Official figures and this site's calculations

Why believe this?

Figures of one view and year of the diagram, with their sources and how they were computed, each under its own anchor. Back to Public money.

16 parts: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

Why believe this?

Tax households above P99, 2016

378,300Observed2016

Definition

What it counts
The number of tax households above the threshold.

Where it comes from

Source
Institut des politiques publiques, Quels impôts les milliardaires paient-ils ? Note n° 92 (Bach, Bozio, Guillouzouic, Malgouyres), updated 2025
Where
Tableau 1, p. 3
Published
May 2025
It says
P99: 378300 foyers
As published
378,300
Read
2026-10-04

Why believe this?

Taxes on production

€128bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 20 “Taxes sur la production (taxes patronales, TF, etc.)”, column B (Ensemble)
Published
16 April 2026
As published
€128.0 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

V17, Extended primary income, Insee

€146bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Income before any public transfer: labour income with all social contributions, property and self-employment income, retained profits attributed to owners and a share of public bodies' primary income.
Caveat
Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 14 “Revenu primaire élargi (D=A+B+C)”, column S (V17)
Published
16 April 2026
As published
€146.0 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 0.04%, Taxes on production

€769mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
Caveat
Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 5%, Taxes on production × ∫ level^e over P99.9602–100 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0346), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.63: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20
From
Result
€0.8 billion

Why believe this?

Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Taxes on production

€14.2bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 20 “Taxes sur la production (taxes patronales, TF, etc.)”, columns L and M and N and O (0.2087 × V10 + 1.0000 × V11 + 1.0000 × V12 + 0.2689 × V13), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 20, V10: -5.1; row 20, V11: -5.5; row 20, V12: -5.8; row 20, V13: -6.7
As published
€14.2 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 5%, Corporate tax

€57.4bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 22 “Impôt sur les sociétés”, column V (V20)
Published
16 April 2026
As published
€57.4 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 7.9–13%, Corporate tax

€4.6bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 22 “Impôt sur les sociétés”, columns T and U (0.6753 × V18 + 0.4270 × V19), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 22, V18: -2.6; row 22, V19: -6.7
As published
€4.6 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 0.9–3.5%, Corporate tax

€3.8bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
Caveat
Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 5%, Corporate tax × ∫ level^e over P96.4785–99.0795 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0667), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.94: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20
From
Result
€3.8 billion

Why believe this?

Shares issued by financial corporations

€1,271bnObserved2023

Definition

What it counts
Listed and unlisted shares (ESA F51), at the end of the year, at market value or own funds for unlisted companies.

Where it comes from

Source
Eurostat, dataset nasa_10_f_bs (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=MIO_EUR co_nco=NCO sector=S12 finpos=LIAB na_item=F51 time=2023 · query this cell
As published
€1,270,742.0 million
Dataset version
updated 2026-10-14, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

Top 0.04%, CSG on earnings and benefits

€1bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
The CSG on earnings, pensions and other replacement income, and on gaming: the CSG less its part on capital income.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 0.04%, CSG − Top 0.04%, CSG on capital income
From
Result
€1.0 billion

Why believe this?

Capital income's share of the CSG, 2023

11.3%EstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
The CSG's yield on capital income over its yield on earnings, replacement income and capital income (CCSS); the CSG on gaming is left out.

Calculation

Computed as
CSG on capital income, 2023 ÷ (CSG on earnings, 2023 + CSG on replacement income, 2023 + CSG on capital income, 2023) × 100
From
Result
11.3%

Why believe this?

Top 0.6–0.9%, Net financial income

€5.2bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
Interest, dividends and other property income households receive, less the interest they pay.
Caveat
Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 5%, Net financial income × ∫ level^e over P99.0795–99.4036 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure
From
Result
€5.2 billion

Why believe this?

Top 3.5–7.9%, Other taxes on income and wealth

€2.7bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 3.5–7.9%, Other taxes on income and wealth, below P95 + Top 3.5–7.9%, Other taxes on income and wealth, above P95
From
Result
€2.7 billion

Why believe this?

Top 3.5–7.9%, Other taxes on income and wealth, below P95

€1.7bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 25 “Autres impôts sur les revenus et le patrimoine (TH, ISF/IFI, CRDS, etc.)”, column U (0.5730 × V19), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 25, V19: -2.9
As published
€1.7 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 0.6–0.9%, Other contributions

€3.6bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.
Caveat
Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 5%, Other contributions × ∫ level^e over P99.0795–99.4036 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0806), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.66: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20
From
Result
€3.6 billion

Why believe this?

Rank above which people hold 2% of income

100EstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
The rank in Insee's ranking by living standard above which people hold this share of extended primary income: linear between Insee's twentieths below P95, on the generalized Pareto tail above.

Calculation

Computed as
share of primary income above the rank = 2%, on Insee's curve (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490 above P95)
From
Result
100

Why believe this?

All groups, Taxes on products

€318.6bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.

Calculation

Computed as
Bottom 33%, Taxes on products + Bottom 33–49%, Taxes on products + Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Taxes on products + Top 29–39%, Taxes on products + Top 20–29%, Taxes on products + Top 13–20%, Taxes on products + Top 7.9–13%, Taxes on products + Top 3.5–7.9%, Taxes on products + Top 0.9–3.5%, Taxes on products + Top 0.6–0.9%, Taxes on products + Top 0.3–0.6%, Taxes on products + Top 0.2–0.3%, Taxes on products + Top 0.04–0.2%, Taxes on products + Top 0.04%, Taxes on products
From
Result
€318.6 billion

Why believe this?

Top 7.9–13%, Taxes on products

€23.2bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 18 “Taxes sur les produits (TVA, TICPE, accises, DMTO, etc.)”, columns T and U (0.6753 × V18 + 0.4270 × V19), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 18, V18: -21.7; row 18, V19: -19.9
As published
€23.2 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 0.2–0.3%, Taxes on products

€2.8bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
Caveat
Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 5%, Taxes on products × ∫ level^e over P99.6595–99.8457 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0834), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.479), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure
From
Result
€2.8 billion

Why believe this?

Top 29–39%, Taxes on production

€14.1bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 20 “Taxes sur la production (taxes patronales, TF, etc.)”, columns O and P and Q (0.7311 × V13 + 1.0000 × V14 + 0.2824 × V15), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 20, V13: -6.7; row 20, V14: -7; row 20, V15: -7.9
As published
€14.1 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 3.5–7.9%, Net financial income, above P95

€10.4bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
Interest, dividends and other property income households receive, less the interest they pay.
Caveat
Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 5%, Net financial income × ∫ level^e over P95–96.4785 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.1668), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.479), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure
From
Result
€10.4 billion

Why believe this?

All groups, Rents, actual and imputed

€166.8bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.

Calculation

Computed as
Bottom 33%, Rents, actual and imputed + Bottom 33–49%, Rents, actual and imputed + Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Rents, actual and imputed + Top 29–39%, Rents, actual and imputed + Top 20–29%, Rents, actual and imputed + Top 13–20%, Rents, actual and imputed + Top 7.9–13%, Rents, actual and imputed + Top 3.5–7.9%, Rents, actual and imputed + Top 0.9–3.5%, Rents, actual and imputed + Top 0.6–0.9%, Rents, actual and imputed + Top 0.3–0.6%, Rents, actual and imputed + Top 0.2–0.3%, Rents, actual and imputed + Top 0.04–0.2%, Rents, actual and imputed + Top 0.04%, Rents, actual and imputed
From
Result
€166.8 billion

Why believe this?

Top 20–29%, Rents, actual and imputed

€17.1bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Rents landlords receive and the rent owner-occupiers are deemed to pay themselves, net of costs.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 9 “Loyers réels et imputés aux propriétaires”, columns Q and R (0.7176 × V15 + 0.9469 × V16), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 9, V15: 9.9; row 9, V16: 10.6
As published
€17.1 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 0.04–0.2%, Income tax

€4.1bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
Caveat
Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 5%, Income tax × ∫ level^e over P99.8457–99.9602 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0828), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.479), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure
From
Result
€4.1 billion

Why believe this?

All groups, Other taxes on income and wealth

€24.1bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.

Calculation

Computed as
Bottom 33%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Bottom 33–49%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Other taxes on income and wealth + Top 29–39%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Top 20–29%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Top 13–20%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Top 7.9–13%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Top 3.5–7.9%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Top 0.9–3.5%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Top 0.6–0.9%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Top 0.3–0.6%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Top 0.2–0.3%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Top 0.04–0.2%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Top 0.04%, Other taxes on income and wealth
From
Result
€24.1 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.9–3.5%, Other taxes on income and wealth

€3.7bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
Caveat
Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 5%, Other taxes on income and wealth × ∫ level^e over P96.4785–99.0795 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.4189), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.479), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure
From
Result
€3.7 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.04%, Pension contributions

€3.9bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.

Calculation

Computed as
Pension contributions × Top 0.04%, Pension contributions ÷ All groups, Pension contributions
From
Result
€3.9 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.04–0.2%, Pension contributions

€4.7bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
Caveat
Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 5%, Pension contributions × ∫ level^e over P99.8457–99.9602 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0828), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.479), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure
From
Result
€4.7 billion

Why believe this?

Top 3.5–7.9%, Other contributions

€22.4bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 3.5–7.9%, Other contributions, below P95 + Top 3.5–7.9%, Other contributions, above P95
From
Result
€22.4 billion

Why believe this?

Top 3.5–7.9%, Other contributions, below P95

€14.9bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 27 “Cotisations sociales chômage1”; 28 “Cotisations sociales famille1”; 29 “Autres cotisations sociales (maladie, invalidité, ATMP)1”, column U (0.5730 × V19), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 29, V19: -18.2; row 27, V19: -3.7; row 28, V19: -4.1
As published
€14.9 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 0.6–0.9%, Taxes on products

€2.8bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
Caveat
Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 5%, Taxes on products × ∫ level^e over P99.0795–99.4036 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure
From
Result
€2.8 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.04%, Corporate tax

€4.9bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.

Calculation

Computed as
Corporate tax × Top 0.04%, Corporate tax ÷ All groups, Corporate tax
From
Result
€4.9 billion

Why believe this?

Top 29–39%, Net financial income

€8bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Interest, dividends and other property income households receive, less the interest they pay.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 8 “Revenus financiers nets (intérêts, dividendes, etc.)”, columns O and P and Q (0.7311 × V13 + 1.0000 × V14 + 0.2824 × V15), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 8, V13: 3.4; row 8, V14: 4.1; row 8, V15: 4.9
As published
€8.0 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 13–20%, Income tax

€9.8bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 24 “Impôt sur le revenu (IR)”, columns R and S and T (0.0531 × V16 + 1.0000 × V17 + 0.3247 × V18), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 24, V16: -4.8; row 24, V17: -6.4; row 24, V18: -9.7
As published
€9.8 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 3.5–7.9%, Income tax, above P95

€8.2bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
Caveat
Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 5%, Income tax × ∫ level^e over P95–96.4785 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.1666), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure
From
Result
€8.2 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.3–0.6%, Income tax

€4.1bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
Caveat
Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 5%, Income tax × ∫ level^e over P99.4036–99.6595 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure
From
Result
€4.1 billion

Why believe this?

Top 20–29%, Other taxes on income and wealth

€1.9bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 25 “Autres impôts sur les revenus et le patrimoine (TH, ISF/IFI, CRDS, etc.)”, columns Q and R (0.7176 × V15 + 0.9469 × V16), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 25, V15: -1; row 25, V16: -1.2
As published
€1.9 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 13–20%, Pension contributions

€35.9bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 26 “Cotisations sociales retraite1”, columns R and S and T (0.0531 × V16 + 1.0000 × V17 + 0.3247 × V18), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 26, V16: -22.9; row 26, V17: -25; row 26, V18: -29.7
As published
€35.9 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 3.5–7.9%, Pension contributions, above P95

€9.5bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
Caveat
Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 5%, Pension contributions × ∫ level^e over P95–96.4785 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.1666), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure
From
Result
€9.5 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.3–0.6%, Pension contributions

€4.8bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
Caveat
Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 5%, Pension contributions × ∫ level^e over P99.4036–99.6595 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure
From
Result
€4.8 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 33–49%, Other contributions

€20.2bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 27 “Cotisations sociales chômage1”; 28 “Cotisations sociales famille1”; 29 “Autres cotisations sociales (maladie, invalidité, ATMP)1”, columns I and J and K and L (0.3399 × V7 + 1.0000 × V8 + 1.0000 × V9 + 0.7913 × V10), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 29, V7: -2.8; row 29, V8: -3.6; row 29, V9: -4.1; row 29, V10: -4.8; row 27, V7: -0.9; row 27, V8: -1.1; row 27, V9: -1.2; row 27, V10: -1.3; row 28, V7: -1.1; row 28, V8: -1.3; row 28, V9: -1.3; row 28, V10: -1.5
As published
€20.2 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 0.04%, people

27,208EstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
Individuals of all ages, as Insee counts them in its distributional accounts.

Calculation

Computed as
(Everyone, Individuals, millions, Insee × (upper percentile − lower percentile) ÷ 100) × 1,000,000
From
Result
27,208

Why believe this?

Bottom 33%, net financial income, monthly equivalent per resident, 2023 data

€30EstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
Competing figures
  • €30, Central. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
  • €30, a strict Pareto tail above P95. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
  • €30, a tail as concentrated as WID's ranking by own income. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
  • €30, each item along Insee's V19 to V20 gradient. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
  • €30, personal taxes, contributions and corporate tax along IPP's rates. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.

Calculation

Computed as
Bottom 33%, Net financial income × 10⁹ ÷ Bottom 33%, people ÷ 12
From
Result
€30

Why believe this?

Bottom 33%, received a month per person

€1,860EstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
Competing figures
  • €1,860, Central. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
  • €1,860, a strict Pareto tail above P95. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
  • €1,860, a tail as concentrated as WID's ranking by own income. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
  • €1,860, each item along Insee's V19 to V20 gradient. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
  • €1,860, personal taxes, contributions and corporate tax along IPP's rates. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.

Calculation

Computed as
Bottom 33%, transfers received × 10⁹ ÷ Bottom 33%, people ÷ 12
From
Result
€1,860

Why believe this?

Subsidies on products

€44.2bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.
Caveat
Estimated for this page: both years are put on the general-government perimeter (Eurostat S13). Each Insee item is scaled to Eurostat's total of its category for the year, split between the items of the category and between groups as Insee's 2023 accounts split it. Insee's own 2023 levels are wider in places (firms' collective pension and health schemes) and COFOG counts spending gross of the fees that finance part of it; the evidence panels show both.

Calculation

Computed as
Collective services, economic affairs and subsidies, at home × Subsidies on products ÷ Insee items in COFOG 01 without debt interest, 02 to 06
From
Result
€44.2 billion

Why believe this?

General public services

€174.8bnObserved2023

Definition

What it counts
Executive and legislative bodies, financial and fiscal affairs, external affairs and debt interest.

Where it comes from

Source
Eurostat, dataset gov_10a_exp (browse the table)
Exact cell
geo=FR unit=MIO_EUR sector=S13 na_item=TE cofog99=GF01 time=2023 · query this cell
As published
€174,763.5 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
Dataset version
updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-14

Calculation

Transformation
Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.

Why believe this?

Top 20–29%, Subsidies on products

€2.8bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 19 “Subventions sur les produits (transports, etc.)”, columns Q and R (0.7176 × V15 + 0.9469 × V16), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 19, V15: 1.7; row 19, V16: 1.7
As published
€2.8 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 13–20%, Subsidies on production

€4bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 21 “Subventions sur la production (aides à l'apprentissage, aides sectorielles, etc.)”, columns R and S and T (0.0531 × V16 + 1.0000 × V17 + 0.3247 × V18), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 21, V16: 2.5; row 21, V17: 2.8; row 21, V18: 3.3
As published
€4.0 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 3.5–7.9%, Subsidies on production, above P95

€1.3bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.
Caveat
Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 5%, Subsidies on production × ∫ level^e over P95–96.4785 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.1666), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure
From
Result
€1.3 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.3–0.6%, Subsidies on production

€642mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.
Caveat
Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 5%, Subsidies on production × ∫ level^e over P99.4036–99.6595 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure
From
Result
€0.6 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.6–0.9%, Unemployment benefits

€162mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.
Caveat
Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 5%, Unemployment benefits × ∫ level^e over P99.0795–99.4036 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0648), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.00: the same per person, as the top 5%'s structure
From
Result
€0.2 billion

Why believe this?

Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Other cash benefits

€14.9bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 33 “Autres revenus de remplacement (IJ, ATMP)”; 34 “Famille”; 35 “Exclusion sociale”; 36 “Invalidité”; 37 “Remboursements des contrats collectifs de complémentaires santé”, columns L and M and N and O (0.2087 × V10 + 1.0000 × V11 + 1.0000 × V12 + 0.2689 × V13), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 33, V10: 1.6; row 33, V11: 1.7; row 33, V12: 1.8; row 33, V13: 2; row 34, V10: 1.7; row 34, V11: 1.5; row 34, V12: 1.2; row 34, V13: 1; row 35, V10: 0.9; row 35, V11: 0.8; row 35, V12: 0.8; row 35, V13: 0.6; row 36, V10: 1.1; row 36, V11: 1.3; row 36, V12: 0.9; row 36, V13: 1.2; row 37, V10: 1; row 37, V11: 1; row 37, V12: 1; row 37, V13: 1.1
As published
€14.9 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 20–29%, Health care

€13bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 40 “Santé”, columns Q and R (0.7176 × V15 + 0.9469 × V16), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 40, V15: 7.8; row 40, V16: 7.8
As published
€13.0 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 20–29%, Education

€9bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 41 “Enseignement2”, columns Q and R (0.7176 × V15 + 0.9469 × V16), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 41, V15: 5.7; row 41, V16: 5.2
As published
€9.0 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 33%, Social care and housing aid

€57.1bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
Care for dependent elderly and disabled people, childcare and other social action, housing benefits and the energy cheque, and the running costs of social security, received in kind.

Calculation

Computed as
Social care and housing aid × Bottom 33%, Social care and housing aid ÷ All groups, Social care and housing aid
From
Result
€57.1 billion

Why believe this?

Top 29–39%, Social care and housing aid

€8.1bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Care for dependent elderly and disabled people, childcare and other social action, housing benefits and the energy cheque, and the running costs of social security, received in kind.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 42 “Action sociale (dépendance, handicap, petite enfance, etc.)”; 44 “Aides au logement et chèque énergie”; 45 “Frais de fonctionnement de la Sécurité sociale”, columns O and P and Q (0.7311 × V13 + 1.0000 × V14 + 0.2824 × V15), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 42, V13: 3.1; row 42, V14: 3.1; row 42, V15: 2.5; row 44, V13: 0.1; row 44, V14: 0.1; row 44, V15: 0.1; row 45, V13: 0.9; row 45, V14: 0.9; row 45, V15: 0.9
As published
€8.1 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 33–49%, rents, actual and imputed, monthly equivalent per resident, 2023 data

€160EstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
Competing figures
  • €160, Central. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
  • €160, a strict Pareto tail above P95. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
  • €160, a tail as concentrated as WID's ranking by own income. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
  • €160, each item along Insee's V19 to V20 gradient. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
  • €160, personal taxes, contributions and corporate tax along IPP's rates. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.

Calculation

Computed as
Bottom 33–49%, Rents, actual and imputed × 10⁹ ÷ Bottom 33–49%, people ÷ 12
From
Result
€160

Why believe this?

Bottom 33–49%, Taxes on products

€43.9bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.

Calculation

Computed as
Taxes on products × Bottom 33–49%, Taxes on products ÷ All groups, Taxes on products
From
Result
€43.9 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 33–49%, Other taxes on income and wealth

€1.8bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.

Calculation

Computed as
Other taxes on income and wealth × Bottom 33–49%, Other taxes on income and wealth ÷ All groups, Other taxes on income and wealth
From
Result
€1.8 billion

Why believe this?

Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Collective services

€40.2bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
Defence, police, justice, general administration and other collective spending, spread over people, net of other transfers and of balances with the rest of the world, which are small and negative overall.

Calculation

Computed as
Collective services × Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Collective services ÷ All groups, Collective services
From
Result
€40.2 billion

Why believe this?

Top 20–29%, Subsidies on production

€5.6bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.

Calculation

Computed as
Subsidies on production × Top 20–29%, Subsidies on production ÷ All groups, Subsidies on production
From
Result
€5.6 billion

Why believe this?

Living standard at P79.7, constant 2024 euros

€38,031EstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
The living standard at this rank, interpolated linearly between Insee's two published thresholds around it.

Calculation

Computed as
Living standard at D7, constant 2024 euros + (Living standard at D8, constant 2024 euros − Living standard at D7, constant 2024 euros) × (79.7343 − 70) ÷ 10
From
Result
€38,031

Why believe this?

Top 13–20%, profits kept in companies, monthly equivalent per resident, 2023 data

€80EstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
Competing figures
  • €80, Central. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
  • €80, a strict Pareto tail above P95. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
  • €80, a tail as concentrated as WID's ranking by own income. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
  • €80, each item along Insee's V19 to V20 gradient. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
  • €80, personal taxes, contributions and corporate tax along IPP's rates. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 13–20%, Profits kept in companies × 10⁹ ÷ Top 13–20%, people ÷ 12
From
Result
€80

Why believe this?

Top 7.9–13%, Pensions

€29.5bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.

Calculation

Computed as
Pensions × Top 7.9–13%, Pensions ÷ All groups, Pensions
From
Result
€29.5 billion

Why believe this?

Top 7.9–13%, paid a month per person

€2,700EstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
Competing figures
  • €2,700, Central. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
  • €2,700, a strict Pareto tail above P95. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
  • €2,700, a tail as concentrated as WID's ranking by own income. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
  • €2,700, each item along Insee's V19 to V20 gradient. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
  • €2,700, personal taxes, contributions and corporate tax along IPP's rates. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 7.9–13%, levies paid × 10⁹ ÷ Top 7.9–13%, people ÷ 12
From
Result
€2,700

Why believe this?

Top 7.9–13%, Taxes on products

€22.1bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
Caveat
Insee attributes the whole amount to residents; the part falling outside France is taken out of every group in proportion.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 7.9–13%, Taxes on products × (1 − Share of consumption by visitors ÷ 100)
From
Result
€22.1 billion

Why believe this?

Living standard at P92.1, constant 2024 euros, a month

€4,420EstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
The yearly amount divided by twelve, rounded to ten euros.

Calculation

Computed as
Living standard at P92.1, constant 2024 euros ÷ 12, rounded to €10
From
Result
€4,420

Why believe this?

Top 3.5–7.9%, net financial income, monthly equivalent per resident, 2023 data

€360EstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
The group's amount over its people, a month per person.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 3.5–7.9%, Net financial income × 10⁹ ÷ Top 3.5–7.9%, people ÷ 12
From
Result
€360

Why believe this?

V20, Loyers réels et imputés aux propriétaires, Insee

€21.4bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
A row of Insee's distributional accounts, read as published.
Caveat
Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 9 “Loyers réels et imputés aux propriétaires”, column V (V20)
Published
16 April 2026
As published
€21.4 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 3.5–7.9%, Profits kept in companies, above P95

€1.7bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
The part of companies' profits that is not paid out, attributed to the households that own them.
Caveat
Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 5%, Profits kept in companies × ∫ level^e over P95–96.4785 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0186), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.94: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20
From
Result
€1.7 billion

Why believe this?

Top 3.5–7.9%, Unemployment benefits

€2.2bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.

Calculation

Computed as
Unemployment benefits × Top 3.5–7.9%, Unemployment benefits ÷ All groups, Unemployment benefits
From
Result
€2.2 billion

Why believe this?

Top 3.5–7.9%, Other cash benefits

€5.7bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.

Calculation

Computed as
Other cash benefits × Top 3.5–7.9%, Other cash benefits ÷ All groups, Other cash benefits
From
Result
€5.7 billion

Why believe this?

Top 3.5–7.9%, Culture and leisure

€1.8bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.

Calculation

Computed as
Culture and leisure × Top 3.5–7.9%, Culture and leisure ÷ All groups, Culture and leisure
From
Result
€1.8 billion

Why believe this?

Top 3.5–7.9%, received a month per person

€2,030EstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
The group's amount over its people, a month per person.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 3.5–7.9%, transfers received × 10⁹ ÷ Top 3.5–7.9%, people ÷ 12
From
Result
€2,030

Why believe this?

Top 3.5–7.9%, Subsidies on products

€1.6bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 3.5–7.9%, Subsidies on products, below P95 + Top 3.5–7.9%, Subsidies on products, above P95
From
Result
€1.6 billion

Why believe this?

Top 3.5–7.9%, Subsidies on products, below P95

€974mEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 19 “Subventions sur les produits (transports, etc.)”, column U (0.5730 × V19), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 19, V19: 1.7
As published
€1.0 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 3.5–7.9%, Subsidies on production

€5.4bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.

Calculation

Computed as
Subsidies on production × Top 3.5–7.9%, Subsidies on production ÷ All groups, Subsidies on production
From
Result
€5.4 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 33%, Pensions

€79.8bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 31 “Pensions de retraite”, columns C and D and E and F and G and H and I (1.0000 × V1 + 1.0000 × V2 + 1.0000 × V3 + 1.0000 × V4 + 1.0000 × V5 + 1.0000 × V6 + 0.6601 × V7), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 31, V1: 2.4; row 31, V2: 8.2; row 31, V3: 10.5; row 31, V4: 12.2; row 31, V5: 15.3; row 31, V6: 18.9; row 31, V7: 18.6
As published
€79.8 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

V19, Autres revenus de remplacement (IJ, ATMP), Insee

€3.8bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
A row of Insee's distributional accounts, read as published.
Caveat
Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 33 “Autres revenus de remplacement (IJ, ATMP)”, column U (V19)
Published
16 April 2026
As published
€3.8 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 0.04–0.2%, Other cash benefits

€306mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.
Caveat
Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 5%, Other cash benefits × ∫ level^e over P99.8457–99.9602 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0364), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.33: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20
From
Result
€0.3 billion

Why believe this?

Top 3.5–7.9%, Health care

€6.9bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 3.5–7.9%, Health care, below P95 + Top 3.5–7.9%, Health care, above P95
From
Result
€6.9 billion

Why believe this?

Top 3.5–7.9%, Health care, below P95

€4.6bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 40 “Santé”, column U (0.5730 × V19), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 40, V19: 8
As published
€4.6 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 3.5–7.9%, Education

€4.5bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 3.5–7.9%, Education, below P95 + Top 3.5–7.9%, Education, above P95
From
Result
€4.5 billion

Why believe this?

Top 3.5–7.9%, Education, below P95

€2.9bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 41 “Enseignement2”, column U (0.5730 × V19), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 41, V19: 5.1
As published
€2.9 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 0.2–0.3%, Social care and housing aid

€96.3mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
Care for dependent elderly and disabled people, childcare and other social action, housing benefits and the energy cheque, and the running costs of social security, received in kind.
Caveat
Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 5%, Social care and housing aid × ∫ level^e over P99.6595–99.8457 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0357), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = -0.04: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20
From
Result
€0.1 billion

Why believe this?

Top 29–39%, Culture and leisure

€5.2bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 43 “Culture et loisirs”, columns O and P and Q (0.7311 × V13 + 1.0000 × V14 + 0.2824 × V15), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 43, V13: 2.6; row 43, V14: 2.6; row 43, V15: 2.6
As published
€5.2 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 0.3–0.6%, Culture and leisure

€133mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.
Caveat
Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 5%, Culture and leisure × ∫ level^e over P99.4036–99.6595 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0512), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.00: the elasticity of the item per person to income per person between Insee's V19 and V20
From
Result
€0.1 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 33%, Collective services

€83.4bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Defence, police, justice, general administration and other collective spending, spread over people, net of other transfers and of balances with the rest of the world, which are small and negative overall.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 46 “Autres transferts non monétaires”, columns C and D and E and F and G and H and I (1.0000 × V1 + 1.0000 × V2 + 1.0000 × V3 + 1.0000 × V4 + 1.0000 × V5 + 1.0000 × V6 + 0.6601 × V7), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 46, V1: 14.6; row 46, V2: 11.9; row 46, V3: 12.2; row 46, V4: 12.4; row 46, V5: 11.8; row 46, V6: 12.4; row 46, V7: 12.2
As published
€83.4 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 3.5–7.9%, Taxes on products

€17bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.

Calculation

Computed as
Taxes on products × Top 3.5–7.9%, Taxes on products ÷ All groups, Taxes on products
From
Result
€17.0 billion

Why believe this?

Top 7.9–13%, Taxes on products

€23.2bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 18 “Taxes sur les produits (TVA, TICPE, accises, DMTO, etc.)”, columns T and U (0.6753 × V18 + 0.4270 × V19), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 18, V18: -21.7; row 18, V19: -19.9
As published
€23.2 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 29–39%, Taxes on production

€14.1bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 20 “Taxes sur la production (taxes patronales, TF, etc.)”, columns O and P and Q (0.7311 × V13 + 1.0000 × V14 + 0.2824 × V15), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 20, V13: -6.7; row 20, V14: -7; row 20, V15: -7.9
As published
€14.1 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

All groups, Rents, actual and imputed

€166.8bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.

Calculation

Computed as
Bottom 33%, Rents, actual and imputed + Bottom 33–49%, Rents, actual and imputed + Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Rents, actual and imputed + Top 29–39%, Rents, actual and imputed + Top 20–29%, Rents, actual and imputed + Top 13–20%, Rents, actual and imputed + Top 7.9–13%, Rents, actual and imputed + Top 3.5–7.9%, Rents, actual and imputed + Top 0.9–3.5%, Rents, actual and imputed + Top 0.6–0.9%, Rents, actual and imputed + Top 0.3–0.6%, Rents, actual and imputed + Top 0.2–0.3%, Rents, actual and imputed + Top 0.04–0.2%, Rents, actual and imputed + Top 0.04%, Rents, actual and imputed
From
Result
€166.8 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.9–3.5%, Rents, actual and imputed

€8.9bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
Rents landlords receive and the rent owner-occupiers are deemed to pay themselves, net of costs.
Caveat
Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 5%, Rents, actual and imputed × ∫ level^e over P96.4785–99.0795 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.4167), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure
From
Result
€8.9 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.2–0.3%, Rents, actual and imputed

€1.8bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
Rents landlords receive and the rent owner-occupiers are deemed to pay themselves, net of costs.
Caveat
Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 5%, Rents, actual and imputed × ∫ level^e over P99.6595–99.8457 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0833), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure
From
Result
€1.8 billion

Why believe this?

Top 3.5–7.9%, Other taxes on income and wealth

€3.6bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.

Calculation

Computed as
Other taxes on income and wealth × Top 3.5–7.9%, Other taxes on income and wealth ÷ All groups, Other taxes on income and wealth
From
Result
€3.6 billion

Why believe this?

Top 3.5–7.9%, Other contributions

€26.6bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 3.5–7.9%, Other contributions, below P95 + Top 3.5–7.9%, Other contributions, above P95
From
Result
€26.6 billion

Why believe this?

Top 3.5–7.9%, Other contributions, below P95

€14.9bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 27 “Cotisations sociales chômage1”; 28 “Cotisations sociales famille1”; 29 “Autres cotisations sociales (maladie, invalidité, ATMP)1”, column U (0.5730 × V19), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 29, V19: -18.2; row 27, V19: -3.7; row 28, V19: -4.1
As published
€14.9 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 0.04–0.2%, Other contributions

€1.6bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.
Caveat
Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 5%, Other contributions × ∫ level^e over P99.8457–99.9602 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0353), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.490), e = 0.31: one plus the change in log of IPP's 2016 rate over the change in log of economic income, between P99–99.9 and P99.9–100
From
Result
€1.6 billion

Why believe this?

WID pre-tax income share above P99.99

2%Estimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Share of pre-tax national income going to the adults above this percentile, adults ranked by their own pre-tax income, income split equally between spouses.

Where it comes from

Source
World Inequality Database, WID_data_FR.csv, wid_all_data.zip (last modified 9 September 2026)
Where
variable sptincj992, percentile p99.99p100, year 2023; extract raw/wid_FR_top_shares.csv
Published
2026
As published
2.0%
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Pensions

€53.4bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 31 “Pensions de retraite”, columns L and M and N and O (0.2087 × V10 + 1.0000 × V11 + 1.0000 × V12 + 0.2689 × V13), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 31, V10: 20.1; row 31, V11: 20.2; row 31, V12: 23.4; row 31, V13: 20.9
As published
€53.4 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 0.6–0.9%, Pensions

€2.4bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.
Caveat
Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 5%, Pensions × ∫ level^e over P99.0795–99.4036 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0648), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.642), e = 0.00: the same per person, as the top 5%'s structure
From
Result
€2.4 billion

Why believe this?

Bottom 33–49%, Unemployment benefits

€7.3bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 32 “Allocations chômage”, columns I and J and K and L (0.3399 × V7 + 1.0000 × V8 + 1.0000 × V9 + 0.7913 × V10), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 32, V7: 2.5; row 32, V8: 2.3; row 32, V9: 2.6; row 32, V10: 2
As published
€7.3 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 13–20%, Culture and leisure

€3.6bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 43 “Culture et loisirs”, columns R and S and T (0.0531 × V16 + 1.0000 × V17 + 0.3247 × V18), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 43, V16: 2.6; row 43, V17: 2.6; row 43, V18: 2.6
As published
€3.6 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Collective services

€28.9bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Defence, police, justice, general administration and other collective spending, spread over people, net of other transfers and of balances with the rest of the world, which are small and negative overall.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 46 “Autres transferts non monétaires”, columns L and M and N and O (0.2087 × V10 + 1.0000 × V11 + 1.0000 × V12 + 0.2689 × V13), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 46, V10: 11.6; row 46, V11: 11.6; row 46, V12: 11.8; row 46, V13: 11.6
As published
€28.9 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 0.6–0.9%, Collective services

€745mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
Defence, police, justice, general administration and other collective spending, spread over people, net of other transfers and of balances with the rest of the world, which are small and negative overall.
Caveat
Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 5%, Collective services × ∫ level^e over P99.0795–99.4036 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0648), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.642), e = 0.00: the same per person, as the top 5%'s structure
From
Result
€0.7 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.9–3.5%, paid a month per person

€5,620EstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
The group's amount over its people, a month per person.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 0.9–3.5%, levies paid × 10⁹ ÷ Top 0.9–3.5%, people ÷ 12
From
Result
€5,620

Why believe this?

Top 0.9–3.5%, Taxes on products

€13.3bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
Caveat
Insee attributes the whole amount to residents; the part falling outside France is taken out of every group in proportion.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 0.9–3.5%, Taxes on products × (1 − Share of consumption by visitors ÷ 100)
From
Result
€13.3 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.9–3.5%, Taxes on production

€9.3bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.

Calculation

Computed as
Taxes on production × Top 0.9–3.5%, Taxes on production ÷ All groups, Taxes on production
From
Result
€9.3 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.9–3.5%, CSG

€12.4bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.

Calculation

Computed as
CSG × Top 0.9–3.5%, CSG ÷ All groups, CSG
From
Result
€12.4 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.9–3.5%, Income tax

€21bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.

Calculation

Computed as
Income tax × Top 0.9–3.5%, Income tax ÷ All groups, Income tax
From
Result
€21.0 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.9–3.5%, Other contributions

€16bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.

Calculation

Computed as
Other contributions × Top 0.9–3.5%, Other contributions ÷ All groups, Other contributions
From
Result
€16.0 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.6–0.9%, Unemployment benefits

€140mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.

Calculation

Computed as
Unemployment benefits × Top 0.6–0.9%, Unemployment benefits ÷ All groups, Unemployment benefits
From
Result
€0.1 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.6–0.9%, Other cash benefits

€575mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.

Calculation

Computed as
Other cash benefits × Top 0.6–0.9%, Other cash benefits ÷ All groups, Other cash benefits
From
Result
€0.6 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.6–0.9%, Culture and leisure

€134mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.

Calculation

Computed as
Culture and leisure × Top 0.6–0.9%, Culture and leisure ÷ All groups, Culture and leisure
From
Result
€0.1 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.6–0.9%, Collective services

€1bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
Defence, police, justice, general administration and other collective spending, spread over people, net of other transfers and of balances with the rest of the world, which are small and negative overall.

Calculation

Computed as
Collective services × Top 0.6–0.9%, Collective services ÷ All groups, Collective services
From
Result
€1.0 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.3–0.6%, rents, actual and imputed, monthly equivalent per resident, 2023 data

€850EstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
The group's amount over its people, a month per person.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 0.3–0.6%, Rents, actual and imputed × 10⁹ ÷ Top 0.3–0.6%, people ÷ 12
From
Result
€850

Why believe this?

Top 0.3–0.6%, Pensions

€2bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.

Calculation

Computed as
Pensions × Top 0.3–0.6%, Pensions ÷ All groups, Pensions
From
Result
€2.0 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.3–0.6%, levies paid

€23.2bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
Every levy attributed to the group, gross of subsidies.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 0.3–0.6%, Taxes on products + Top 0.3–0.6%, Taxes on production + Top 0.3–0.6%, Corporate tax + Top 0.3–0.6%, CSG on earnings and benefits + Top 0.3–0.6%, CSG on capital income + Top 0.3–0.6%, Income tax + Top 0.3–0.6%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Top 0.3–0.6%, Pension contributions + Top 0.3–0.6%, Other contributions
From
Result
€23.2 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.3–0.6%, CSG on capital income

€452mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
The part of the CSG levied on capital income: interest, dividends, life insurance, rents and capital gains.
Competing figures
  • €657m, the CSG on capital income by financial income alone. The same computation with another key for the CSG on capital income.
  • €580m, the CSG on capital income by all capital income. The same computation with another key for the CSG on capital income.
Caveat
An allocation scenario: Insee attributes the whole CSG to each group but does not split it by base, and no source found gives the bases of the CSG on capital income by group. The CSG on investment income (interest, dividends, life insurance) is shared as Insee's net financial income. The CSG on property income is levied on rents landlords receive, capital gains and annuities; Insee's only row near it adds owner-occupiers' imputed rents, which pay no CSG, and holds no capital gains, so sharing it as that row is a convention. The alternatives share all of it as net financial income, or as the group's whole capital income.

Calculation

Computed as
CSG on capital income × Top 0.3–0.6%, share of the CSG on capital income ÷ 100
From
Result
€0.5 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.3–0.6%, Corporate tax

€3.9bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
Caveat
Insee attributes the whole amount to residents; the part falling outside France is taken out of every group in proportion.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 0.3–0.6%, Corporate tax × (1 − Share of French companies' equity held outside France ÷ 100)
From
Result
€3.9 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.2–0.3%, Unemployment benefits

€87.1mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.

Calculation

Computed as
Unemployment benefits × Top 0.2–0.3%, Unemployment benefits ÷ All groups, Unemployment benefits
From
Result
€0.1 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.2–0.3%, Other cash benefits

€291mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.

Calculation

Computed as
Other cash benefits × Top 0.2–0.3%, Other cash benefits ÷ All groups, Other cash benefits
From
Result
€0.3 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.2–0.3%, Culture and leisure

€77.1mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.

Calculation

Computed as
Culture and leisure × Top 0.2–0.3%, Culture and leisure ÷ All groups, Culture and leisure
From
Result
€0.1 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.2–0.3%, Taxes on production

€1.9bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.

Calculation

Computed as
Taxes on production × Top 0.2–0.3%, Taxes on production ÷ All groups, Taxes on production
From
Result
€1.9 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.2–0.3%, CSG

€2.5bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.

Calculation

Computed as
CSG × Top 0.2–0.3%, CSG ÷ All groups, CSG
From
Result
€2.5 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.2–0.3%, Income tax

€4.2bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.

Calculation

Computed as
Income tax × Top 0.2–0.3%, Income tax ÷ All groups, Income tax
From
Result
€4.2 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.2–0.3%, Other contributions

€3.2bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.

Calculation

Computed as
Other contributions × Top 0.2–0.3%, Other contributions ÷ All groups, Other contributions
From
Result
€3.2 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.04–0.2%, Pensions

€776mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.

Calculation

Computed as
Pensions × Top 0.04–0.2%, Pensions ÷ All groups, Pensions
From
Result
€0.8 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.04–0.2%, transfers received

€3bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
Every transfer attributed to the group, subsidies included.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 0.04–0.2%, Subsidies on products + Top 0.04–0.2%, Subsidies on production + Top 0.04–0.2%, Pensions + Top 0.04–0.2%, Unemployment benefits + Top 0.04–0.2%, Other cash benefits + Top 0.04–0.2%, Health care + Top 0.04–0.2%, Education + Top 0.04–0.2%, Social care and housing aid + Top 0.04–0.2%, Culture and leisure + Top 0.04–0.2%, Collective services
From
Result
€3.0 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.9–3.5%, Subsidies on products

€1bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.
Caveat
Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 5%, Subsidies on products × ∫ level^e over P96.4785–99.0795 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.4189), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.479), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure
From
Result
€1.0 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.04–0.2%, Subsidies on production

€637mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.
Caveat
Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 5%, Subsidies on production × ∫ level^e over P99.8457–99.9602 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0828), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.479), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure
From
Result
€0.6 billion

Why believe this?

Top 13–20%, Pensions

€34.8bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 31 “Pensions de retraite”, columns R and S and T (0.0531 × V16 + 1.0000 × V17 + 0.3247 × V18), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 31, V16: 24.7; row 31, V17: 24.4; row 31, V18: 27.9
As published
€34.8 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 7.9–13%, Unemployment benefits

€2.5bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 32 “Allocations chômage”, columns T and U (0.6753 × V18 + 0.4270 × V19), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 32, V18: 1.8; row 32, V19: 2.9
As published
€2.5 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 0.2–0.3%, Unemployment benefits

€93.1mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.
Caveat
Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 5%, Unemployment benefits × ∫ level^e over P99.6595–99.8457 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0372), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.479), e = 0.00: the same per person, as the top 5%'s structure
From
Result
€0.1 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.9–3.5%, Health care

€4.1bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.
Caveat
Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 5%, Health care × ∫ level^e over P96.4785–99.0795 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.5202), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.479), e = 0.00: the same per person, as the top 5%'s structure
From
Result
€4.1 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.9–3.5%, Education

€2.8bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.
Caveat
Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 5%, Education × ∫ level^e over P96.4785–99.0795 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.5202), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.479), e = 0.00: the same per person, as the top 5%'s structure
From
Result
€2.8 billion

Why believe this?

Top 3.5–7.9%, Social care and housing aid, above P95

€798mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
Care for dependent elderly and disabled people, childcare and other social action, housing benefits and the energy cheque, and the running costs of social security, received in kind.
Caveat
Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 5%, Social care and housing aid × ∫ level^e over P95–96.4785 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.2957), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.479), e = 0.00: the same per person, as the top 5%'s structure
From
Result
€0.8 billion

Why believe this?

Middle, 49–61% from the bottom, Culture and leisure

€6.4bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 43 “Culture et loisirs”, columns L and M and N and O (0.2087 × V10 + 1.0000 × V11 + 1.0000 × V12 + 0.2689 × V13), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 43, V10: 2.6; row 43, V11: 2.6; row 43, V12: 2.6; row 43, V13: 2.6
As published
€6.4 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 13–20%, Collective services

€15.7bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Defence, police, justice, general administration and other collective spending, spread over people, net of other transfers and of balances with the rest of the world, which are small and negative overall.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 46 “Autres transferts non monétaires”, columns R and S and T (0.0531 × V16 + 1.0000 × V17 + 0.3247 × V18), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 46, V16: 11.7; row 46, V17: 11.2; row 46, V18: 12
As published
€15.7 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 33–49%, Taxes on products

€43.8bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 18 “Taxes sur les produits (TVA, TICPE, accises, DMTO, etc.)”, columns I and J and K and L (0.3399 × V7 + 1.0000 × V8 + 1.0000 × V9 + 0.7913 × V10), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 18, V7: -13.2; row 18, V8: -13.8; row 18, V9: -14; row 18, V10: -14.6
As published
€43.8 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Bottom 33%, Taxes on production

€15.2bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 20 “Taxes sur la production (taxes patronales, TF, etc.)”, columns C and D and E and F and G and H and I (1.0000 × V1 + 1.0000 × V2 + 1.0000 × V3 + 1.0000 × V4 + 1.0000 × V5 + 1.0000 × V6 + 0.6601 × V7), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 20, V1: -0.9; row 20, V2: -1.3; row 20, V3: -1.8; row 20, V4: -2.3; row 20, V5: -2.9; row 20, V6: -3.4; row 20, V7: -3.9
As published
€15.2 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 20–29%, Corporate tax

€2.5bnEstimated2023

Definition

What it counts
Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.

Where it comes from

Source
Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
Where
Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 22 “Impôt sur les sociétés”, columns Q and R (0.7176 × V15 + 0.9469 × V16), summed, signs dropped
Published
16 April 2026
It says
row 22, V15: -1.2; row 22, V16: -1.7
As published
€2.5 billion
Read
2026-10-14

Why believe this?

Top 0.2–0.3%, Corporate tax

€4.6bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
Caveat
Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 5%, Corporate tax × ∫ level^e over P99.6595–99.8457 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0799), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.642), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure
From
Result
€4.6 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.9–3.5%, CSG

€11.2bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.
Caveat
Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 5%, CSG × ∫ level^e over P96.4785–99.0795 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.3831), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.642), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure
From
Result
€11.2 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.04–0.2%, CSG on earnings and benefits

€1.2bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
The CSG on earnings, pensions and other replacement income, and on gaming: the CSG less its part on capital income.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 0.04–0.2%, CSG − Top 0.04–0.2%, CSG on capital income
From
Result
€1.2 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.04–0.2%, Taxes on products

€2.8bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.

Calculation

Computed as
Taxes on products × Top 0.04–0.2%, Taxes on products ÷ All groups, Taxes on products
From
Result
€2.8 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.04–0.2%, Other taxes on income and wealth

€752mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.

Calculation

Computed as
Other taxes on income and wealth × Top 0.04–0.2%, Other taxes on income and wealth ÷ All groups, Other taxes on income and wealth
From
Result
€0.8 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.04%, net financial income, monthly equivalent per resident, 2023 data

€15,400EstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
The group's amount over its people, a month per person.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 0.04%, Net financial income × 10⁹ ÷ Top 0.04%, people ÷ 12
From
Result
€15,400

Why believe this?

Top 0.04%, net financial income, monthly equivalent per resident, 2023 data

€15,900EstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
Competing figures
  • €15,900, Central. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
  • €15,400, a strict Pareto tail above P95. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
  • €25,590, a tail as concentrated as WID's ranking by own income. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
  • €78,020, each item along Insee's V19 to V20 gradient. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
  • €15,900, personal taxes, contributions and corporate tax along IPP's rates. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 0.04%, Net financial income × 10⁹ ÷ Top 0.04%, people ÷ 12
From
Result
€15,900

Why believe this?

Top 0.04%, profits kept in companies, monthly equivalent per resident, 2023 data

€215,850EstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
The group's amount over its people, a month per person.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 0.04%, Profits kept in companies × 10⁹ ÷ Top 0.04%, people ÷ 12
From
Result
€215,850

Why believe this?

Top 0.04%, Profits kept in companies

€7.3bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
The part of companies' profits that is not paid out, attributed to the households that own them.
Caveat
Insee publishes the top 5% as one group. Its amount is split along the generalized Pareto tail of income: an amount per person that varies as income to the power e between people of the top 5%.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 5%, Profits kept in companies × ∫ level^e over P99.9602–100 ÷ ∫ level^e over P95–100 (= 0.0807), level on the tail (b = 1.920, shape = 0.479), e = 1.00: in proportion to income, as the top 5%'s structure
From
Result
€7.3 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.04%, Health care

€74.9mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.

Calculation

Computed as
Health care × Top 0.04%, Health care ÷ All groups, Health care
From
Result
€0.1 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.04%, transfers received

€1.4bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
Every transfer attributed to the group, subsidies included.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 0.04%, Subsidies on products + Top 0.04%, Subsidies on production + Top 0.04%, Pensions + Top 0.04%, Unemployment benefits + Top 0.04%, Other cash benefits + Top 0.04%, Health care + Top 0.04%, Education + Top 0.04%, Social care and housing aid + Top 0.04%, Culture and leisure + Top 0.04%, Collective services
From
Result
€1.4 billion

Why believe this?

Top 0.04%, received a month per person

€5,520EstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
Competing figures
  • €5,520, Central. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
  • €5,400, a strict Pareto tail above P95. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
  • €7,690, a tail as concentrated as WID's ranking by own income. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
  • €4,420, each item along Insee's V19 to V20 gradient. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.
  • €5,520, personal taxes, contributions and corporate tax along IPP's rates. The same computation under this alternative assumption; see the note under the chart.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 0.04%, transfers received × 10⁹ ÷ Top 0.04%, people ÷ 12
From
Result
€5,520

Why believe this?

Outside France, Taxes on products

€14bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.

Calculation

Computed as
Taxes on products × Share of consumption by visitors ÷ 100
From
Result
€14.0 billion

Why believe this?

Share of net borrowing from abroad

104.2%EstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
A holder's net take-up of public debt over the year, as a share of all holders': the change in its holdings at face value.
Caveat
Net take-up at face value: the change in what each sector holds over the year, which also moves when bonds change hands between sectors. Eurostat does not publish government debt transactions by holder; changes at face value carry no market revaluation, so they are the closest published measure. The total change in debt differs from the deficit by the stock-flow adjustment (cash buffers, premiums and discounts at issue), so the shares, not the amounts, are applied to the deficit.

Calculation

Computed as
(Public debt held by the rest of the world, end 2023 − Public debt held by the rest of the world, end 2022) ÷ (Public debt, all holders, end 2023 − Public debt, all holders, end 2022) × 100
From
  • Public debt held by the rest of the world, end 2022 €1,435bn
  • Public debt held by the rest of the world, end 2023 €1,589bn
  • Public debt, all holders, end 2022 €2,956bn
  • Public debt, all holders, end 2023 €3,103bn
Result
104.2%

Why believe this?

Top 13–20%, levies through companies

€42.3bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
Taxes on products and on production and corporate tax that companies hand over but whose incidence Insee attributes to the group.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 13–20%, Taxes on products + Top 13–20%, Taxes on production + Top 13–20%, Corporate tax
From
Result
€42.3 billion

Why believe this?

Cash benefits → Top 7.9–13%, 2023

€38.3bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023

Definition

What it counts
The sum of the levies or transfers of one kind that the detailed diagram shows one by one.

Calculation

Computed as
Top 7.9–13%, Pensions + Top 7.9–13%, Unemployment benefits + Top 7.9–13%, Other cash benefits
From
Result
€38.3 billion