Official figures and this site's calculations
Why believe this?
Figures of one view and year of the diagram, with their sources and how they were computed, each under its own anchor. Back to Public money.
Why believe this?
Taxes on production and imports
€456.1bnObserved2024
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, excise duties on energy, tobacco and alcohol, and taxes on payroll and on business property, as received by general government.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
gov_10a_main(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=MIO_EURsector=S13na_item=D2RECtime=2024· query this cell- As published
- €456,133.0 million
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-07-21, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.
Why believe this?
Insee items in COFOG 10, social protection
€707.5bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of Insee's 2023 items mapped to this category.
Calculation
- Computed as
Pensions + Unemployment benefits + Other cash benefits + Social care and housing aid- From
- Pensions €397.9bn, estimated
- Unemployment benefits €46.1bn, estimated
- Other cash benefits €147.7bn, estimated
- Social care and housing aid €115.8bn, estimated
- Result
- €707.5 billion
Why believe this?
Other cash benefits
€147.7bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 33 “Autres revenus de remplacement (IJ, ATMP)”; 34 “Famille”; 35 “Exclusion sociale”; 36 “Invalidité”; 37 “Remboursements des contrats collectifs de complémentaires santé”, column B (Ensemble), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 33, Ensemble: 38; row 34, Ensemble: 33.6; row 35, Ensemble: 33.9; row 36, Ensemble: 22.9; row 37, Ensemble: 19.3
- As published
- €147.7 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Social protection
€693bnObserved2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Old age, survivors, sickness and disability, family, unemployment, housing and social exclusion.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
gov_10a_exp(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=MIO_EURsector=S13na_item=TEcofog99=GF10time=2024· query this cell- As published
- €693,028.8 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.
Why believe this?
Health
€261.2bnObserved2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Hospitals, outpatient care and medicines.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
gov_10a_exp(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=MIO_EURsector=S13na_item=TEcofog99=GF07time=2024· query this cell- As published
- €261,156.3 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.
Why believe this?
Public order and safety
€52.1bnObserved2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Police, justice, prisons and fire.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
gov_10a_exp(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=MIO_EURsector=S13na_item=TEcofog99=GF03time=2024· query this cell- As published
- €52,113.0 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.
Why believe this?
International cooperation paid
€10.3bnObserved2024
Definition
- What it counts
- A transfer between French general government and the rest of the world, as Eurostat records it in the government accounts.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
gov_10a_main(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=MIO_EURsector=S13na_item=D74PAYtime=2024· query this cell- As published
- €10,289.0 million
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-07-21, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.
Why believe this?
Public debt held in France, end 2024
€1,568bnObserved2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Gross consolidated debt of general government at the end of the year, at face value, by the sector that holds it.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
gov_10dd_ggd(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=MIO_EURsector=S13na_item=GDmaturity=TOTALsector2=S1time=2024· query this cell- As published
- €1,567,611.0 million
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-06-05, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.
Why believe this?
Public debt held by the central bank, end 2023
€660.9bnObserved2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Gross consolidated debt of general government at the end of the year, at face value, by the sector that holds it.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
gov_10dd_ggd(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=MIO_EURsector=S13na_item=GDmaturity=TOTALsector2=S121time=2023· query this cell- As published
- €660,930.0 million
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-06-05, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.
Why believe this?
Public debt, all holders, end 2024
€3,306bnObserved2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Gross consolidated debt of general government at the end of the year, at face value, by the sector that holds it.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
gov_10dd_ggd(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=MIO_EURsector=S13na_item=GDmaturity=TOTALsector2=S1_S2time=2024· query this cell- As published
- €3,306,096.7 million
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-06-05, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.
Why believe this?
Public debt held by the rest of the world, end 2023
€1,589bnObserved2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Gross consolidated debt of general government at the end of the year, at face value, by the sector that holds it.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
gov_10dd_ggd(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=MIO_EURsector=S13na_item=GDmaturity=TOTALsector2=S2time=2023· query this cell- As published
- €1,588,630.7 million
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-06-05, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.
Why believe this?
Share of net borrowing from abroad
73.9%EstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- A holder's net take-up of public debt over the year, as a share of all holders': the change in its holdings at face value.
- Caveat
- Net take-up at face value: the change in what each sector holds over the year, which also moves when bonds change hands between sectors. Eurostat does not publish government debt transactions by holder; changes at face value carry no market revaluation, so they are the closest published measure. The total change in debt differs from the deficit by the stock-flow adjustment (cash buffers, premiums and discounts at issue), so the shares, not the amounts, are applied to the deficit.
Calculation
- Computed as
(Public debt held by the rest of the world, end 2024 − Public debt held by the rest of the world, end 2023) ÷ (Public debt, all holders, end 2024 − Public debt, all holders, end 2023) × 100- From
- Result
- 73.9%
Why believe this?
Capital income's share of the CSG, 2024
11.5%EstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- The CSG's yield on capital income over its yield on earnings, replacement income and capital income (CCSS); the CSG on gaming is left out.
Calculation
- Computed as
CSG on capital income, 2024 ÷ (CSG on earnings, 2024 + CSG on replacement income, 2024 + CSG on capital income, 2024) × 100- From
- CSG on capital income, 2024 €17.6bn, estimated
- CSG on earnings, 2024 €108.2bn, estimated
- CSG on replacement income, 2024 €27.4bn, estimated
- Result
- 11.5%
Why believe this?
CSG on capital income, 2024
€17.6bnEstimated2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Yield of the CSG on this base, all recipients.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Commission des comptes de la Sécurité sociale, Les comptes de la Sécurité sociale, juin 2025
- Where
- Tableau 1, page 47
- Published
- June 2025
- It says
CSG sur les revenus d'activité 108175; de remplacement 27353; du capital 17627 (M€, 2024)
- As published
- €17,627.0 million
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
CSG on replacement income, 2024
€27.4bnEstimated2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Yield of the CSG on this base, all recipients.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Commission des comptes de la Sécurité sociale, Les comptes de la Sécurité sociale, juin 2025
- Where
- Tableau 1, page 47
- Published
- June 2025
- It says
CSG sur les revenus d'activité 108175; de remplacement 27353; du capital 17627 (M€, 2024)
- As published
- €27,353.0 million
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Collective services, economic affairs and subsidies
€465.1bnObservedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- General public services without debt interest, defence, public order, economic affairs, environmental protection and housing and community amenities.
Calculation
- Computed as
General public services − Debt interest + Defence + Public order and safety + Economic affairs + Environmental protection + Housing and community amenities- From
- Result
- €465,106.7 million
Why believe this?
Debt interest
€51.7bnObserved2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Public debt transactions.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
gov_10a_exp(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=MIO_EURsector=S13na_item=TEcofog99=GF0107time=2023· query this cell- As published
- €51,706.4 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.
Why believe this?
Defence
€51.2bnObserved2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Military and civil defence.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
gov_10a_exp(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=MIO_EURsector=S13na_item=TEcofog99=GF02time=2023· query this cell- As published
- €51,179.8 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.
Why believe this?
Housing and community amenities
€35.6bnObserved2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Housing development, community development, water supply and street lighting.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
gov_10a_exp(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=MIO_EURsector=S13na_item=TEcofog99=GF06time=2023· query this cell- As published
- €35,601.8 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.
Why believe this?
Bottom 20–30%, Subsidies on products
€3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 19 “Subventions sur les produits (transports, etc.)”, columns G and H (V5 + V6), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 19, V5: 1.5; row 19, V6: 1.5
- As published
- €3.0 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 30–40%, Subsidies on products
€3.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 19 “Subventions sur les produits (transports, etc.)”, columns O and P (V13 + V14), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 19, V13: 1.6; row 19, V14: 1.6
- As published
- €3.2 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
All groups, Subsidies on production
€38.2bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 10%, Subsidies on production + Bottom 10–20%, Subsidies on production + Bottom 20–30%, Subsidies on production + Bottom 30–40%, Subsidies on production + Bottom 40–50%, Subsidies on production + Top 40–50%, Subsidies on production + Top 30–40%, Subsidies on production + Top 20–30%, Subsidies on production + Top 10–20%, Subsidies on production + Top 10%, Subsidies on production- From
- Bottom 10%, Subsidies on production €500m, estimated
- Bottom 10–20%, Subsidies on production €1.1bn, estimated
- Bottom 20–30%, Subsidies on production €1.7bn, estimated
- Bottom 30–40%, Subsidies on production €2.3bn, estimated
- Bottom 40–50%, Subsidies on production €2.7bn, estimated
- Top 40–50%, Subsidies on production €3.3bn, estimated
- Top 30–40%, Subsidies on production €3.9bn, estimated
- Top 20–30%, Subsidies on production €4.8bn, estimated
- Top 10–20%, Subsidies on production €6.1bn, estimated
- Top 10%, Subsidies on production €11.8bn, estimated
- Result
- €38.2 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 30–40%, Subsidies on production
€2.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 21 “Subventions sur la production (aides à l'apprentissage, aides sectorielles, etc.)”, columns I and J (V7 + V8), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 21, V7: 1.1; row 21, V8: 1.2
- As published
- €2.3 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 20–30%, Subsidies on production
€4.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 21 “Subventions sur la production (aides à l'apprentissage, aides sectorielles, etc.)”, columns Q and R (V15 + V16), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 21, V15: 2.3; row 21, V16: 2.5
- As published
- €4.8 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 10%, Pensions
€61.9bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.
Calculation
- Computed as
Pensions × Top 10%, Pensions ÷ All groups, Pensions- From
- Pensions €370bn, estimated
- Top 10%, Pensions €66.6bn, estimated
- All groups, Pensions €397.8bn, estimated
- Result
- €61.9 billion
Why believe this?
Pensions
€370bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.
- Caveat
- Estimated for this page: both years are put on the general-government perimeter (Eurostat S13). Each Insee item is scaled to Eurostat's total of its category for the year, split between the items of the category and between groups as Insee's 2023 accounts split it. Insee's own 2023 levels are wider in places (firms' collective pension and health schemes) and COFOG counts spending gross of the fees that finance part of it; the evidence panels show both.
Calculation
- Computed as
Social protection × Pensions ÷ Insee items in COFOG 10, social protection- From
- Social protection €657.9bn
- Pensions €397.9bn, estimated
- Insee items in COFOG 10, social protection €707.5bn, estimated
- Result
- €370.0 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 10–20%, Pensions
€22.7bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 31 “Pensions de retraite”, columns E and F (V3 + V4), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 31, V3: 10.5; row 31, V4: 12.2
- As published
- €22.7 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 40–50%, Pensions
€43.6bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 31 “Pensions de retraite”, columns M and N (V11 + V12), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 31, V11: 20.2; row 31, V12: 23.4
- As published
- €43.6 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 20–30%, Unemployment benefits
€5.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 32 “Allocations chômage”, columns G and H (V5 + V6), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 32, V5: 2.9; row 32, V6: 2.2
- As published
- €5.1 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 30–40%, Unemployment benefits
€3.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 32 “Allocations chômage”, columns O and P (V13 + V14), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 32, V13: 2; row 32, V14: 1.8
- As published
- €3.8 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 10%, Other cash benefits
€14.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 33 “Autres revenus de remplacement (IJ, ATMP)”; 34 “Famille”; 35 “Exclusion sociale”; 36 “Invalidité”; 37 “Remboursements des contrats collectifs de complémentaires santé”, columns U and V (V19 + V20), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 33, V19: 3.8; row 33, V20: 6.1; row 34, V19: 0.4; row 34, V20: 0.3; row 35, V19: 0.2; row 35, V20: 0.2; row 36, V19: 0.8; row 36, V20: 0.6; row 37, V19: 1.2; row 37, V20: 1.2
- As published
- €14.8 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 10%, Other cash benefits
€20.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 33 “Autres revenus de remplacement (IJ, ATMP)”; 34 “Famille”; 35 “Exclusion sociale”; 36 “Invalidité”; 37 “Remboursements des contrats collectifs de complémentaires santé”, columns C and D (V1 + V2), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 33, V1: 0.2; row 33, V2: 0.4; row 34, V1: 3.2; row 34, V2: 4; row 35, V1: 5.6; row 35, V2: 4.4; row 36, V1: 0.5; row 36, V2: 1.7; row 37, V1: 0.4; row 37, V2: 0.4
- As published
- €20.8 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 40–50%, Other cash benefits
€13bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 33 “Autres revenus de remplacement (IJ, ATMP)”; 34 “Famille”; 35 “Exclusion sociale”; 36 “Invalidité”; 37 “Remboursements des contrats collectifs de complémentaires santé”, columns K and L (V9 + V10), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 33, V9: 1.5; row 33, V10: 1.6; row 34, V9: 1.7; row 34, V10: 1.7; row 35, V9: 1.4; row 35, V10: 0.9; row 36, V9: 1.1; row 36, V10: 1.1; row 37, V9: 1; row 37, V10: 1
- As published
- €13.0 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 10–20%, Other cash benefits
€12bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 33 “Autres revenus de remplacement (IJ, ATMP)”; 34 “Famille”; 35 “Exclusion sociale”; 36 “Invalidité”; 37 “Remboursements des contrats collectifs de complémentaires santé”, columns S and T (V17 + V18), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 33, V17: 2.8; row 33, V18: 3.2; row 34, V17: 0.6; row 34, V18: 0.4; row 35, V17: 0.4; row 35, V18: 0.4; row 36, V17: 0.9; row 36, V18: 1.1; row 37, V17: 1.1; row 37, V18: 1.1
- As published
- €12.0 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 20–30%, Health care
€24bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 40 “Santé”, columns G and H (V5 + V6), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 40, V5: 11.8; row 40, V6: 12.2
- As published
- €24.0 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 30–40%, Health care
€21.6bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 40 “Santé”, columns O and P (V13 + V14), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 40, V13: 10.8; row 40, V14: 10.8
- As published
- €21.6 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 20–30%, Education
€14.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 41 “Enseignement2”, columns G and H (V5 + V6), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 41, V5: 7.7; row 41, V6: 7.2
- As published
- €14.9 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 30–40%, Education
€10.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 41 “Enseignement2”, columns O and P (V13 + V14), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 41, V13: 5.6; row 41, V14: 5.3
- As published
- €10.9 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
All groups, Social care and housing aid
€116.3bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 10%, Social care and housing aid + Bottom 10–20%, Social care and housing aid + Bottom 20–30%, Social care and housing aid + Bottom 30–40%, Social care and housing aid + Bottom 40–50%, Social care and housing aid + Top 40–50%, Social care and housing aid + Top 30–40%, Social care and housing aid + Top 20–30%, Social care and housing aid + Top 10–20%, Social care and housing aid + Top 10%, Social care and housing aid- From
- Bottom 10%, Social care and housing aid €20.7bn, estimated
- Bottom 10–20%, Social care and housing aid €22.4bn, estimated
- Bottom 20–30%, Social care and housing aid €14.1bn, estimated
- Bottom 30–40%, Social care and housing aid €12.9bn, estimated
- Bottom 40–50%, Social care and housing aid €10.4bn, estimated
- Top 40–50%, Social care and housing aid €9.3bn, estimated
- Top 30–40%, Social care and housing aid €8.2bn, estimated
- Top 20–30%, Social care and housing aid €6.6bn, estimated
- Top 10–20%, Social care and housing aid €6.2bn, estimated
- Top 10%, Social care and housing aid €5.5bn, estimated
- Result
- €116.3 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 10–20%, Social care and housing aid
€22.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care for dependent elderly and disabled people, childcare and other social action, housing benefits and the energy cheque, and the running costs of social security, received in kind.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 42 “Action sociale (dépendance, handicap, petite enfance, etc.)”; 44 “Aides au logement et chèque énergie”; 45 “Frais de fonctionnement de la Sécurité sociale”, columns E and F (V3 + V4), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 42, V3: 7; row 42, V4: 8.8; row 44, V3: 2.6; row 44, V4: 1.9; row 45, V3: 1; row 45, V4: 1.1
- As published
- €22.4 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 40–50%, Social care and housing aid
€9.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care for dependent elderly and disabled people, childcare and other social action, housing benefits and the energy cheque, and the running costs of social security, received in kind.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 42 “Action sociale (dépendance, handicap, petite enfance, etc.)”; 44 “Aides au logement et chèque énergie”; 45 “Frais de fonctionnement de la Sécurité sociale”, columns M and N (V11 + V12), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 42, V11: 3.7; row 42, V12: 3.4; row 44, V11: 0.2; row 44, V12: 0.2; row 45, V11: 0.9; row 45, V12: 0.9
- As published
- €9.3 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 20–30%, Culture and leisure
€5.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 43 “Culture et loisirs”, columns G and H (V5 + V6), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 43, V5: 2.6; row 43, V6: 2.6
- As published
- €5.2 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 30–40%, Culture and leisure
€5.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 43 “Culture et loisirs”, columns O and P (V13 + V14), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 43, V13: 2.6; row 43, V14: 2.6
- As published
- €5.2 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 10%, Collective services
€33.1bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Defence, police, justice, general administration and other collective spending, spread over people, net of other transfers and of balances with the rest of the world, which are small and negative overall.
Calculation
- Computed as
Collective services × Top 10%, Collective services ÷ All groups, Collective services- From
- Collective services €332.8bn, estimated
- Top 10%, Collective services €23.8bn, estimated
- All groups, Collective services €239.5bn, estimated
- Result
- €33.1 billion
Why believe this?
Collective services
€332.8bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Defence, police, justice, general administration and other collective spending, spread over people, net of other transfers and of balances with the rest of the world, which are small and negative overall.
- Caveat
- Estimated for this page: both years are put on the general-government perimeter (Eurostat S13). Each Insee item is scaled to Eurostat's total of its category for the year, split between the items of the category and between groups as Insee's 2023 accounts split it. Insee's own 2023 levels are wider in places (firms' collective pension and health schemes) and COFOG counts spending gross of the fees that finance part of it; the evidence panels show both.
Calculation
- Computed as
Collective services, economic affairs and subsidies, at home × Collective services ÷ Insee items in COFOG 01 without debt interest, 02 to 06- From
- Collective services, economic affairs and subsidies, at home €430bn
- Collective services €239.4bn, estimated
- Insee items in COFOG 01 without debt interest, 02 to 06 €309.3bn, estimated
- Result
- €332.8 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 10–20%, Collective services
€24.6bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Defence, police, justice, general administration and other collective spending, spread over people, net of other transfers and of balances with the rest of the world, which are small and negative overall.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 46 “Autres transferts non monétaires”, columns E and F (V3 + V4), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 46, V3: 12.2; row 46, V4: 12.4
- As published
- €24.6 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 40–50%, Collective services
€23.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Defence, police, justice, general administration and other collective spending, spread over people, net of other transfers and of balances with the rest of the world, which are small and negative overall.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 46 “Autres transferts non monétaires”, columns M and N (V11 + V12), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 46, V11: 11.6; row 46, V12: 11.8
- As published
- €23.4 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 10%, Taxes on products
€50.9bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
- Caveat
- Insee attributes the whole amount to residents; the part falling outside France is taken out of every group in proportion.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 10%, Taxes on products × (1 − Share of consumption by visitors ÷ 100)- From
- Top 10%, Taxes on products €53.2bn, estimated
- Share of consumption by visitors 4.4%, estimated
- Result
- €50.9 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 20–30%, Taxes on products
€24.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 18 “Taxes sur les produits (TVA, TICPE, accises, DMTO, etc.)”, columns G and H (V5 + V6), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 18, V5: -11.6; row 18, V6: -12.7
- As published
- €24.3 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 30–40%, Taxes on products
€34.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 18 “Taxes sur les produits (TVA, TICPE, accises, DMTO, etc.)”, columns O and P (V13 + V14), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 18, V13: -16.7; row 18, V14: -17.5
- As published
- €34.2 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
All groups, Taxes on production
€127.9bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 10%, Taxes on production + Bottom 10–20%, Taxes on production + Bottom 20–30%, Taxes on production + Bottom 30–40%, Taxes on production + Bottom 40–50%, Taxes on production + Top 40–50%, Taxes on production + Top 30–40%, Taxes on production + Top 20–30%, Taxes on production + Top 10–20%, Taxes on production + Top 10%, Taxes on production- From
- Bottom 10%, Taxes on production €2.2bn, estimated
- Bottom 10–20%, Taxes on production €4.1bn, estimated
- Bottom 20–30%, Taxes on production €6.3bn, estimated
- Bottom 30–40%, Taxes on production €8.2bn, estimated
- Bottom 40–50%, Taxes on production €9.9bn, estimated
- Top 40–50%, Taxes on production €11.3bn, estimated
- Top 30–40%, Taxes on production €13.7bn, estimated
- Top 20–30%, Taxes on production €16.5bn, estimated
- Top 10–20%, Taxes on production €20.3bn, estimated
- Top 10%, Taxes on production €35.4bn, estimated
- Result
- €127.9 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 30–40%, Taxes on production
€8.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 20 “Taxes sur la production (taxes patronales, TF, etc.)”, columns I and J (V7 + V8), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 20, V7: -3.9; row 20, V8: -4.3
- As published
- €8.2 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 20–30%, Taxes on production
€16.5bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 20 “Taxes sur la production (taxes patronales, TF, etc.)”, columns Q and R (V15 + V16), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 20, V15: -7.9; row 20, V16: -8.6
- As published
- €16.5 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 10%, Corporate tax
€65.1bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
Calculation
- Computed as
Corporate tax × Top 10%, Corporate tax ÷ All groups, Corporate tax- From
- Corporate tax €79.3bn, estimated
- Top 10%, Corporate tax €64.1bn, estimated
- All groups, Corporate tax €78.1bn, estimated
- Result
- €65.1 billion
Why believe this?
Corporate tax
€79.3bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
- Caveat
- Estimated for this page: both years are put on the general-government perimeter (Eurostat S13). Each Insee item is scaled to Eurostat's total of its category for the year, split between the items of the category and between groups as Insee's 2023 accounts split it. Insee's own 2023 levels are wider in places (firms' collective pension and health schemes) and COFOG counts spending gross of the fees that finance part of it; the evidence panels show both.
Calculation
- Computed as
Taxes on income and wealth × Corporate tax ÷ Insee items in ESA D5, taxes on income and wealth- From
- Taxes on income and wealth €357.2bn
- Corporate tax €78bn, estimated
- Insee items in ESA D5, taxes on income and wealth €351.2bn, estimated
- Result
- €79.3 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 30–40%, Corporate tax
€700mEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 22 “Impôt sur les sociétés”, columns I and J (V7 + V8), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 22, V7: -0.3; row 22, V8: -0.4
- As published
- €0.7 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 20–30%, Corporate tax
€2.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 22 “Impôt sur les sociétés”, columns Q and R (V15 + V16), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 22, V15: -1.2; row 22, V16: -1.7
- As published
- €2.9 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
All groups, CSG
€147.2bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 10%, CSG + Bottom 10–20%, CSG + Bottom 20–30%, CSG + Bottom 30–40%, CSG + Bottom 40–50%, CSG + Top 40–50%, CSG + Top 30–40%, CSG + Top 20–30%, CSG + Top 10–20%, CSG + Top 10%, CSG- From
- Bottom 10%, CSG €1.4bn, estimated
- Bottom 10–20%, CSG €3.7bn, estimated
- Bottom 20–30%, CSG €6.5bn, estimated
- Bottom 30–40%, CSG €9.2bn, estimated
- Bottom 40–50%, CSG €11.1bn, estimated
- Top 40–50%, CSG €13bn, estimated
- Top 30–40%, CSG €15.7bn, estimated
- Top 20–30%, CSG €18.7bn, estimated
- Top 10–20%, CSG €23.2bn, estimated
- Top 10%, CSG €44.7bn, estimated
- Result
- €147.2 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 10–20%, CSG
€3.7bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 23 “Contribution sociale généralisée (CSG)”, columns E and F (V3 + V4), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 23, V3: -1.5; row 23, V4: -2.2
- As published
- €3.7 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 40–50%, CSG
€13bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 23 “Contribution sociale généralisée (CSG)”, columns M and N (V11 + V12), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 23, V11: -6.2; row 23, V12: -6.8
- As published
- €13.0 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
CSG on earnings, 2023
€104.7bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Yield of the CSG on this base, all recipients.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Commission des comptes de la Sécurité sociale, Les comptes de la Sécurité sociale, juin 2025
- Where
- Tableau 1, page 47
- Published
- June 2025
- It says
CSG sur les revenus d'activité 104706; de remplacement 26140; du capital 16611 (M€, 2023)
- As published
- €104,706.0 million
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 10%, share of the CSG on capital income
42.5%EstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's part of the CSG on capital income: of the CSG on investment income, its share of net financial income; of the CSG on property income, its share of rents, actual and imputed (an allocation scenario).
- Caveat
- An allocation scenario: Insee attributes the whole CSG to each group but does not split it by base, and no source found gives the bases of the CSG on capital income by group. The CSG on investment income (interest, dividends, life insurance) is shared as Insee's net financial income. The CSG on property income is levied on rents landlords receive, capital gains and annuities; Insee's only row near it adds owner-occupiers' imputed rents, which pay no CSG, and holds no capital gains, so sharing it as that row is a convention. The alternatives share all of it as net financial income, or as the group's whole capital income.
Calculation
- Computed as
(CSG on income from investments, 2023 × Top 10%, Net financial income ÷ All groups, Net financial income + CSG on income from property, 2023 × Top 10%, Rents, actual and imputed ÷ All groups, Rents, actual and imputed) ÷ (CSG on income from investments, 2023 + CSG on income from property, 2023) × 100- From
- CSG on income from investments, 2023 €9.4bn, estimated
- CSG on income from property, 2023 €7.2bn, estimated
- Top 10%, Net financial income €77.9bn, estimated
- All groups, Net financial income €133.9bn, estimated
- Top 10%, Rents, actual and imputed €36.3bn, estimated
- All groups, Rents, actual and imputed €166.8bn, estimated
- Result
- 42.5%
Why believe this?
All groups, Net financial income
€133.9bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 10%, Net financial income + Bottom 10–20%, Net financial income + Bottom 20–30%, Net financial income + Bottom 30–40%, Net financial income + Bottom 40–50%, Net financial income + Top 40–50%, Net financial income + Top 30–40%, Net financial income + Top 20–30%, Net financial income + Top 10–20%, Net financial income + Top 10%, Net financial income- From
- Bottom 10%, Net financial income €1.9bn, estimated
- Bottom 10–20%, Net financial income €2.1bn, estimated
- Bottom 20–30%, Net financial income €3bn, estimated
- Bottom 30–40%, Net financial income €3.8bn, estimated
- Bottom 40–50%, Net financial income €4.3bn, estimated
- Top 40–50%, Net financial income €5.9bn, estimated
- Top 30–40%, Net financial income €7.5bn, estimated
- Top 20–30%, Net financial income €10.5bn, estimated
- Top 10–20%, Net financial income €17bn, estimated
- Top 10%, Net financial income €77.9bn, estimated
- Result
- €133.9 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 10–20%, Net financial income
€2.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Interest, dividends and other property income households receive, less the interest they pay.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 8 “Revenus financiers nets (intérêts, dividendes, etc.)”, columns E and F (V3 + V4), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 8, V3: 1; row 8, V4: 1.1
- As published
- €2.1 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 40–50%, Net financial income
€5.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Interest, dividends and other property income households receive, less the interest they pay.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 8 “Revenus financiers nets (intérêts, dividendes, etc.)”, columns M and N (V11 + V12), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 8, V11: 2.6; row 8, V12: 3.3
- As published
- €5.9 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 10%, Rents, actual and imputed
€36.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Rents landlords receive and the rent owner-occupiers are deemed to pay themselves, net of costs.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 9 “Loyers réels et imputés aux propriétaires”, columns U and V (V19 + V20), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 9, V19: 14.9; row 9, V20: 21.4
- As published
- €36.3 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 10%, Rents, actual and imputed
€6.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Rents landlords receive and the rent owner-occupiers are deemed to pay themselves, net of costs.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 9 “Loyers réels et imputés aux propriétaires”, columns C and D (V1 + V2), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 9, V1: 3.3; row 9, V2: 3.6
- As published
- €6.9 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 40–50%, Rents, actual and imputed
€13.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Rents landlords receive and the rent owner-occupiers are deemed to pay themselves, net of costs.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 9 “Loyers réels et imputés aux propriétaires”, columns K and L (V9 + V10), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 9, V9: 6.8; row 9, V10: 7.1
- As published
- €13.9 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 10–20%, Rents, actual and imputed
€24.5bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Rents landlords receive and the rent owner-occupiers are deemed to pay themselves, net of costs.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 9 “Loyers réels et imputés aux propriétaires”, columns S and T (V17 + V18), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 9, V17: 11.6; row 9, V18: 12.9
- As published
- €24.5 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
All groups, Income tax
€101.5bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 10%, Income tax + Bottom 10–20%, Income tax + Bottom 20–30%, Income tax + Bottom 30–40%, Income tax + Bottom 40–50%, Income tax + Top 40–50%, Income tax + Top 30–40%, Income tax + Top 20–30%, Income tax + Top 10–20%, Income tax + Top 10%, Income tax- From
- Bottom 10%, Income tax €2.7bn, estimated
- Bottom 10–20%, Income tax €100m, estimated
- Bottom 20–30%, Income tax €0m, estimated
- Bottom 30–40%, Income tax €400m, estimated
- Bottom 40–50%, Income tax €1.2bn, estimated
- Top 40–50%, Income tax €2.6bn, estimated
- Top 30–40%, Income tax €4.5bn, estimated
- Top 20–30%, Income tax €8.6bn, estimated
- Top 10–20%, Income tax €16.1bn, estimated
- Top 10%, Income tax €65.3bn, estimated
- Result
- €101.5 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 30–40%, Income tax
€400mEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 24 “Impôt sur le revenu (IR)”, columns I and J (V7 + V8), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 24, V7: -0.2; row 24, V8: -0.2
- As published
- €0.4 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 20–30%, Income tax
€8.6bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 24 “Impôt sur le revenu (IR)”, columns Q and R (V15 + V16), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 24, V15: -3.8; row 24, V16: -4.8
- As published
- €8.6 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 20–30%, Other taxes on income and wealth
€700mEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 25 “Autres impôts sur les revenus et le patrimoine (TH, ISF/IFI, CRDS, etc.)”, columns G and H (V5 + V6), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 25, V5: -0.3; row 25, V6: -0.4
- As published
- €0.7 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 30–40%, Other taxes on income and wealth
€1.7bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 25 “Autres impôts sur les revenus et le patrimoine (TH, ISF/IFI, CRDS, etc.)”, columns O and P (V13 + V14), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 25, V13: -0.8; row 25, V14: -0.9
- As published
- €1.7 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
All groups, Pension contributions
€328.7bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 10%, Pension contributions + Bottom 10–20%, Pension contributions + Bottom 20–30%, Pension contributions + Bottom 30–40%, Pension contributions + Bottom 40–50%, Pension contributions + Top 40–50%, Pension contributions + Top 30–40%, Pension contributions + Top 20–30%, Pension contributions + Top 10–20%, Pension contributions + Top 10%, Pension contributions- From
- Bottom 10%, Pension contributions €3.9bn, estimated
- Bottom 10–20%, Pension contributions €9.8bn, estimated
- Bottom 20–30%, Pension contributions €14.7bn, estimated
- Bottom 30–40%, Pension contributions €20.2bn, estimated
- Bottom 40–50%, Pension contributions €24.9bn, estimated
- Top 40–50%, Pension contributions €28.4bn, estimated
- Top 30–40%, Pension contributions €35.6bn, estimated
- Top 20–30%, Pension contributions €43.5bn, estimated
- Top 10–20%, Pension contributions €54.7bn, estimated
- Top 10%, Pension contributions €93bn, estimated
- Result
- €328.7 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 30–40%, Pension contributions
€20.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 26 “Cotisations sociales retraite1”, columns I and J (V7 + V8), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 26, V7: -9.3; row 26, V8: -10.9
- As published
- €20.2 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 20–30%, Pension contributions
€43.5bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 26 “Cotisations sociales retraite1”, columns Q and R (V15 + V16), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 26, V15: -20.6; row 26, V16: -22.9
- As published
- €43.5 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
All groups, Other contributions
€214bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 10%, Other contributions + Bottom 10–20%, Other contributions + Bottom 20–30%, Other contributions + Bottom 30–40%, Other contributions + Bottom 40–50%, Other contributions + Top 40–50%, Other contributions + Top 30–40%, Other contributions + Top 20–30%, Other contributions + Top 10–20%, Other contributions + Top 10%, Other contributions- From
- Bottom 10%, Other contributions €2bn, estimated
- Bottom 10–20%, Other contributions €5bn, estimated
- Bottom 20–30%, Other contributions €7.7bn, estimated
- Bottom 30–40%, Other contributions €10.8bn, estimated
- Bottom 40–50%, Other contributions €14.2bn, estimated
- Top 40–50%, Other contributions €16.8bn, estimated
- Top 30–40%, Other contributions €21.5bn, estimated
- Top 20–30%, Other contributions €27.6bn, estimated
- Top 10–20%, Other contributions €37.3bn, estimated
- Top 10%, Other contributions €71.1bn, estimated
- Result
- €214.0 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 30–40%, Other contributions
€10.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 27 “Cotisations sociales chômage1”; 28 “Cotisations sociales famille1”; 29 “Autres cotisations sociales (maladie, invalidité, ATMP)1”, columns I and J (V7 + V8), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 29, V7: -2.8; row 29, V8: -3.6; row 27, V7: -0.9; row 27, V8: -1.1; row 28, V7: -1.1; row 28, V8: -1.3
- As published
- €10.8 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 20–30%, Other contributions
€27.6bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 27 “Cotisations sociales chômage1”; 28 “Cotisations sociales famille1”; 29 “Autres cotisations sociales (maladie, invalidité, ATMP)1”, columns Q and R (V15 + V16), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 29, V15: -8.4; row 29, V16: -9.8; row 27, V15: -2.2; row 27, V16: -2.5; row 28, V15: -2.2; row 28, V16: -2.5
- As published
- €27.6 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 10%, Profits kept in companies
€100.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The part of companies' profits that is not paid out, attributed to the households that own them.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 10 “Profits des entreprises non distribués aux ménages (B)”, columns U and V (V19 + V20), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 10, V19: 10.5; row 10, V20: 90.4
- As published
- €100.9 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 10%, profits kept in companies, monthly equivalent per resident, 2023 data
€10EstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 10%, Profits kept in companies × 10⁹ ÷ Bottom 10%, people ÷ 12- From
- Bottom 10%, Profits kept in companies €1.1bn, estimated
- Bottom 10%, people 6.8 million, estimated
- Result
- €10
Why believe this?
Bottom 10%, Profits kept in companies
€1.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The part of companies' profits that is not paid out, attributed to the households that own them.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 10 “Profits des entreprises non distribués aux ménages (B)”, columns C and D (V1 + V2), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 10, V1: 0.7; row 10, V2: 0.4
- As published
- €1.1 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 10%, Other cash benefits
€20.4bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.
Calculation
- Computed as
Other cash benefits × Bottom 10%, Other cash benefits ÷ All groups, Other cash benefits- From
- Other cash benefits €144.7bn, estimated
- Bottom 10%, Other cash benefits €20.8bn, estimated
- All groups, Other cash benefits €147.6bn, estimated
- Result
- €20.4 billion
Why believe this?
Other cash benefits
€144.7bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.
- Caveat
- Estimated for this page: both years are put on the general-government perimeter (Eurostat S13). Each Insee item is scaled to Eurostat's total of its category for the year, split between the items of the category and between groups as Insee's 2023 accounts split it. Insee's own 2023 levels are wider in places (firms' collective pension and health schemes) and COFOG counts spending gross of the fees that finance part of it; the evidence panels show both.
Calculation
- Computed as
Social protection × Other cash benefits ÷ Insee items in COFOG 10, social protection- From
- Social protection €693bn
- Other cash benefits €147.7bn, estimated
- Insee items in COFOG 10, social protection €707.5bn, estimated
- Result
- €144.7 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 10%, CSG on earnings and benefits
€1bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- The CSG on earnings, pensions and other replacement income, and on gaming: the CSG less its part on capital income.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 10%, CSG − Bottom 10%, CSG on capital income- From
- Bottom 10%, CSG €1.5bn, estimated
- Bottom 10%, CSG on capital income €438m, estimated
- Result
- €1.0 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 10%, CSG on capital income
€438mEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- The part of the CSG levied on capital income: interest, dividends, life insurance, rents and capital gains.
- Competing figures
- €250m, the CSG on capital income by financial income alone. The same computation with another key for the CSG on capital income.
- €412m, the CSG on capital income by all capital income. The same computation with another key for the CSG on capital income.
- Caveat
- An allocation scenario: Insee attributes the whole CSG to each group but does not split it by base, and no source found gives the bases of the CSG on capital income by group. The CSG on investment income (interest, dividends, life insurance) is shared as Insee's net financial income. The CSG on property income is levied on rents landlords receive, capital gains and annuities; Insee's only row near it adds owner-occupiers' imputed rents, which pay no CSG, and holds no capital gains, so sharing it as that row is a convention. The alternatives share all of it as net financial income, or as the group's whole capital income.
Calculation
- Computed as
CSG on capital income × Bottom 10%, share of the CSG on capital income ÷ 100- From
- CSG on capital income €17.7bn, estimated
- Bottom 10%, share of the CSG on capital income 2.5%, estimated
- Result
- €0.4 billion
Why believe this?
CSG on capital income
€17.7bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- The part of the CSG levied on capital income: interest, dividends, life insurance, rents and capital gains.
- Caveat
- A rescaled estimate, not the CCSS's figure: the CCSS puts the CSG's yield on capital income at €17.627bn in 2024; here the CSG of the year on the perimeter of the other levies (€153.4bn) is multiplied by capital income's share of the CSG's yield by base (11.51%), which gives €17.7bn.
Calculation
- Computed as
CSG × Capital income's share of the CSG, 2024 ÷ 100- From
- CSG €153.4bn, estimated
- Capital income's share of the CSG, 2024 11.5%, estimated
- Result
- €17.7 billion
Why believe this?
V3, Individuals, millions, Insee
3.4Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Number of individuals, in millions.
- Caveat
- Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 59 “Nombre d'individus (en millions)”, column E (V3)
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- As published
- 3
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 10–20%, Pensions
€22.2bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.
Calculation
- Computed as
Pensions × Bottom 10–20%, Pensions ÷ All groups, Pensions- From
- Pensions €389.8bn, estimated
- Bottom 10–20%, Pensions €22.7bn, estimated
- All groups, Pensions €397.8bn, estimated
- Result
- €22.2 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 10–20%, Social care and housing aid
€21.8bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Care for dependent elderly and disabled people, childcare and other social action, housing benefits and the energy cheque, and the running costs of social security, received in kind.
Calculation
- Computed as
Social care and housing aid × Bottom 10–20%, Social care and housing aid ÷ All groups, Social care and housing aid- From
- Social care and housing aid €113.4bn, estimated
- Bottom 10–20%, Social care and housing aid €22.4bn, estimated
- All groups, Social care and housing aid €116.3bn, estimated
- Result
- €21.8 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 10–20%, Collective services
€34.5bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Defence, police, justice, general administration and other collective spending, spread over people, net of other transfers and of balances with the rest of the world, which are small and negative overall.
Calculation
- Computed as
Collective services × Bottom 10–20%, Collective services ÷ All groups, Collective services- From
- Collective services €335.7bn, estimated
- Bottom 10–20%, Collective services €24.6bn, estimated
- All groups, Collective services €239.5bn, estimated
- Result
- €34.5 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 10–20%, paid a month per person
€520EstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 10–20%, levies paid × 10⁹ ÷ Bottom 10–20%, people ÷ 12- From
- Bottom 10–20%, levies paid €42.8bn, estimated
- Bottom 10–20%, people 6.8 million, estimated
- Result
- €520
Why believe this?
Bottom 10–20%, CSG
€3.9bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.
Calculation
- Computed as
CSG × Bottom 10–20%, CSG ÷ All groups, CSG- From
- CSG €153.4bn, estimated
- Bottom 10–20%, CSG €3.7bn, estimated
- All groups, CSG €147.2bn, estimated
- Result
- €3.9 billion
Why believe this?
Living standard at D2, constant 2024 euros
€17,700Estimated2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Disposable income per consumption unit a year at the threshold, in constant 2024 euros: what one person living alone has to spend; metropolitan France, survey on tax and social incomes.
- Caveat
- Insee's distributional accounts rank people by a survey-based living standard close to, but not the same as, this one.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Distribution des niveaux de vie, données annuelles de 1996 à 2024
- Where
- Sheet “Données”, row 6 “2e décile (D2)”, column AG (2024), en euros 2024 constants; raw/reve-niv-vie-decile-individu.xlsx
- Published
- 2026
- As published
- €17,700
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 20–30%, people
6.8 millionEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Individuals of all ages, as Insee counts them in its distributional accounts.
Calculation
- Computed as
(V5, Individuals, millions, Insee + V6, Individuals, millions, Insee) × 1,000,000- From
- V5, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- V6, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- Result
- 6,800,000
Why believe this?
Bottom 20–30%, rents, actual and imputed, monthly equivalent per resident, 2023 data
€130EstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 20–30%, Rents, actual and imputed × 10⁹ ÷ Bottom 20–30%, people ÷ 12- From
- Bottom 20–30%, Rents, actual and imputed €10.8bn, estimated
- Bottom 20–30%, people 6.8 million, estimated
- Result
- €130
Why believe this?
Bottom 20–30%, transfers received
€160.1bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Every transfer attributed to the group, subsidies included.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 20–30%, Subsidies on products + Bottom 20–30%, Subsidies on production + Bottom 20–30%, Pensions + Bottom 20–30%, Unemployment benefits + Bottom 20–30%, Other cash benefits + Bottom 20–30%, Health care + Bottom 20–30%, Education + Bottom 20–30%, Social care and housing aid + Bottom 20–30%, Culture and leisure + Bottom 20–30%, Collective services- From
- Bottom 20–30%, Subsidies on products €4.2bn, estimated
- Bottom 20–30%, Subsidies on production €2.4bn, estimated
- Bottom 20–30%, Pensions €33.5bn, estimated
- Bottom 20–30%, Unemployment benefits €5bn, estimated
- Bottom 20–30%, Other cash benefits €15.8bn, estimated
- Bottom 20–30%, Health care €29.9bn, estimated
- Bottom 20–30%, Education €17.3bn, estimated
- Bottom 20–30%, Social care and housing aid €13.8bn, estimated
- Bottom 20–30%, Culture and leisure €4.3bn, estimated
- Bottom 20–30%, Collective services €33.9bn, estimated
- Result
- €160.1 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 20–30%, Subsidies on products
€4.2bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.
Calculation
- Computed as
Subsidies on products × Bottom 20–30%, Subsidies on products ÷ All groups, Subsidies on products- From
- Subsidies on products €44.6bn, estimated
- Bottom 20–30%, Subsidies on products €3bn, estimated
- All groups, Subsidies on products €32bn, estimated
- Result
- €4.2 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 20–30%, Unemployment benefits
€5bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.
Calculation
- Computed as
Unemployment benefits × Bottom 20–30%, Unemployment benefits ÷ All groups, Unemployment benefits- From
- Unemployment benefits €45.2bn, estimated
- Bottom 20–30%, Unemployment benefits €5.1bn, estimated
- All groups, Unemployment benefits €45.8bn, estimated
- Result
- €5.0 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 20–30%, Health care
€29.9bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.
Calculation
- Computed as
Health care × Bottom 20–30%, Health care ÷ All groups, Health care- From
- Health care €261.2bn, estimated
- Bottom 20–30%, Health care €24bn, estimated
- All groups, Health care €209.4bn, estimated
- Result
- €29.9 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 20–30%, Education
€17.3bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.
Calculation
- Computed as
Education × Bottom 20–30%, Education ÷ All groups, Education- From
- Education €148.6bn, estimated
- Bottom 20–30%, Education €14.9bn, estimated
- All groups, Education €128.1bn, estimated
- Result
- €17.3 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 20–30%, Culture and leisure
€4.3bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.
Calculation
- Computed as
Culture and leisure × Bottom 20–30%, Culture and leisure ÷ All groups, Culture and leisure- From
- Culture and leisure €43.1bn, estimated
- Bottom 20–30%, Culture and leisure €5.2bn, estimated
- All groups, Culture and leisure €52bn, estimated
- Result
- €4.3 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 20–30%, levies paid
€58.2bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Every levy attributed to the group, gross of subsidies.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 20–30%, Taxes on products + Bottom 20–30%, Taxes on production + Bottom 20–30%, Corporate tax + Bottom 20–30%, CSG on earnings and benefits + Bottom 20–30%, CSG on capital income + Bottom 20–30%, Income tax + Bottom 20–30%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Bottom 20–30%, Pension contributions + Bottom 20–30%, Other contributions- From
- Bottom 20–30%, Taxes on products €23.7bn, estimated
- Bottom 20–30%, Taxes on production €6.4bn, estimated
- Bottom 20–30%, Corporate tax €664m, estimated
- Bottom 20–30%, CSG on earnings and benefits €6.1bn, estimated
- Bottom 20–30%, CSG on capital income €688m, estimated
- Bottom 20–30%, Income tax €0m, estimated
- Bottom 20–30%, Other taxes on income and wealth €735m, estimated
- Bottom 20–30%, Pension contributions €13.1bn, estimated
- Bottom 20–30%, Other contributions €6.9bn, estimated
- Result
- €58.2 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 20–30%, Taxes on products
€24.8bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
Calculation
- Computed as
Taxes on products × Bottom 20–30%, Taxes on products ÷ All groups, Taxes on products- From
- Taxes on products €325.4bn, estimated
- Bottom 20–30%, Taxes on products €24.3bn, estimated
- All groups, Taxes on products €318.6bn, estimated
- Result
- €24.8 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 20–30%, Corporate tax
€664mEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
- Caveat
- Insee attributes the whole amount to residents; the part falling outside France is taken out of every group in proportion.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 20–30%, Corporate tax × (1 − Share of French companies' equity held outside France ÷ 100)- From
- Bottom 20–30%, Corporate tax €832m, estimated
- Share of French companies' equity held outside France 20.2%, estimated
- Result
- €0.7 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 20–30%, Other taxes on income and wealth
€735mEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
Calculation
- Computed as
Other taxes on income and wealth × Bottom 20–30%, Other taxes on income and wealth ÷ All groups, Other taxes on income and wealth- From
- Other taxes on income and wealth €25.3bn, estimated
- Bottom 20–30%, Other taxes on income and wealth €700m, estimated
- All groups, Other taxes on income and wealth €24.1bn, estimated
- Result
- €0.7 billion
Why believe this?
Living standard at D3, constant 2024 euros, a month
€1,750EstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- The yearly amount divided by twelve, rounded to ten euros.
Calculation
- Computed as
Living standard at D3, constant 2024 euros ÷ 12, rounded to €10- From
- Living standard at D3, constant 2024 euros €20,980, estimated
- Result
- €1,750
Why believe this?
Bottom 30–40%, net financial income, monthly equivalent per resident, 2023 data
€50EstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 30–40%, Net financial income × 10⁹ ÷ Bottom 30–40%, people ÷ 12- From
- Bottom 30–40%, Net financial income €3.8bn, estimated
- Bottom 30–40%, people 6.8 million, estimated
- Result
- €50
Why believe this?
V7, Individuals, millions, Insee
3.4Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Number of individuals, in millions.
- Caveat
- Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 59 “Nombre d'individus (en millions)”, column I (V7)
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- As published
- 3
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 30–40%, received a month per person
€1,980EstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 30–40%, transfers received × 10⁹ ÷ Bottom 30–40%, people ÷ 12- From
- Bottom 30–40%, transfers received €161.3bn, estimated
- Bottom 30–40%, people 6.8 million, estimated
- Result
- €1,980
Why believe this?
Bottom 30–40%, Subsidies on production
€3.2bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.
Calculation
- Computed as
Subsidies on production × Bottom 30–40%, Subsidies on production ÷ All groups, Subsidies on production- From
- Subsidies on production €53.4bn, estimated
- Bottom 30–40%, Subsidies on production €2.3bn, estimated
- All groups, Subsidies on production €38.2bn, estimated
- Result
- €3.2 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 30–40%, Taxes on products
€26.3bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
- Caveat
- Insee attributes the whole amount to residents; the part falling outside France is taken out of every group in proportion.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 30–40%, Taxes on products × (1 − Share of consumption by visitors ÷ 100)- From
- Bottom 30–40%, Taxes on products €27.6bn, estimated
- Share of consumption by visitors 4.6%, estimated
- Result
- €26.3 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 30–40%, Taxes on production
€8.4bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
Calculation
- Computed as
Taxes on production × Bottom 30–40%, Taxes on production ÷ All groups, Taxes on production- From
- Taxes on production €130.7bn, estimated
- Bottom 30–40%, Taxes on production €8.2bn, estimated
- All groups, Taxes on production €127.9bn, estimated
- Result
- €8.4 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 30–40%, Corporate tax
€728mEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
Calculation
- Computed as
Corporate tax × Bottom 30–40%, Corporate tax ÷ All groups, Corporate tax- From
- Corporate tax €81.2bn, estimated
- Bottom 30–40%, Corporate tax €700m, estimated
- All groups, Corporate tax €78.1bn, estimated
- Result
- €0.7 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 30–40%, share of the CSG on capital income
4.6%EstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's part of the CSG on capital income: of the CSG on investment income, its share of net financial income; of the CSG on property income, its share of rents, actual and imputed (an allocation scenario).
- Caveat
- An allocation scenario: Insee attributes the whole CSG to each group but does not split it by base, and no source found gives the bases of the CSG on capital income by group. The CSG on investment income (interest, dividends, life insurance) is shared as Insee's net financial income. The CSG on property income is levied on rents landlords receive, capital gains and annuities; Insee's only row near it adds owner-occupiers' imputed rents, which pay no CSG, and holds no capital gains, so sharing it as that row is a convention. The alternatives share all of it as net financial income, or as the group's whole capital income.
Calculation
- Computed as
(CSG on income from investments, 2024 × Bottom 30–40%, Net financial income ÷ All groups, Net financial income + CSG on income from property, 2024 × Bottom 30–40%, Rents, actual and imputed ÷ All groups, Rents, actual and imputed) ÷ (CSG on income from investments, 2024 + CSG on income from property, 2024) × 100- From
- CSG on income from investments, 2024 €10.7bn, estimated
- CSG on income from property, 2024 €6.9bn, estimated
- Bottom 30–40%, Net financial income €3.8bn, estimated
- All groups, Net financial income €133.9bn, estimated
- Bottom 30–40%, Rents, actual and imputed €12.3bn, estimated
- All groups, Rents, actual and imputed €166.8bn, estimated
- Result
- 4.6%
Why believe this?
Bottom 30–40%, Income tax
€417mEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
Calculation
- Computed as
Income tax × Bottom 30–40%, Income tax ÷ All groups, Income tax- From
- Income tax €105.8bn, estimated
- Bottom 30–40%, Income tax €400m, estimated
- All groups, Income tax €101.5bn, estimated
- Result
- €0.4 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 30–40%, Pension contributions
€18bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
Calculation
- Computed as
Pension contributions × Bottom 30–40%, Pension contributions ÷ All groups, Pension contributions- From
- Pension contributions €293bn, estimated
- Bottom 30–40%, Pension contributions €20.2bn, estimated
- All groups, Pension contributions €328.7bn, estimated
- Result
- €18.0 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 30–40%, Other contributions
€9.6bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.
Calculation
- Computed as
Other contributions × Bottom 30–40%, Other contributions ÷ All groups, Other contributions- From
- Other contributions €190.6bn, estimated
- Bottom 30–40%, Other contributions €10.8bn, estimated
- All groups, Other contributions €214bn, estimated
- Result
- €9.6 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 40–50%, profits kept in companies, monthly equivalent per resident, 2023 data
€20EstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 40–50%, Profits kept in companies × 10⁹ ÷ Bottom 40–50%, people ÷ 12- From
- Bottom 40–50%, Profits kept in companies €1.3bn, estimated
- Bottom 40–50%, people 6.8 million, estimated
- Result
- €20
Why believe this?
Bottom 40–50%, Profits kept in companies
€1.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The part of companies' profits that is not paid out, attributed to the households that own them.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 10 “Profits des entreprises non distribués aux ménages (B)”, columns K and L (V9 + V10), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 10, V9: 0.7; row 10, V10: 0.6
- As published
- €1.3 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 40–50%, Other cash benefits
€12.7bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.
Calculation
- Computed as
Other cash benefits × Bottom 40–50%, Other cash benefits ÷ All groups, Other cash benefits- From
- Other cash benefits €144.7bn, estimated
- Bottom 40–50%, Other cash benefits €13bn, estimated
- All groups, Other cash benefits €147.6bn, estimated
- Result
- €12.7 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 40–50%, CSG on earnings and benefits
€10.6bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- The CSG on earnings, pensions and other replacement income, and on gaming: the CSG less its part on capital income.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 40–50%, CSG − Bottom 40–50%, CSG on capital income- From
- Bottom 40–50%, CSG €11.6bn, estimated
- Bottom 40–50%, CSG on capital income €921m, estimated
- Result
- €10.6 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 40–50%, CSG on capital income
€921mEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- The part of the CSG levied on capital income: interest, dividends, life insurance, rents and capital gains.
- Competing figures
- €567m, the CSG on capital income by financial income alone. The same computation with another key for the CSG on capital income.
- €812m, the CSG on capital income by all capital income. The same computation with another key for the CSG on capital income.
- Caveat
- An allocation scenario: Insee attributes the whole CSG to each group but does not split it by base, and no source found gives the bases of the CSG on capital income by group. The CSG on investment income (interest, dividends, life insurance) is shared as Insee's net financial income. The CSG on property income is levied on rents landlords receive, capital gains and annuities; Insee's only row near it adds owner-occupiers' imputed rents, which pay no CSG, and holds no capital gains, so sharing it as that row is a convention. The alternatives share all of it as net financial income, or as the group's whole capital income.
Calculation
- Computed as
CSG on capital income × Bottom 40–50%, share of the CSG on capital income ÷ 100- From
- CSG on capital income €17.7bn, estimated
- Bottom 40–50%, share of the CSG on capital income 5.2%, estimated
- Result
- €0.9 billion
Why believe this?
V12, Individuals, millions, Insee
3.4Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Number of individuals, in millions.
- Caveat
- Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 59 “Nombre d'individus (en millions)”, column N (V12)
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- As published
- 3
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 40–50%, Pensions
€42.7bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.
Calculation
- Computed as
Pensions × Top 40–50%, Pensions ÷ All groups, Pensions- From
- Pensions €389.8bn, estimated
- Top 40–50%, Pensions €43.6bn, estimated
- All groups, Pensions €397.8bn, estimated
- Result
- €42.7 billion
Why believe this?
Top 40–50%, Social care and housing aid
€9.1bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Care for dependent elderly and disabled people, childcare and other social action, housing benefits and the energy cheque, and the running costs of social security, received in kind.
Calculation
- Computed as
Social care and housing aid × Top 40–50%, Social care and housing aid ÷ All groups, Social care and housing aid- From
- Social care and housing aid €113.4bn, estimated
- Top 40–50%, Social care and housing aid €9.3bn, estimated
- All groups, Social care and housing aid €116.3bn, estimated
- Result
- €9.1 billion
Why believe this?
Top 40–50%, Collective services
€32.8bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Defence, police, justice, general administration and other collective spending, spread over people, net of other transfers and of balances with the rest of the world, which are small and negative overall.
Calculation
- Computed as
Collective services × Top 40–50%, Collective services ÷ All groups, Collective services- From
- Collective services €335.7bn, estimated
- Top 40–50%, Collective services €23.4bn, estimated
- All groups, Collective services €239.5bn, estimated
- Result
- €32.8 billion
Why believe this?
Top 40–50%, paid a month per person
€1,250EstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 40–50%, levies paid × 10⁹ ÷ Top 40–50%, people ÷ 12- From
- Top 40–50%, levies paid €102bn, estimated
- Top 40–50%, people 6.8 million, estimated
- Result
- €1,250
Why believe this?
Top 40–50%, CSG
€13.5bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.
Calculation
- Computed as
CSG × Top 40–50%, CSG ÷ All groups, CSG- From
- CSG €153.4bn, estimated
- Top 40–50%, CSG €13bn, estimated
- All groups, CSG €147.2bn, estimated
- Result
- €13.5 billion
Why believe this?
Living standard at D6, constant 2024 euros
€29,880Estimated2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Disposable income per consumption unit a year at the threshold, in constant 2024 euros: what one person living alone has to spend; metropolitan France, survey on tax and social incomes.
- Caveat
- Insee's distributional accounts rank people by a survey-based living standard close to, but not the same as, this one.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Distribution des niveaux de vie, données annuelles de 1996 à 2024
- Where
- Sheet “Données”, row 10 “6e décile (D6)”, column AG (2024), en euros 2024 constants; raw/reve-niv-vie-decile-individu.xlsx
- Published
- 2026
- As published
- €29,880
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 30–40%, people
6.8 millionEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Individuals of all ages, as Insee counts them in its distributional accounts.
Calculation
- Computed as
(V13, Individuals, millions, Insee + V14, Individuals, millions, Insee) × 1,000,000- From
- V13, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- V14, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- Result
- 6,800,000
Why believe this?
Top 30–40%, rents, actual and imputed, monthly equivalent per resident, 2023 data
€220EstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 30–40%, Rents, actual and imputed × 10⁹ ÷ Top 30–40%, people ÷ 12- From
- Top 30–40%, Rents, actual and imputed €18.3bn, estimated
- Top 30–40%, people 6.8 million, estimated
- Result
- €220
Why believe this?
Top 30–40%, transfers received
€153.7bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Every transfer attributed to the group, subsidies included.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 30–40%, Subsidies on products + Top 30–40%, Subsidies on production + Top 30–40%, Pensions + Top 30–40%, Unemployment benefits + Top 30–40%, Other cash benefits + Top 30–40%, Health care + Top 30–40%, Education + Top 30–40%, Social care and housing aid + Top 30–40%, Culture and leisure + Top 30–40%, Collective services- From
- Top 30–40%, Subsidies on products €4.5bn, estimated
- Top 30–40%, Subsidies on production €5.5bn, estimated
- Top 30–40%, Pensions €43.8bn, estimated
- Top 30–40%, Unemployment benefits €3.7bn, estimated
- Top 30–40%, Other cash benefits €11.6bn, estimated
- Top 30–40%, Health care €26.9bn, estimated
- Top 30–40%, Education €12.6bn, estimated
- Top 30–40%, Social care and housing aid €8bn, estimated
- Top 30–40%, Culture and leisure €4.3bn, estimated
- Top 30–40%, Collective services €32.8bn, estimated
- Result
- €153.7 billion
Why believe this?
Top 30–40%, Subsidies on products
€4.5bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.
Calculation
- Computed as
Subsidies on products × Top 30–40%, Subsidies on products ÷ All groups, Subsidies on products- From
- Subsidies on products €44.6bn, estimated
- Top 30–40%, Subsidies on products €3.2bn, estimated
- All groups, Subsidies on products €32bn, estimated
- Result
- €4.5 billion
Why believe this?
Top 30–40%, Unemployment benefits
€3.7bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.
Calculation
- Computed as
Unemployment benefits × Top 30–40%, Unemployment benefits ÷ All groups, Unemployment benefits- From
- Unemployment benefits €45.2bn, estimated
- Top 30–40%, Unemployment benefits €3.8bn, estimated
- All groups, Unemployment benefits €45.8bn, estimated
- Result
- €3.7 billion
Why believe this?
Top 30–40%, Health care
€26.9bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.
Calculation
- Computed as
Health care × Top 30–40%, Health care ÷ All groups, Health care- From
- Health care €261.2bn, estimated
- Top 30–40%, Health care €21.6bn, estimated
- All groups, Health care €209.4bn, estimated
- Result
- €26.9 billion
Why believe this?
Top 30–40%, Education
€12.6bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.
Calculation
- Computed as
Education × Top 30–40%, Education ÷ All groups, Education- From
- Education €148.6bn, estimated
- Top 30–40%, Education €10.9bn, estimated
- All groups, Education €128.1bn, estimated
- Result
- €12.6 billion
Why believe this?
Top 30–40%, Culture and leisure
€4.3bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.
Calculation
- Computed as
Culture and leisure × Top 30–40%, Culture and leisure ÷ All groups, Culture and leisure- From
- Culture and leisure €43.1bn, estimated
- Top 30–40%, Culture and leisure €5.2bn, estimated
- All groups, Culture and leisure €52bn, estimated
- Result
- €4.3 billion
Why believe this?
Top 30–40%, levies paid
€122.3bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Every levy attributed to the group, gross of subsidies.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 30–40%, Taxes on products + Top 30–40%, Taxes on production + Top 30–40%, Corporate tax + Top 30–40%, CSG on earnings and benefits + Top 30–40%, CSG on capital income + Top 30–40%, Income tax + Top 30–40%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Top 30–40%, Pension contributions + Top 30–40%, Other contributions- From
- Top 30–40%, Taxes on products €33.3bn, estimated
- Top 30–40%, Taxes on production €14bn, estimated
- Top 30–40%, Corporate tax €1.2bn, estimated
- Top 30–40%, CSG on earnings and benefits €15bn, estimated
- Top 30–40%, CSG on capital income €1.4bn, estimated
- Top 30–40%, Income tax €4.7bn, estimated
- Top 30–40%, Other taxes on income and wealth €1.8bn, estimated
- Top 30–40%, Pension contributions €31.7bn, estimated
- Top 30–40%, Other contributions €19.2bn, estimated
- Result
- €122.3 billion
Why believe this?
Top 30–40%, Taxes on products
€34.9bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
Calculation
- Computed as
Taxes on products × Top 30–40%, Taxes on products ÷ All groups, Taxes on products- From
- Taxes on products €325.4bn, estimated
- Top 30–40%, Taxes on products €34.2bn, estimated
- All groups, Taxes on products €318.6bn, estimated
- Result
- €34.9 billion
Why believe this?
Top 30–40%, Corporate tax
€1.2bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
- Caveat
- Insee attributes the whole amount to residents; the part falling outside France is taken out of every group in proportion.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 30–40%, Corporate tax × (1 − Share of French companies' equity held outside France ÷ 100)- From
- Top 30–40%, Corporate tax €1.6bn, estimated
- Share of French companies' equity held outside France 20.2%, estimated
- Result
- €1.2 billion
Why believe this?
Top 30–40%, Other taxes on income and wealth
€1.8bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
Calculation
- Computed as
Other taxes on income and wealth × Top 30–40%, Other taxes on income and wealth ÷ All groups, Other taxes on income and wealth- From
- Other taxes on income and wealth €25.3bn, estimated
- Top 30–40%, Other taxes on income and wealth €1.7bn, estimated
- All groups, Other taxes on income and wealth €24.1bn, estimated
- Result
- €1.8 billion
Why believe this?
Living standard at D7, constant 2024 euros, a month
€2,810EstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- The yearly amount divided by twelve, rounded to ten euros.
Calculation
- Computed as
Living standard at D7, constant 2024 euros ÷ 12, rounded to €10- From
- Living standard at D7, constant 2024 euros €33,680, estimated
- Result
- €2,810
Why believe this?
Top 20–30%, net financial income, monthly equivalent per resident, 2023 data
€130EstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 20–30%, Net financial income × 10⁹ ÷ Top 20–30%, people ÷ 12- From
- Top 20–30%, Net financial income €10.5bn, estimated
- Top 20–30%, people 6.8 million, estimated
- Result
- €130
Why believe this?
V16, Individuals, millions, Insee
3.4Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Number of individuals, in millions.
- Caveat
- Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 59 “Nombre d'individus (en millions)”, column R (V16)
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- As published
- 3
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 20–30%, received a month per person
€1,820EstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 20–30%, transfers received × 10⁹ ÷ Top 20–30%, people ÷ 12- From
- Top 20–30%, transfers received €148.4bn, estimated
- Top 20–30%, people 6.8 million, estimated
- Result
- €1,820
Why believe this?
Top 20–30%, Subsidies on production
€6.7bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.
Calculation
- Computed as
Subsidies on production × Top 20–30%, Subsidies on production ÷ All groups, Subsidies on production- From
- Subsidies on production €53.4bn, estimated
- Top 20–30%, Subsidies on production €4.8bn, estimated
- All groups, Subsidies on production €38.2bn, estimated
- Result
- €6.7 billion
Why believe this?
Top 20–30%, Taxes on products
€36.5bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
- Caveat
- Insee attributes the whole amount to residents; the part falling outside France is taken out of every group in proportion.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 20–30%, Taxes on products × (1 − Share of consumption by visitors ÷ 100)- From
- Top 20–30%, Taxes on products €38.3bn, estimated
- Share of consumption by visitors 4.6%, estimated
- Result
- €36.5 billion
Why believe this?
Top 20–30%, Taxes on production
€16.9bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
Calculation
- Computed as
Taxes on production × Top 20–30%, Taxes on production ÷ All groups, Taxes on production- From
- Taxes on production €130.7bn, estimated
- Top 20–30%, Taxes on production €16.5bn, estimated
- All groups, Taxes on production €127.9bn, estimated
- Result
- €16.9 billion
Why believe this?
Top 20–30%, Corporate tax
€3bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
Calculation
- Computed as
Corporate tax × Top 20–30%, Corporate tax ÷ All groups, Corporate tax- From
- Corporate tax €81.2bn, estimated
- Top 20–30%, Corporate tax €2.9bn, estimated
- All groups, Corporate tax €78.1bn, estimated
- Result
- €3.0 billion
Why believe this?
Top 20–30%, share of the CSG on capital income
9.6%EstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's part of the CSG on capital income: of the CSG on investment income, its share of net financial income; of the CSG on property income, its share of rents, actual and imputed (an allocation scenario).
- Caveat
- An allocation scenario: Insee attributes the whole CSG to each group but does not split it by base, and no source found gives the bases of the CSG on capital income by group. The CSG on investment income (interest, dividends, life insurance) is shared as Insee's net financial income. The CSG on property income is levied on rents landlords receive, capital gains and annuities; Insee's only row near it adds owner-occupiers' imputed rents, which pay no CSG, and holds no capital gains, so sharing it as that row is a convention. The alternatives share all of it as net financial income, or as the group's whole capital income.
Calculation
- Computed as
(CSG on income from investments, 2024 × Top 20–30%, Net financial income ÷ All groups, Net financial income + CSG on income from property, 2024 × Top 20–30%, Rents, actual and imputed ÷ All groups, Rents, actual and imputed) ÷ (CSG on income from investments, 2024 + CSG on income from property, 2024) × 100- From
- CSG on income from investments, 2024 €10.7bn, estimated
- CSG on income from property, 2024 €6.9bn, estimated
- Top 20–30%, Net financial income €10.5bn, estimated
- All groups, Net financial income €133.9bn, estimated
- Top 20–30%, Rents, actual and imputed €20.5bn, estimated
- All groups, Rents, actual and imputed €166.8bn, estimated
- Result
- 9.6%
Why believe this?
Top 20–30%, Income tax
€9bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
Calculation
- Computed as
Income tax × Top 20–30%, Income tax ÷ All groups, Income tax- From
- Income tax €105.8bn, estimated
- Top 20–30%, Income tax €8.6bn, estimated
- All groups, Income tax €101.5bn, estimated
- Result
- €9.0 billion
Why believe this?
Top 20–30%, Pension contributions
€38.8bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
Calculation
- Computed as
Pension contributions × Top 20–30%, Pension contributions ÷ All groups, Pension contributions- From
- Pension contributions €293bn, estimated
- Top 20–30%, Pension contributions €43.5bn, estimated
- All groups, Pension contributions €328.7bn, estimated
- Result
- €38.8 billion
Why believe this?
Top 20–30%, Other contributions
€24.6bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.
Calculation
- Computed as
Other contributions × Top 20–30%, Other contributions ÷ All groups, Other contributions- From
- Other contributions €190.6bn, estimated
- Top 20–30%, Other contributions €27.6bn, estimated
- All groups, Other contributions €214bn, estimated
- Result
- €24.6 billion
Why believe this?
Top 10–20%, profits kept in companies, monthly equivalent per resident, 2023 data
€90EstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 10–20%, Profits kept in companies × 10⁹ ÷ Top 10–20%, people ÷ 12- From
- Top 10–20%, Profits kept in companies €7.2bn, estimated
- Top 10–20%, people 6.8 million, estimated
- Result
- €90
Why believe this?
Top 10–20%, Profits kept in companies
€7.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The part of companies' profits that is not paid out, attributed to the households that own them.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 10 “Profits des entreprises non distribués aux ménages (B)”, columns S and T (V17 + V18), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 10, V17: 3.1; row 10, V18: 4.1
- As published
- €7.2 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 10–20%, Other cash benefits
€11.8bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.
Calculation
- Computed as
Other cash benefits × Top 10–20%, Other cash benefits ÷ All groups, Other cash benefits- From
- Other cash benefits €144.7bn, estimated
- Top 10–20%, Other cash benefits €12bn, estimated
- All groups, Other cash benefits €147.6bn, estimated
- Result
- €11.8 billion
Why believe this?
Top 10–20%, CSG on earnings and benefits
€21.8bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- The CSG on earnings, pensions and other replacement income, and on gaming: the CSG less its part on capital income.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 10–20%, CSG − Top 10–20%, CSG on capital income- From
- Top 10–20%, CSG €24.2bn, estimated
- Top 10–20%, CSG on capital income €2.4bn, estimated
- Result
- €21.8 billion
Why believe this?
Top 10–20%, CSG on capital income
€2.4bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- The part of the CSG levied on capital income: interest, dividends, life insurance, rents and capital gains.
- Competing figures
- €2.2bn, the CSG on capital income by financial income alone. The same computation with another key for the CSG on capital income.
- €2bn, the CSG on capital income by all capital income. The same computation with another key for the CSG on capital income.
- Caveat
- An allocation scenario: Insee attributes the whole CSG to each group but does not split it by base, and no source found gives the bases of the CSG on capital income by group. The CSG on investment income (interest, dividends, life insurance) is shared as Insee's net financial income. The CSG on property income is levied on rents landlords receive, capital gains and annuities; Insee's only row near it adds owner-occupiers' imputed rents, which pay no CSG, and holds no capital gains, so sharing it as that row is a convention. The alternatives share all of it as net financial income, or as the group's whole capital income.
Calculation
- Computed as
CSG on capital income × Top 10–20%, share of the CSG on capital income ÷ 100- From
- CSG on capital income €17.7bn, estimated
- Top 10–20%, share of the CSG on capital income 13.5%, estimated
- Result
- €2.4 billion
Why believe this?
Top 10%, rents, actual and imputed, monthly equivalent per resident, 2023 data
€440EstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 10%, Rents, actual and imputed × 10⁹ ÷ Top 10%, people ÷ 12- From
- Top 10%, Rents, actual and imputed €36.3bn, estimated
- Top 10%, people 6.8 million, estimated
- Result
- €440
Why believe this?
Top 10%, Other cash benefits
€14.5bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.
Calculation
- Computed as
Other cash benefits × Top 10%, Other cash benefits ÷ All groups, Other cash benefits- From
- Other cash benefits €144.7bn, estimated
- Top 10%, Other cash benefits €14.8bn, estimated
- All groups, Other cash benefits €147.6bn, estimated
- Result
- €14.5 billion
Why believe this?
Top 10%, Corporate tax
€53.2bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
- Caveat
- Insee attributes the whole amount to residents; the part falling outside France is taken out of every group in proportion.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 10%, Corporate tax × (1 − Share of French companies' equity held outside France ÷ 100)- From
- Top 10%, Corporate tax €66.7bn, estimated
- Share of French companies' equity held outside France 20.2%, estimated
- Result
- €53.2 billion
Why believe this?
Top 10%, CSG on earnings and benefits
€38.8bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- The CSG on earnings, pensions and other replacement income, and on gaming: the CSG less its part on capital income.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 10%, CSG − Top 10%, CSG on capital income- From
- Top 10%, CSG €46.6bn, estimated
- Top 10%, CSG on capital income €7.8bn, estimated
- Result
- €38.8 billion
Why believe this?
Top 10%, CSG on capital income
€7.8bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- The part of the CSG levied on capital income: interest, dividends, life insurance, rents and capital gains.
- Competing figures
- €10.3bn, the CSG on capital income by financial income alone. The same computation with another key for the CSG on capital income.
- €9bn, the CSG on capital income by all capital income. The same computation with another key for the CSG on capital income.
- Caveat
- An allocation scenario: Insee attributes the whole CSG to each group but does not split it by base, and no source found gives the bases of the CSG on capital income by group. The CSG on investment income (interest, dividends, life insurance) is shared as Insee's net financial income. The CSG on property income is levied on rents landlords receive, capital gains and annuities; Insee's only row near it adds owner-occupiers' imputed rents, which pay no CSG, and holds no capital gains, so sharing it as that row is a convention. The alternatives share all of it as net financial income, or as the group's whole capital income.
Calculation
- Computed as
CSG on capital income × Top 10%, share of the CSG on capital income ÷ 100- From
- CSG on capital income €17.7bn, estimated
- Top 10%, share of the CSG on capital income 43.9%, estimated
- Result
- €7.8 billion
Why believe this?
Outside France, levies paid
€166.9bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Every levy attributed to the group, gross of subsidies.
Calculation
- Computed as
Outside France, Taxes on products + Outside France, Corporate tax + Lenders outside France + International cooperation from the EU + Capital transfers from the EU (recovery plan)- From
- Outside France, Taxes on products €15.1bn, estimated
- Outside France, Corporate tax €16.4bn, estimated
- Lenders outside France €124.9bn, estimated
- International cooperation from the EU €3.5bn
- Capital transfers from the EU (recovery plan) €6.9bn
- Result
- €166.9 billion
Why believe this?
Outside France, Taxes on products
€15.1bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
Calculation
- Computed as
Taxes on products × Share of consumption by visitors ÷ 100- From
- Taxes on products €325.4bn, estimated
- Share of consumption by visitors 4.6%, estimated
- Result
- €15.1 billion
Why believe this?
CSG on earnings and benefits
€135.7bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- The CSG on earnings, pensions and other replacement income, and on gaming: the CSG less its part on capital income.
Calculation
- Computed as
CSG − CSG on capital income- From
- CSG €153.4bn, estimated
- CSG on capital income €17.7bn, estimated
- Result
- €135.7 billion
Why believe this?
Lenders in France
€64.4bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- The part of borrowing lent by resident banks, insurers, funds and households.
Calculation
- Computed as
Borrowing × Share of net borrowing from other lenders in France ÷ 100- From
- Borrowing €169.1bn
- Share of net borrowing from other lenders in France 38.1%, estimated
- Result
- €64.4 billion
Why believe this?
General government
€1,693bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Everything general government receives: the levies Insee attributes to people, other revenue, borrowing and transfers from abroad.
Calculation
- Computed as
Taxes on products + Taxes on production + Corporate tax + CSG on earnings and benefits + CSG on capital income + Income tax + Other taxes on income and wealth + Pension contributions + Other contributions + Lenders in France + Other revenue + Inheritance and gift duties + Lenders outside France + International cooperation from the EU + Capital transfers from the EU (recovery plan)- From
- Taxes on products €325.4bn, estimated
- Taxes on production €130.7bn, estimated
- Corporate tax €81.2bn, estimated
- CSG on earnings and benefits €135.7bn, estimated
- CSG on capital income €17.7bn, estimated
- Income tax €105.8bn, estimated
- Other taxes on income and wealth €25.3bn, estimated
- Pension contributions €293bn, estimated
- Other contributions €190.6bn, estimated
- Lenders in France €64.4bn, estimated
- Other revenue €166.9bn
- Inheritance and gift duties €20.8bn
- Lenders outside France €124.9bn, estimated
- International cooperation from the EU €3.5bn
- Capital transfers from the EU (recovery plan) €6.9bn
- Result
- €1,693.0 billion
Why believe this?
Banque de France
€11.9bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- The part of debt interest paid to the Banque de France.
Calculation
- Computed as
Debt interest × Share of public debt held by the Banque de France ÷ 100- From
- Debt interest €58.9bn
- Share of public debt held by the Banque de France 20.2%, estimated
- Result
- €11.9 billion
Why believe this?
Unclassified spending
€914mEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- The gap between Eurostat's total spending and its later breakdown by purpose.
Calculation
- Computed as
Debt interest and unclassified − Lenders outside France − Banque de France − Lenders in France- From
- Debt interest and unclassified €59.8bn
- Lenders outside France €30.6bn, estimated
- Banque de France €11.9bn, estimated
- Lenders in France €16.4bn, estimated
- Result
- €0.9 billion
Why believe this?
Outside France, transfers received
€63.9bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Every transfer attributed to the group, subsidies included.
Calculation
- Computed as
Lenders outside France + EU contribution (VAT and GNI own resources) + International cooperation paid + Capital transfers to the rest of the world- From
- Lenders outside France €30.6bn, estimated
- EU contribution (VAT and GNI own resources) €22.3bn
- International cooperation paid €10.3bn
- Capital transfers to the rest of the world €760m
- Result
- €63.9 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 10%, levies through companies
€21.6bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Taxes on products and on production and corporate tax that companies hand over but whose incidence Insee attributes to the group.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 10%, Taxes on products + Bottom 10%, Taxes on production + Bottom 10%, Corporate tax- From
- Bottom 10%, Taxes on products €18.8bn, estimated
- Bottom 10%, Taxes on production €2.2bn, estimated
- Bottom 10%, Corporate tax €581m, estimated
- Result
- €21.6 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 40–50%, levies through companies
€38.6bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Taxes on products and on production and corporate tax that companies hand over but whose incidence Insee attributes to the group.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 40–50%, Taxes on products + Bottom 40–50%, Taxes on production + Bottom 40–50%, Corporate tax- From
- Bottom 40–50%, Taxes on products €27.9bn, estimated
- Bottom 40–50%, Taxes on production €10.1bn, estimated
- Bottom 40–50%, Corporate tax €664m, estimated
- Result
- €38.6 billion
Why believe this?
Top 10–20%, levies through companies
€64.9bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Taxes on products and on production and corporate tax that companies hand over but whose incidence Insee attributes to the group.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 10–20%, Taxes on products + Top 10–20%, Taxes on production + Top 10–20%, Corporate tax- From
- Top 10–20%, Taxes on products €40.3bn, estimated
- Top 10–20%, Taxes on production €20.7bn, estimated
- Top 10–20%, Corporate tax €3.8bn, estimated
- Result
- €64.9 billion
Why believe this?
Top 10%, levies through companies
€141.2bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Taxes on products and on production and corporate tax that companies hand over but whose incidence Insee attributes to the group.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 10%, Taxes on products + Top 10%, Taxes on production + Top 10%, Corporate tax- From
- Top 10%, Taxes on products €51.8bn, estimated
- Top 10%, Taxes on production €36.2bn, estimated
- Top 10%, Corporate tax €53.2bn, estimated
- Result
- €141.2 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 20–30%, subsidies through companies
€6.6bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Subsidies paid to companies whose benefit Insee attributes to the group.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 20–30%, Subsidies on products + Bottom 20–30%, Subsidies on production- From
- Bottom 20–30%, Subsidies on products €4.2bn, estimated
- Bottom 20–30%, Subsidies on production €2.4bn, estimated
- Result
- €6.6 billion
Why believe this?
Top 30–40%, subsidies through companies
€9.9bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- Subsidies paid to companies whose benefit Insee attributes to the group.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 30–40%, Subsidies on products + Top 30–40%, Subsidies on production- From
- Top 30–40%, Subsidies on products €4.5bn, estimated
- Top 30–40%, Subsidies on production €5.5bn, estimated
- Result
- €9.9 billion
Why believe this?
Taxes on capital, 2024
€98.9bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the levies or transfers of one kind that the detailed diagram shows one by one.
Calculation
- Computed as
Corporate tax + CSG on capital income- From
- Corporate tax €81.2bn, estimated
- CSG on capital income €17.7bn, estimated
- Result
- €98.9 billion
Why believe this?
Cash benefits, 2024
€579.6bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the levies or transfers of one kind that the detailed diagram shows one by one.
Calculation
- Computed as
Pensions + Unemployment benefits + Other cash benefits- From
- Pensions €389.8bn, estimated
- Unemployment benefits €45.2bn, estimated
- Other cash benefits €144.7bn, estimated
- Result
- €579.6 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 10% → Social contributions, 2024
€5.3bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the levies or transfers of one kind that the detailed diagram shows one by one.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 10%, Pension contributions + Bottom 10%, Other contributions- From
- Bottom 10%, Pension contributions €3.5bn, estimated
- Bottom 10%, Other contributions €1.8bn, estimated
- Result
- €5.3 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 20–30% → Taxes on income and wealth, 2024
€6.8bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the levies or transfers of one kind that the detailed diagram shows one by one.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 20–30%, CSG on earnings and benefits + Bottom 20–30%, Income tax + Bottom 20–30%, Other taxes on income and wealth- From
- Bottom 20–30%, CSG on earnings and benefits €6.1bn, estimated
- Bottom 20–30%, Income tax €0m, estimated
- Bottom 20–30%, Other taxes on income and wealth €735m, estimated
- Result
- €6.8 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 40–50% → Social contributions, 2024
€34.8bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the levies or transfers of one kind that the detailed diagram shows one by one.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 40–50%, Pension contributions + Bottom 40–50%, Other contributions- From
- Bottom 40–50%, Pension contributions €22.2bn, estimated
- Bottom 40–50%, Other contributions €12.6bn, estimated
- Result
- €34.8 billion
Why believe this?
Top 30–40% → Taxes on income and wealth, 2024
€21.5bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the levies or transfers of one kind that the detailed diagram shows one by one.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 30–40%, CSG on earnings and benefits + Top 30–40%, Income tax + Top 30–40%, Other taxes on income and wealth- From
- Top 30–40%, CSG on earnings and benefits €15bn, estimated
- Top 30–40%, Income tax €4.7bn, estimated
- Top 30–40%, Other taxes on income and wealth €1.8bn, estimated
- Result
- €21.5 billion
Why believe this?
Top 10–20% → Social contributions, 2024
€82bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the levies or transfers of one kind that the detailed diagram shows one by one.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 10–20%, Pension contributions + Top 10–20%, Other contributions- From
- Top 10–20%, Pension contributions €48.8bn, estimated
- Top 10–20%, Other contributions €33.2bn, estimated
- Result
- €82.0 billion
Why believe this?
Top 10% → Social contributions, 2024
€146.2bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the levies or transfers of one kind that the detailed diagram shows one by one.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 10%, Pension contributions + Top 10%, Other contributions- From
- Top 10%, Pension contributions €82.9bn, estimated
- Top 10%, Other contributions €63.3bn, estimated
- Result
- €146.2 billion
Why believe this?
Taxes on income and wealth → General government, 2024
€266.8bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the levies or transfers of one kind that the detailed diagram shows one by one.
Calculation
- Computed as
CSG on earnings and benefits + Income tax + Other taxes on income and wealth- From
- CSG on earnings and benefits €135.7bn, estimated
- Income tax €105.8bn, estimated
- Other taxes on income and wealth €25.3bn, estimated
- Result
- €266.8 billion
Why believe this?
General government → Transfers in kind, 2024
€566.3bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the levies or transfers of one kind that the detailed diagram shows one by one.
Calculation
- Computed as
Health care + Education + Social care and housing aid + Culture and leisure- From
- Health care €261.2bn, estimated
- Education €148.6bn, estimated
- Social care and housing aid €113.4bn, estimated
- Culture and leisure €43.1bn, estimated
- Result
- €566.3 billion
Why believe this?
Transfers in kind → Bottom 10%, 2024
€68bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the levies or transfers of one kind that the detailed diagram shows one by one.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 10%, Health care + Bottom 10%, Education + Bottom 10%, Social care and housing aid + Bottom 10%, Culture and leisure- From
- Bottom 10%, Health care €21.8bn, estimated
- Bottom 10%, Education €21.7bn, estimated
- Bottom 10%, Social care and housing aid €20.2bn, estimated
- Bottom 10%, Culture and leisure €4.3bn, estimated
- Result
- €68.0 billion
Why believe this?
Cash benefits → Bottom 10–20%, 2024
€48.5bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the levies or transfers of one kind that the detailed diagram shows one by one.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 10–20%, Pensions + Bottom 10–20%, Unemployment benefits + Bottom 10–20%, Other cash benefits- From
- Bottom 10–20%, Pensions €22.2bn, estimated
- Bottom 10–20%, Unemployment benefits €5.6bn, estimated
- Bottom 10–20%, Other cash benefits €20.7bn, estimated
- Result
- €48.5 billion
Why believe this?
Transfers in kind → Bottom 40–50%, 2024
€53bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the levies or transfers of one kind that the detailed diagram shows one by one.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 40–50%, Health care + Bottom 40–50%, Education + Bottom 40–50%, Social care and housing aid + Bottom 40–50%, Culture and leisure- From
- Bottom 40–50%, Health care €24.3bn, estimated
- Bottom 40–50%, Education €14.3bn, estimated
- Bottom 40–50%, Social care and housing aid €10.1bn, estimated
- Bottom 40–50%, Culture and leisure €4.3bn, estimated
- Result
- €53.0 billion
Why believe this?
Cash benefits → Top 40–50%, 2024
€57.9bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the levies or transfers of one kind that the detailed diagram shows one by one.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 40–50%, Pensions + Top 40–50%, Unemployment benefits + Top 40–50%, Other cash benefits- From
- Top 40–50%, Pensions €42.7bn, estimated
- Top 40–50%, Unemployment benefits €3.5bn, estimated
- Top 40–50%, Other cash benefits €11.8bn, estimated
- Result
- €57.9 billion
Why believe this?
Transfers in kind → Top 10–20%, 2024
€45.5bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the levies or transfers of one kind that the detailed diagram shows one by one.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 10–20%, Health care + Top 10–20%, Education + Top 10–20%, Social care and housing aid + Top 10–20%, Culture and leisure- From
- Top 10–20%, Health care €23.1bn, estimated
- Top 10–20%, Education €12.1bn, estimated
- Top 10–20%, Social care and housing aid €6bn, estimated
- Top 10–20%, Culture and leisure €4.3bn, estimated
- Result
- €45.5 billion
Why believe this?
Transfers in kind → Top 10%, 2024
€41.6bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2024
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the levies or transfers of one kind that the detailed diagram shows one by one.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 10%, Health care + Top 10%, Education + Top 10%, Social care and housing aid + Top 10%, Culture and leisure- From
- Top 10%, Health care €19.8bn, estimated
- Top 10%, Education €12.1bn, estimated
- Top 10%, Social care and housing aid €5.4bn, estimated
- Top 10%, Culture and leisure €4.3bn, estimated
- Result
- €41.6 billion