of social security, received in kind.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 42 “Action sociale (dépendance, handicap, petite enfance, etc.)”; 44 “Aides au logement et chèque énergie”; 45 “Frais de fonctionnement de la Sécurité sociale”, column U (0.5730 × V19), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 42, V19: 1.7; row 44, V19: 0.1; row 45, V19: 1
- As published
- €1.6 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
V20, Frais de fonctionnement de la Sécurité sociale, Insee
€1.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- A row of Insee's distributional accounts, read as published.
- Caveat
- Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 45 “Frais de fonctionnement de la Sécurité sociale”, column V (V20)
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- As published
- €1.1 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 20–29%, Culture and leisure
€4.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 43 “Culture et loisirs”, columns Q and R (0.7176 × V15 + 0.9469 × V16), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 43, V15: 2.6; row 43, V16: 2.6
- As published
- €4.3 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Culture and leisure
€20.7mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Culture and leisure × ∫ level^e over P99.9602–100 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0080), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.00: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20- From
- Top 5%, Culture and leisure €2.6bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- V19, Culture and leisure, Insee €2.6bn, estimated
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn, estimated
- V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- V20, Culture and leisure, Insee €2.6bn, estimated
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn, estimated
- V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- Result
- €0.0 billion
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Collective services
€10.6bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Defence, police, justice, general administration and other collective spending, spread over people, net of other transfers and of balances with the rest of the world, which are small and negative overall.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 3.5–7.9%, Collective services, below P95 + Top 3.5–7.9%, Collective services, above P95- From
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Collective services, below P95 €7bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Collective services, above P95 €3.5bn, estimated
- Result
- €10.6 billion
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Taxes on products, above P95
€5.5bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Taxes on products × ∫ level^e over P95–96.4785 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.1666), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: one plus the change in log of IPP's 2016 rate over the change in log of economic income, between P99–99.9 and P99.9–100- From
- Top 5%, Taxes on products €33.3bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €5.5 billion
Why believe this?
Top 13–20%, Taxes on products
€27.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 18 “Taxes sur les produits (TVA, TICPE, accises, DMTO, etc.)”, columns R and S and T (0.0531 × V16 + 1.0000 × V17 + 0.3247 × V18), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 18, V16: -19.4; row 18, V17: -19.7; row 18, V18: -21.7
- As published
- €27.8 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 20–29%, Taxes on production
€13.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 20 “Taxes sur la production (taxes patronales, TF, etc.)”, columns Q and R (0.7176 × V15 + 0.9469 × V16), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 20, V15: -7.9; row 20, V16: -8.6
- As published
- €13.8 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.2–0.3%, Taxes on production
€1.9bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Taxes on production × ∫ level^e over P99.6595–99.8457 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: one plus the change in log of IPP's 2016 rate over the change in log of economic income, between P99–99.9 and P99.9–100- From
- Top 5%, Taxes on production €22.2bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €1.9 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 33%, Corporate tax
€2.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 22 “Impôt sur les sociétés”, columns C and D and E and F and G and H and I (1.0000 × V1 + 1.0000 × V2 + 1.0000 × V3 + 1.0000 × V4 + 1.0000 × V5 + 1.0000 × V6 + 0.6601 × V7), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 22, V1: -0.4; row 22, V2: -0.3; row 22, V3: -0.3; row 22, V4: -0.3; row 22, V5: -0.3; row 22, V6: -0.5; row 22, V7: -0.3
- As published
- €2.3 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.6–0.9%, CSG
€2.4bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, CSG × ∫ level^e over P99.0795–99.4036 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0806), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.66: one plus the change in log of IPP's 2016 rate over the change in log of economic income, between P99–99.9 and P99.9–100- From
- Top 5%, CSG €29.3bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Personal tax rate, P99–99.9, 2016 23%, estimated
- Personal tax rate, top 0.1% 9.8%, estimated
- Economic income of P99–99.9, 2016 €91.5bn, estimated
- Result
- €2.4 billion
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, share of the CSG on capital income
11.3%EstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's part of the CSG on capital income: of the CSG on investment income, its share of net financial income; of the CSG on property income, its share of rents, actual and imputed (an allocation scenario).
- Caveat
- An allocation scenario: Insee attributes the whole CSG to each group but does not split it by base, and no source found gives the bases of the CSG on capital income by group. The CSG on investment income (interest, dividends, life insurance) is shared as Insee's net financial income. The CSG on property income is levied on rents landlords receive, capital gains and annuities; Insee's only row near it adds owner-occupiers' imputed rents, which pay no CSG, and holds no capital gains, so sharing it as that row is a convention. The alternatives share all of it as net financial income, or as the group's whole capital income.
Calculation
- Computed as
(CSG on income from investments, 2023 × Top 3.5–7.9%, Net financial income ÷ All groups, Net financial income + CSG on income from property, 2023 × Top 3.5–7.9%, Rents, actual and imputed ÷ All groups, Rents, actual and imputed) ÷ (CSG on income from investments, 2023 + CSG on income from property, 2023) × 100- From
- CSG on income from investments, 2023 €9.4bn, estimated
- CSG on income from property, 2023 €7.2bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Net financial income €19.3bn, estimated
- All groups, Net financial income €133.9bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Rents, actual and imputed €12.1bn, estimated
- All groups, Rents, actual and imputed €166.8bn, estimated
- Result
- 11.3%
Why believe this?
Top 0.2–0.3%, Net financial income
€5.2bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Interest, dividends and other property income households receive, less the interest they pay.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Net financial income × ∫ level^e over P99.6595–99.8457 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Net financial income €62.3bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €5.2 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 33–49%, Rents, actual and imputed
€20.7bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Rents landlords receive and the rent owner-occupiers are deemed to pay themselves, net of costs.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 9 “Loyers réels et imputés aux propriétaires”, columns I and J and K and L (0.3399 × V7 + 1.0000 × V8 + 1.0000 × V9 + 0.7913 × V10), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 9, V7: 6.1; row 9, V8: 6.2; row 9, V9: 6.8; row 9, V10: 7.1
- As published
- €20.7 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, Other taxes on income and wealth
€497mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Other taxes on income and wealth × ∫ level^e over P99.8457–99.9602 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0565), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.66: one plus the change in log of IPP's 2016 rate over the change in log of economic income, between P99–99.9 and P99.9–100- From
- Top 5%, Other taxes on income and wealth €8.8bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Personal tax rate, P99–99.9, 2016 23%, estimated
- Personal tax rate, top 0.1% 9.8%, estimated
- Economic income of P99–99.9, 2016 €91.5bn, estimated
- Result
- €0.5 billion
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, CSG on earnings and benefits
€13bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The CSG on earnings, pensions and other replacement income, and on gaming: the CSG less its part on capital income.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 3.5–7.9%, CSG − Top 3.5–7.9%, CSG on capital income- From
- Top 3.5–7.9%, CSG €14.9bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, CSG on capital income €1.9bn, estimated
- Result
- €13.0 billion
Why believe this?
Living standard at P96.5, constant 2024 euros
€67,786EstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The living standard at this rank on the Pareto curve through the two thresholds around it: the logarithm of the living standard is linear in the logarithm of the share of people above it.
Calculation
- Computed as
Living standard at C95, constant 2024 euros × ((100 − 96.4785) ÷ (100 − 95))^(−1 ÷ α), with α = ln((100 − 95) ÷ (100 − 99)) ÷ ln(Living standard at P99, constant 2024 euros ÷ Living standard at C95, constant 2024 euros) = 2.893- From
- Living standard at C95, constant 2024 euros €60,050, estimated
- Living standard at P99, constant 2024 euros €104,748, estimated
- Result
- €67,786
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, Rents, actual and imputed
€10.6bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Rents landlords receive and the rent owner-occupiers are deemed to pay themselves, net of costs.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Rents, actual and imputed × ∫ level^e over P96.4785–99.0795 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.4951), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.44: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20- From
- Top 5%, Rents, actual and imputed €21.4bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- V19, Loyers réels et imputés aux propriétaires, Insee €14.9bn, estimated
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn, estimated
- V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- V20, Loyers réels et imputés aux propriétaires, Insee €21.4bn, estimated
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn, estimated
- V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- Result
- €10.6 billion
Why believe this?
Top 13–20%, Pensions
€34.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 31 “Pensions de retraite”, columns R and S and T (0.0531 × V16 + 1.0000 × V17 + 0.3247 × V18), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 31, V16: 24.7; row 31, V17: 24.4; row 31, V18: 27.9
- As published
- €34.8 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.3–0.6%, Pensions
€1.9bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Pensions × ∫ level^e over P99.4036–99.6595 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0512), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.642), e = 0.00: the same per person, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Pensions €36.4bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.6, estimated
- Result
- €1.9 billion
Why believe this?
Top 7.9–13%, Unemployment benefits
€2.5bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 32 “Allocations chômage”, columns T and U (0.6753 × V18 + 0.4270 × V19), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 32, V18: 1.8; row 32, V19: 2.9
- As published
- €2.5 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Culture and leisure
€6.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 43 “Culture et loisirs”, columns L and M and N and O (0.2087 × V10 + 1.0000 × V11 + 1.0000 × V12 + 0.2689 × V13), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 43, V10: 2.6; row 43, V11: 2.6; row 43, V12: 2.6; row 43, V13: 2.6
- As published
- €6.4 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 13–20%, Collective services
€15.7bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Defence, police, justice, general administration and other collective spending, spread over people, net of other transfers and of balances with the rest of the world, which are small and negative overall.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 46 “Autres transferts non monétaires”, columns R and S and T (0.0531 × V16 + 1.0000 × V17 + 0.3247 × V18), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 46, V16: 11.7; row 46, V17: 11.2; row 46, V18: 12
- As published
- €15.7 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.3–0.6%, Collective services
€589mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Defence, police, justice, general administration and other collective spending, spread over people, net of other transfers and of balances with the rest of the world, which are small and negative overall.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Collective services × ∫ level^e over P99.4036–99.6595 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0512), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.642), e = 0.00: the same per person, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Collective services €11.5bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.6, estimated
- Result
- €0.6 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, levies paid
€120bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Every levy attributed to the group, gross of subsidies.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 0.9–3.5%, Taxes on products + Top 0.9–3.5%, Taxes on production + Top 0.9–3.5%, Corporate tax + Top 0.9–3.5%, CSG on earnings and benefits + Top 0.9–3.5%, CSG on capital income + Top 0.9–3.5%, Income tax + Top 0.9–3.5%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Top 0.9–3.5%, Pension contributions + Top 0.9–3.5%, Other contributions- From
- Top 0.9–3.5%, Taxes on products €13.3bn, estimated
- Top 0.9–3.5%, Taxes on production €9.3bn, estimated
- Top 0.9–3.5%, Corporate tax €11.3bn, estimated
- Top 0.9–3.5%, CSG on earnings and benefits €11.8bn, estimated
- Top 0.9–3.5%, CSG on capital income €2.2bn, estimated
- Top 0.9–3.5%, Income tax €23.7bn, estimated
- Top 0.9–3.5%, Other taxes on income and wealth €4.3bn, estimated
- Top 0.9–3.5%, Pension contributions €24.7bn, estimated
- Top 0.9–3.5%, Other contributions €19.4bn, estimated
- Result
- €120.0 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, CSG on capital income
€2.2bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The part of the CSG levied on capital income: interest, dividends, life insurance, rents and capital gains.
- Competing figures
- €3.3bn, the CSG on capital income by financial income alone. The same computation with another key for the CSG on capital income.
- €2.9bn, the CSG on capital income by all capital income. The same computation with another key for the CSG on capital income.
- Caveat
- An allocation scenario: Insee attributes the whole CSG to each group but does not split it by base, and no source found gives the bases of the CSG on capital income by group. The CSG on investment income (interest, dividends, life insurance) is shared as Insee's net financial income. The CSG on property income is levied on rents landlords receive, capital gains and annuities; Insee's only row near it adds owner-occupiers' imputed rents, which pay no CSG, and holds no capital gains, so sharing it as that row is a convention. The alternatives share all of it as net financial income, or as the group's whole capital income.
Calculation
- Computed as
CSG on capital income × Top 0.9–3.5%, share of the CSG on capital income ÷ 100- From
- CSG on capital income €16.9bn, estimated
- Top 0.9–3.5%, share of the CSG on capital income 13.3%, estimated
- Result
- €2.2 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, Taxes on products
€15.2bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
- Caveat
- Insee attributes the whole amount to residents; the part falling outside France is taken out of every group in proportion.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 0.9–3.5%, Taxes on products × (1 − Share of consumption by visitors ÷ 100)- From
- Top 0.9–3.5%, Taxes on products €15.9bn, estimated
- Share of consumption by visitors 4.4%, estimated
- Result
- €15.2 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, Pension contributions
€23.6bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
Calculation
- Computed as
Pension contributions × Top 0.9–3.5%, Pension contributions ÷ All groups, Pension contributions- From
- Pension contributions €280.4bn, estimated
- Top 0.9–3.5%, Pension contributions €27.6bn, estimated
- All groups, Pension contributions €328.7bn, estimated
- Result
- €23.6 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.9–3.5%, Corporate tax
€19.4bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
- Caveat
- Insee attributes the whole amount to residents; the part falling outside France is taken out of every group in proportion.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 0.9–3.5%, Corporate tax × (1 − Share of French companies' equity held outside France ÷ 100)- From
- Top 0.9–3.5%, Corporate tax €24.3bn, estimated
- Share of French companies' equity held outside France 20%, estimated
- Result
- €19.4 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.6–0.9%, people
221,681EstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Individuals of all ages, as Insee counts them in its distributional accounts.
Calculation
- Computed as
(Everyone, Individuals, millions, Insee × (upper percentile − lower percentile) ÷ 100) × 1,000,000- From
- Everyone, Individuals, millions, Insee 68.4, estimated
- Rank above which people hold 10% of income 99.1, estimated
- Rank above which people hold 8% of income 99.4, estimated
- Result
- 221,681
Why believe this?
Top 0.6–0.9%, received a month per person
€2,340EstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 0.6–0.9%, transfers received × 10⁹ ÷ Top 0.6–0.9%, people ÷ 12- From
- Top 0.6–0.9%, transfers received €6.2bn, estimated
- Top 0.6–0.9%, people 221,681, estimated
- Result
- €2,340
Why believe this?
Top 0.6–0.9%, Unemployment benefits
€152mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.
Calculation
- Computed as
Unemployment benefits × Top 0.6–0.9%, Unemployment benefits ÷ All groups, Unemployment benefits- From
- Unemployment benefits €42.9bn, estimated
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Unemployment benefits €162m, estimated
- All groups, Unemployment benefits €45.8bn, estimated
- Result
- €0.2 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.6–0.9%, Other cash benefits
€507mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.
Calculation
- Computed as
Other cash benefits × Top 0.6–0.9%, Other cash benefits ÷ All groups, Other cash benefits- From
- Other cash benefits €137.4bn, estimated
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Other cash benefits €544m, estimated
- All groups, Other cash benefits €147.6bn, estimated
- Result
- €0.5 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.6–0.9%, Culture and leisure
€134mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.
Calculation
- Computed as
Culture and leisure × Top 0.6–0.9%, Culture and leisure ÷ All groups, Culture and leisure- From
- Culture and leisure €41.4bn, estimated
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Culture and leisure €169m, estimated
- All groups, Culture and leisure €52bn, estimated
- Result
- €0.1 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.6–0.9%, Corporate tax
€3.9bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
- Caveat
- Insee attributes the whole amount to residents; the part falling outside France is taken out of every group in proportion.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 0.6–0.9%, Corporate tax × (1 − Share of French companies' equity held outside France ÷ 100)- From
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Corporate tax €4.9bn, estimated
- Share of French companies' equity held outside France 20%, estimated
- Result
- €3.9 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.6–0.9%, Corporate tax
€1.2bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
Calculation
- Computed as
Corporate tax × Top 0.6–0.9%, Corporate tax ÷ All groups, Corporate tax- From
- Corporate tax €79.3bn, estimated
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Corporate tax €1.2bn, estimated
- All groups, Corporate tax €78.1bn, estimated
- Result
- €1.2 billion
Why believe this?
Living standard at P99.4, constant 2024 euros, a month
€10,800EstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The yearly amount divided by twelve, rounded to a hundred euros.
Calculation
- Computed as
Living standard at P99.4, constant 2024 euros ÷ 12, rounded to €100- From
- Living standard at P99.4, constant 2024 euros €129,779, estimated
- Result
- €10,800
Why believe this?
Top 0.3–0.6%, people
175,047EstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Individuals of all ages, as Insee counts them in its distributional accounts.
Calculation
- Computed as
(Everyone, Individuals, millions, Insee × (upper percentile − lower percentile) ÷ 100) × 1,000,000- From
- Everyone, Individuals, millions, Insee 68.4, estimated
- Rank above which people hold 8% of income 99.4, estimated
- Rank above which people hold 6% of income 99.7, estimated
- Result
- 175,047
Why believe this?
Top 0.3–0.6%, Education
€309mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.
Calculation
- Computed as
Education × Top 0.3–0.6%, Education ÷ All groups, Education- From
- Education €141.6bn, estimated
- Top 0.3–0.6%, Education €280m, estimated
- All groups, Education €128.1bn, estimated
- Result
- €0.3 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.3–0.6%, Pensions
€1.7bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.
Calculation
- Computed as
Pensions × Top 0.3–0.6%, Pensions ÷ All groups, Pensions- From
- Pensions €370bn, estimated
- Top 0.3–0.6%, Pensions €1.9bn, estimated
- All groups, Pensions €397.8bn, estimated
- Result
- €1.7 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.3–0.6%, Corporate tax
€4.9bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
Calculation
- Computed as
Corporate tax × Top 0.3–0.6%, Corporate tax ÷ All groups, Corporate tax- From
- Corporate tax €79.3bn, estimated
- Top 0.3–0.6%, Corporate tax €4.8bn, estimated
- All groups, Corporate tax €78.1bn, estimated
- Result
- €4.9 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.2–0.3%, rents, actual and imputed, monthly equivalent per resident, 2023 data
€1,170EstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 0.2–0.3%, Rents, actual and imputed × 10⁹ ÷ Top 0.2–0.3%, people ÷ 12- From
- Top 0.2–0.3%, Rents, actual and imputed €1.8bn, estimated
- Top 0.2–0.3%, people 127,358, estimated
- Result
- €1,170
Why believe this?
Top 0.2–0.3%, Rents, actual and imputed
€1.2bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Rents landlords receive and the rent owner-occupiers are deemed to pay themselves, net of costs.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Rents, actual and imputed × ∫ level^e over P99.6595–99.8457 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0556), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.44: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20- From
- Top 5%, Rents, actual and imputed €21.4bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- V19, Loyers réels et imputés aux propriétaires, Insee €14.9bn, estimated
- V19, Extended primary income, Insee €218.2bn, estimated
- V19, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- V20, Loyers réels et imputés aux propriétaires, Insee €21.4bn, estimated
- V20, Extended primary income, Insee €499.9bn, estimated
- V20, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- Result
- €1.2 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.2–0.3%, received a month per person
€2,790EstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 0.2–0.3%, transfers received × 10⁹ ÷ Top 0.2–0.3%, people ÷ 12- From
- Top 0.2–0.3%, transfers received €4.3bn, estimated
- Top 0.2–0.3%, people 127,358, estimated
- Result
- €2,790
Why believe this?
Top 0.2–0.3%, Subsidies on production
€766mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.
Calculation
- Computed as
Subsidies on production × Top 0.2–0.3%, Subsidies on production ÷ All groups, Subsidies on production- From
- Subsidies on production €53bn, estimated
- Top 0.2–0.3%, Subsidies on production €552m, estimated
- All groups, Subsidies on production €38.2bn, estimated
- Result
- €0.8 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.2–0.3%, Collective services
€595mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Defence, police, justice, general administration and other collective spending, spread over people, net of other transfers and of balances with the rest of the world, which are small and negative overall.
Calculation
- Computed as
Collective services × Top 0.2–0.3%, Collective services ÷ All groups, Collective services- From
- Collective services €332.8bn, estimated
- Top 0.2–0.3%, Collective services €428m, estimated
- All groups, Collective services €239.5bn, estimated
- Result
- €0.6 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.2–0.3%, Corporate tax
€3.9bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
- Caveat
- Insee attributes the whole amount to residents; the part falling outside France is taken out of every group in proportion.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 0.2–0.3%, Corporate tax × (1 − Share of French companies' equity held outside France ÷ 100)- From
- Top 0.2–0.3%, Corporate tax €4.9bn, estimated
- Share of French companies' equity held outside France 20%, estimated
- Result
- €3.9 billion
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Subsidies on products, below P95
€974mEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 19 “Subventions sur les produits (transports, etc.)”, column U (0.5730 × V19), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 19, V19: 1.7
- As published
- €1.0 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, Subsidies on production
€884mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.
Calculation
- Computed as
Subsidies on production × Top 0.04–0.2%, Subsidies on production ÷ All groups, Subsidies on production- From
- Subsidies on production €53bn, estimated
- Top 0.04–0.2%, Subsidies on production €637m, estimated
- All groups, Subsidies on production €38.2bn, estimated
- Result
- €0.9 billion
Why believe this?
All groups, Pensions
€397.8bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 33%, Pensions + Bottom 33–49%, Pensions + Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Pensions + Top 29–39%, Pensions + Top 20–29%, Pensions + Top 13–20%, Pensions + Top 7.9–13%, Pensions + Top 3.5–7.9%, Pensions + Top 0.9–3.5%, Pensions + Top 0.6–0.9%, Pensions + Top 0.3–0.6%, Pensions + Top 0.2–0.3%, Pensions + Top 0.04–0.2%, Pensions + Top 0.04%, Pensions- From
- Bottom 33%, Pensions €79.8bn, estimated
- Bottom 33–49%, Pensions €58.8bn, estimated
- Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Pensions €53.4bn, estimated
- Top 29–39%, Pensions €45.6bn, estimated
- Top 20–29%, Pensions €40bn, estimated
- Top 13–20%, Pensions €34.8bn, estimated
- Top 7.9–13%, Pensions €31.7bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Pensions €28.1bn, estimated
- Top 0.9–3.5%, Pensions €18.9bn, estimated
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Pensions €2.4bn, estimated
- Top 0.3–0.6%, Pensions €1.9bn, estimated
- Top 0.2–0.3%, Pensions €1.4bn, estimated
- Top 0.04–0.2%, Pensions €834m, estimated
- Top 0.04%, Pensions €290m, estimated
- Result
- €397.8 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 33%, Pensions
€79.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 31 “Pensions de retraite”, columns C and D and E and F and G and H and I (1.0000 × V1 + 1.0000 × V2 + 1.0000 × V3 + 1.0000 × V4 + 1.0000 × V5 + 1.0000 × V6 + 0.6601 × V7), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 31, V1: 2.4; row 31, V2: 8.2; row 31, V3: 10.5; row 31, V4: 12.2; row 31, V5: 15.3; row 31, V6: 18.9; row 31, V7: 18.6
- As published
- €79.8 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Unemployment benefits
€2.4bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 3.5–7.9%, Unemployment benefits, below P95 + Top 3.5–7.9%, Unemployment benefits, above P95- From
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Unemployment benefits, below P95 €1.7bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Unemployment benefits, above P95 €739m, estimated
- Result
- €2.4 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, Other cash benefits
€192mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Other cash benefits × ∫ level^e over P99.8457–99.9602 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0229), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.479), e = 0.00: the same per person, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Other cash benefits €8.4bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €0.2 billion
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Health care, below P95
€4.6bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 40 “Santé”, column U (0.5730 × V19), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 40, V19: 8
- As published
- €4.6 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Education, below P95
€2.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 41 “Enseignement2”, column U (0.5730 × V19), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 41, V19: 5.1
- As published
- €2.9 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.2–0.3%, Social care and housing aid
€101mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care for dependent elderly and disabled people, childcare and other social action, housing benefits and the energy cheque, and the running costs of social security, received in kind.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Social care and housing aid × ∫ level^e over P99.6595–99.8457 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0372), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.479), e = 0.00: the same per person, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Social care and housing aid €2.7bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €0.1 billion
Why believe this?
Top 29–39%, Culture and leisure
€5.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 43 “Culture et loisirs”, columns O and P and Q (0.7311 × V13 + 1.0000 × V14 + 0.2824 × V15), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 43, V13: 2.6; row 43, V14: 2.6; row 43, V15: 2.6
- As published
- €5.2 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.3–0.6%, Culture and leisure
€133mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Culture and leisure × ∫ level^e over P99.4036–99.6595 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0512), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.479), e = 0.00: the same per person, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Culture and leisure €2.6bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.5, estimated
- Result
- €0.1 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 33%, Collective services
€83.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Defence, police, justice, general administration and other collective spending, spread over people, net of other transfers and of balances with the rest of the world, which are small and negative overall.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 46 “Autres transferts non monétaires”, columns C and D and E and F and G and H and I (1.0000 × V1 + 1.0000 × V2 + 1.0000 × V3 + 1.0000 × V4 + 1.0000 × V5 + 1.0000 × V6 + 0.6601 × V7), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 46, V1: 14.6; row 46, V2: 11.9; row 46, V3: 12.2; row 46, V4: 12.4; row 46, V5: 11.8; row 46, V6: 12.4; row 46, V7: 12.2
- As published
- €83.4 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 7.9–13%, Taxes on products
€23.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 18 “Taxes sur les produits (TVA, TICPE, accises, DMTO, etc.)”, columns T and U (0.6753 × V18 + 0.4270 × V19), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 18, V18: -21.7; row 18, V19: -19.9
- As published
- €23.2 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
All groups, Taxes on production
€127.9bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 33%, Taxes on production + Bottom 33–49%, Taxes on production + Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Taxes on production + Top 29–39%, Taxes on production + Top 20–29%, Taxes on production + Top 13–20%, Taxes on production + Top 7.9–13%, Taxes on production + Top 3.5–7.9%, Taxes on production + Top 0.9–3.5%, Taxes on production + Top 0.6–0.9%, Taxes on production + Top 0.3–0.6%, Taxes on production + Top 0.2–0.3%, Taxes on production + Top 0.04–0.2%, Taxes on production + Top 0.04%, Taxes on production- From
- Bottom 33%, Taxes on production €15.2bn, estimated
- Bottom 33–49%, Taxes on production €14.5bn, estimated
- Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Taxes on production €14.2bn, estimated
- Top 29–39%, Taxes on production €14.1bn, estimated
- Top 20–29%, Taxes on production €13.8bn, estimated
- Top 13–20%, Taxes on production €13.3bn, estimated
- Top 7.9–13%, Taxes on production €13.1bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Taxes on production €11.2bn, estimated
- Top 0.9–3.5%, Taxes on production €8.5bn, estimated
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Taxes on production €1.7bn, estimated
- Top 0.3–0.6%, Taxes on production €1.7bn, estimated
- Top 0.2–0.3%, Taxes on production €1.8bn, estimated
- Top 0.04–0.2%, Taxes on production €2bn, estimated
- Top 0.04%, Taxes on production €3bn, estimated
- Result
- €127.9 billion
Why believe this?
Top 29–39%, Taxes on production
€14.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 20 “Taxes sur la production (taxes patronales, TF, etc.)”, columns O and P and Q (0.7311 × V13 + 1.0000 × V14 + 0.2824 × V15), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 20, V13: -6.7; row 20, V14: -7; row 20, V15: -7.9
- As published
- €14.1 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, Corporate tax
€5.1bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, Corporate tax × ∫ level^e over P99.8457–99.9602 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0884), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.642), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, Corporate tax €57.4bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.6, estimated
- Result
- €5.1 billion
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Corporate tax
€13.2bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 3.5–7.9%, Corporate tax, below P95 + Top 3.5–7.9%, Corporate tax, above P95- From
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Corporate tax, below P95 €3.8bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Corporate tax, above P95 €9.4bn, estimated
- Result
- €13.2 billion
Why believe this?
All groups, CSG
€147.2bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 33%, CSG + Bottom 33–49%, CSG + Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, CSG + Top 29–39%, CSG + Top 20–29%, CSG + Top 13–20%, CSG + Top 7.9–13%, CSG + Top 3.5–7.9%, CSG + Top 0.9–3.5%, CSG + Top 0.6–0.9%, CSG + Top 0.3–0.6%, CSG + Top 0.2–0.3%, CSG + Top 0.04–0.2%, CSG + Top 0.04%, CSG- From
- Bottom 33%, CSG €14.4bn, estimated
- Bottom 33–49%, CSG €16.3bn, estimated
- Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, CSG €16.3bn, estimated
- Top 29–39%, CSG €16.2bn, estimated
- Top 20–29%, CSG €15.7bn, estimated
- Top 13–20%, CSG €15.3bn, estimated
- Top 7.9–13%, CSG €15bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, CSG €13.6bn, estimated
- Top 0.9–3.5%, CSG €11.2bn, estimated
- Top 0.6–0.9%, CSG €2.2bn, estimated
- Top 0.3–0.6%, CSG €2.2bn, estimated
- Top 0.2–0.3%, CSG €2.3bn, estimated
- Top 0.04–0.2%, CSG €2.6bn, estimated
- Top 0.04%, CSG €3.9bn, estimated
- Result
- €147.2 billion
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, CSG, above P95
€4.8bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.
- Caveat
- Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 5%, CSG × ∫ level^e over P95–96.4785 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.1630), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.642), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure- From
- Top 5%, CSG €29.3bn, estimated
- Inverted Pareto coefficient at P95 1.9, estimated
- Shape of the top 5%'s tail 0.6, estimated
- Result
- €4.8 billion
Why believe this?
Top 20–29%, Rents, actual and imputed
€17.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Rents landlords receive and the rent owner-occupiers are deemed to pay themselves, net of costs.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 9 “Loyers réels et imputés aux propriétaires”, columns Q and R (0.7176 × V15 + 0.9469 × V16), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 9, V15: 9.9; row 9, V16: 10.6
- As published
- €17.1 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
All groups, Income tax
€101.5bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 33%, Income tax + Bottom 33–49%, Income tax + Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Income tax + Top 29–39%, Income tax + Top 20–29%, Income tax + Top 13–20%, Income tax + Top 7.9–13%, Income tax + Top 3.5–7.9%, Income tax + Top 0.9–3.5%, Income tax + Top 0.6–0.9%, Income tax + Top 0.3–0.6%, Income tax + Top 0.2–0.3%, Income tax + Top 0.04–0.2%, Income tax + Top 0.04%, Income tax- From
- Bottom 33%, Income tax €2.9bn, estimated
- Bottom 33–49%, Income tax €1.3bn, estimated
- Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Income tax €3.3bn, estimated
- Top 29–39%, Income tax €5.1bn, estimated
- Top 20–29%, Income tax €7.3bn, estimated
- Top 13–20%, Income tax €9.8bn, estimated
- Top 7.9–13%, Income tax €13.3bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Income tax €17.2bn, estimated
- Top 0.9–3.5%, Income tax €18.9bn, estimated
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Income tax €3.7bn, estimated
- Top 0.3–0.6%, Income tax €3.8bn, estimated
- Top 0.2–0.3%, Income tax €3.9bn, estimated
- Top 0.04–0.2%, Income tax €4.4bn, estimated
- Top 0.04%, Income tax €6.6bn, estimated
- Result
- €101.5 billion
Why believe this?
All groups, Other contributions
€214bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 33%, Other contributions + Bottom 33–49%, Other contributions + Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Other contributions + Top 29–39%, Other contributions + Top 20–29%, Other contributions + Top 13–20%, Other contributions + Top 7.9–13%, Other contributions + Top 3.5–7.9%, Other contributions + Top 0.9–3.5%, Other contributions + Top 0.6–0.9%, Other contributions + Top 0.3–0.6%, Other contributions + Top 0.2–0.3%, Other contributions + Top 0.04–0.2%, Other contributions + Top 0.04%, Other contributions- From
- Bottom 33%, Other contributions €17.9bn, estimated
- Bottom 33–49%, Other contributions €20.2bn, estimated
- Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Other contributions €21.2bn, estimated
- Top 29–39%, Other contributions €22.3bn, estimated
- Top 20–29%, Other contributions €23.2bn, estimated
- Top 13–20%, Other contributions €24.1bn, estimated
- Top 7.9–13%, Other contributions €25.1bn, estimated
- Top 3.5–7.9%, Other contributions €22.2bn, estimated
- Top 0.9–3.5%, Other contributions €17.3bn, estimated
- Top 0.6–0.9%, Other contributions €3.4bn, estimated
- Top 0.3–0.6%, Other contributions €3.4bn, estimated
- Top 0.2–0.3%, Other contributions €3.6bn, estimated
- Top 0.04–0.2%, Other contributions €4bn, estimated
- Top 0.04%, Other contributions €6bn, estimated
- Result
- €214.0 billion
Why believe this?
Top 3.5–7.9%, Other contributions, below P95
€14.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 27 “Cotisations sociales chômage1”; 28 “Cotisations sociales famille1”; 29 “Autres cotisations sociales (maladie, invalidité, ATMP)1”, column U (0.5730 × V19), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 29, V19: -18.2; row 27, V19: -3.7; row 28, V19: -4.1
- As published
- €14.9 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, paid a month per person
€19,310EstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 0.04–0.2%, levies paid × 10⁹ ÷ Top 0.04–0.2%, people ÷ 12- From
- Top 0.04–0.2%, levies paid €18.2bn, estimated
- Top 0.04–0.2%, people 78,339, estimated
- Result
- €19,310
Why believe this?
Top 0.04–0.2%, Pension contributions
€4.1bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
Calculation
- Computed as
Pension contributions × Top 0.04–0.2%, Pension contributions ÷ All groups, Pension contributions- From
- Pension contributions €280.4bn, estimated
- Top 0.04–0.2%, Pension contributions €4.8bn, estimated
- All groups, Pension contributions €328.7bn, estimated
- Result
- €4.1 billion
Why believe this?
Living standard at P99.99, constant 2024 euros
€988,388EstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The survey's 9th decile of the year times the ratio of Filosofi's threshold at this rank to its 9th decile: the level of the survey, the shape of the top from tax and benefit files.
- Caveat
- Filosofi's ratios are those of its latest year, 2021. From 2018 to 2021, the ratio of the 99th percentile to the 9th decile held at 2.19, that of the 99.9th rose from 5.34 to 5.68 and that of the 99.99th from 16.6 to 20.6.
Calculation
- Computed as
Living standard at D9, constant 2024 euros × Living standard at P99.99, Filosofi 2021 ÷ Living standard at P90, Filosofi 2021- From
- Living standard at D9, constant 2024 euros €47,900, estimated
- Living standard at P99.99, Filosofi 2021 €850,550
- Living standard at P90, Filosofi 2021 €41,220
- Result
- €988,388
Why believe this?
Living standard at P99.99, Filosofi 2021
€850,550Observed2021
Definition
- What it counts
- Disposable income per consumption unit a year at the threshold, in current euros of the year: metropolitan France, people of tax households in ordinary dwellings with a declared income of zero or more, from tax and benefit files (Filosofi).
- Caveat
- Filosofi's disposable income leaves out the financial income the survey on tax and social incomes imputes, so its thresholds sit a little below the survey's; the page uses them as multiples of Filosofi's own 9th decile.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Les revenus et le patrimoine des ménages, édition 2024, fiche « Très hauts revenus »
- Where
- Sheet “Figure 1”, row 9 “0,01 % les plus aisées”, column D “Niveau de vie” (2021), montants annuels en euros; raw/insee_rpm2024_f10.xlsx
- Published
- 2024-10-17
- As published
- €850,550
- Read
- 2026-10-16
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, profits kept in companies, monthly equivalent per resident, 2023 data
€22,340EstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 0.04%, Profits kept in companies × 10⁹ ÷ Top 0.04%, people ÷ 12- From
- Top 0.04%, Profits kept in companies €7.3bn, estimated
- Top 0.04%, people 27,208, estimated
- Result
- €22,340
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Subsidies on production
€1.4bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.
Calculation
- Computed as
Subsidies on production × Top 0.04%, Subsidies on production ÷ All groups, Subsidies on production- From
- Subsidies on production €53bn, estimated
- Top 0.04%, Subsidies on production €1bn, estimated
- All groups, Subsidies on production €38.2bn, estimated
- Result
- €1.4 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, Collective services
€105mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Defence, police, justice, general administration and other collective spending, spread over people, net of other transfers and of balances with the rest of the world, which are small and negative overall.
Calculation
- Computed as
Collective services × Top 0.04%, Collective services ÷ All groups, Collective services- From
- Collective services €332.8bn, estimated
- Top 0.04%, Collective services €75.7m, estimated
- All groups, Collective services €239.5bn, estimated
- Result
- €0.1 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, transfers received
€1.8bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Every transfer attributed to the group, subsidies included.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 0.04%, Subsidies on products + Top 0.04%, Subsidies on production + Top 0.04%, Pensions + Top 0.04%, Unemployment benefits + Top 0.04%, Other cash benefits + Top 0.04%, Health care + Top 0.04%, Education + Top 0.04%, Social care and housing aid + Top 0.04%, Culture and leisure + Top 0.04%, Collective services- From
- Top 0.04%, Subsidies on products €276m, estimated
- Top 0.04%, Subsidies on production €890m, estimated
- Top 0.04%, Pensions €269m, estimated
- Top 0.04%, Unemployment benefits €18.6m, estimated
- Top 0.04%, Other cash benefits €62.2m, estimated
- Top 0.04%, Health care €74.9m, estimated
- Top 0.04%, Education €46.6m, estimated
- Top 0.04%, Social care and housing aid €19.9m, estimated
- Top 0.04%, Culture and leisure €16.5m, estimated
- Top 0.04%, Collective services €127m, estimated
- Result
- €1.8 billion
Why believe this?
Borrowing
€151.9bnObservedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The deficit: the part of public spending not covered by revenue, financed by issuing debt.
Calculation
- Computed as
− Net lending- From
- Net lending €−151.9bn
- Result
- €151,920.3 million
Why believe this?
Public debt, all holders, end 2022
€2,956bnObserved2022
Definition
- What it counts
- Gross consolidated debt of general government at the end of the year, at face value, by the sector that holds it.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
gov_10dd_ggd(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=MIO_EURsector=S13na_item=GDmaturity=TOTALsector2=S1_S2time=2022· query this cell- As published
- €2,955,639.1 million
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-06-05, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.
Why believe this?
International cooperation from the EU
€3bnObserved2023
Definition
- What it counts
- A transfer between French general government and the rest of the world, as Eurostat records it in the government accounts.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
gov_10a_main(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=MIO_EURsector=S13na_item=D74REC_S212time=2023· query this cell- As published
- €3,017.0 million
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-07-21, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.
Why believe this?
Top 0.2–0.3%, levies through companies
€8.4bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Taxes on products and on production and corporate tax that companies hand over but whose incidence Insee attributes to the group.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 0.2–0.3%, Taxes on products + Top 0.2–0.3%, Taxes on production + Top 0.2–0.3%, Corporate tax- From
- Top 0.2–0.3%, Taxes on products €2.7bn, estimated
- Top 0.2–0.3%, Taxes on production €1.9bn, estimated
- Top 0.2–0.3%, Corporate tax €3.9bn, estimated
- Result
- €8.4 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 33%, subsidies through companies
€18.9bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Subsidies paid to companies whose benefit Insee attributes to the group.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 33%, Subsidies on products + Bottom 33%, Subsidies on production- From
- Bottom 33%, Subsidies on products €13.3bn, estimated
- Bottom 33%, Subsidies on production €5.6bn, estimated
- Result
- €18.9 billion
Why believe this?
Top 0.04%, subsidies through companies
€1.2bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Subsidies paid to companies whose benefit Insee attributes to the group.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 0.04%, Subsidies on products + Top 0.04%, Subsidies on production- From
- Top 0.04%, Subsidies on products €276m, estimated
- Top 0.04%, Subsidies on production €890m, estimated
- Result
- €1.2 billion