Official figures and this site's calculations
Why believe this?
Figures of one view and year of the diagram, with their sources and how they were computed, each under its own anchor. Back to Public money.
Why believe this?
Bottom 10%, Subsidies on products
€3.9bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.
Calculation
- Computed as
Subsidies on products × Bottom 10%, Subsidies on products ÷ All groups, Subsidies on products- From
- Subsidies on products €44.2bn, estimated
- Bottom 10%, Subsidies on products €2.8bn, estimated
- All groups, Subsidies on products €32bn, estimated
- Result
- €3.9 billion
Why believe this?
Public order and safety
€48.7bnObserved2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Police, justice, prisons and fire.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
gov_10a_exp(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=MIO_EURsector=S13na_item=TEcofog99=GF03time=2023· query this cell- As published
- €48,711.9 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.
Why believe this?
International cooperation paid
€10.8bnObserved2023
Definition
- What it counts
- A transfer between French general government and the rest of the world, as Eurostat records it in the government accounts.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
gov_10a_main(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=MIO_EURsector=S13na_item=D74PAYtime=2023· query this cell- As published
- €10,833.0 million
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-07-21, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.
Why believe this?
Collective services
€239.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Defence, police, justice, general administration and other collective spending, spread over people, net of other transfers and of balances with the rest of the world, which are small and negative overall.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 46 “Autres transferts non monétaires”, column B (Ensemble)
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- As published
- €239.4 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 10–20%, Subsidies on products
€2.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 19 “Subventions sur les produits (transports, etc.)”, columns E and F (V3 + V4), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 19, V3: 1.4; row 19, V4: 1.4
- As published
- €2.8 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 40–50%, Subsidies on products
€3.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 19 “Subventions sur les produits (transports, etc.)”, columns M and N (V11 + V12), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 19, V11: 1.5; row 19, V12: 1.6
- As published
- €3.1 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 10%, Subsidies on production
€500mEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 21 “Subventions sur la production (aides à l'apprentissage, aides sectorielles, etc.)”, columns C and D (V1 + V2), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 21, V1: 0.2; row 21, V2: 0.3
- As published
- €0.5 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 40–50%, Subsidies on production
€2.7bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 21 “Subventions sur la production (aides à l'apprentissage, aides sectorielles, etc.)”, columns K and L (V9 + V10), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 21, V9: 1.3; row 21, V10: 1.4
- As published
- €2.7 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 10–20%, Subsidies on production
€6.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 21 “Subventions sur la production (aides à l'apprentissage, aides sectorielles, etc.)”, columns S and T (V17 + V18), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 21, V17: 2.8; row 21, V18: 3.3
- As published
- €6.1 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Social protection
€657.9bnObserved2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Old age, survivors, sickness and disability, family, unemployment, housing and social exclusion.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
gov_10a_exp(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=MIO_EURsector=S13na_item=TEcofog99=GF10time=2023· query this cell- As published
- €657,931.3 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.
Why believe this?
Pensions
€397.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 31 “Pensions de retraite”, column B (Ensemble)
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- As published
- €397.9 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Social care and housing aid
€115.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care for dependent elderly and disabled people, childcare and other social action, housing benefits and the energy cheque, and the running costs of social security, received in kind.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 42 “Action sociale (dépendance, handicap, petite enfance, etc.)”; 44 “Aides au logement et chèque énergie”; 45 “Frais de fonctionnement de la Sécurité sociale”, column B (Ensemble), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 42, Ensemble: 80.8; row 44, Ensemble: 16.1; row 45, Ensemble: 18.9
- As published
- €115.8 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 20–30%, Pensions
€34.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 31 “Pensions de retraite”, columns G and H (V5 + V6), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 31, V5: 15.3; row 31, V6: 18.9
- As published
- €34.2 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 30–40%, Pensions
€44.7bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 31 “Pensions de retraite”, columns O and P (V13 + V14), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 31, V13: 20.9; row 31, V14: 23.8
- As published
- €44.7 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 10%, Pensions
€66.6bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 31 “Pensions de retraite”, columns U and V (V19 + V20), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 31, V19: 30.2; row 31, V20: 36.4
- As published
- €66.6 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Unemployment benefits
€42.9bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.
- Caveat
- Estimated for this page: both years are put on the general-government perimeter (Eurostat S13). Each Insee item is scaled to Eurostat's total of its category for the year, split between the items of the category and between groups as Insee's 2023 accounts split it. Insee's own 2023 levels are wider in places (firms' collective pension and health schemes) and COFOG counts spending gross of the fees that finance part of it; the evidence panels show both.
Calculation
- Computed as
Social protection × Unemployment benefits ÷ Insee items in COFOG 10, social protection- From
- Social protection €657.9bn
- Unemployment benefits €46.1bn, estimated
- Insee items in COFOG 10, social protection €707.5bn, estimated
- Result
- €42.9 billion
Why believe this?
All groups, Unemployment benefits
€45.8bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 10%, Unemployment benefits + Bottom 10–20%, Unemployment benefits + Bottom 20–30%, Unemployment benefits + Bottom 30–40%, Unemployment benefits + Bottom 40–50%, Unemployment benefits + Top 40–50%, Unemployment benefits + Top 30–40%, Unemployment benefits + Top 20–30%, Unemployment benefits + Top 10–20%, Unemployment benefits + Top 10%, Unemployment benefits- From
- Bottom 10%, Unemployment benefits €5.8bn, estimated
- Bottom 10–20%, Unemployment benefits €5.7bn, estimated
- Bottom 20–30%, Unemployment benefits €5.1bn, estimated
- Bottom 30–40%, Unemployment benefits €4.8bn, estimated
- Bottom 40–50%, Unemployment benefits €4.6bn, estimated
- Top 40–50%, Unemployment benefits €3.5bn, estimated
- Top 30–40%, Unemployment benefits €3.8bn, estimated
- Top 20–30%, Unemployment benefits €3.4bn, estimated
- Top 10–20%, Unemployment benefits €3.7bn, estimated
- Top 10%, Unemployment benefits €5.4bn, estimated
- Result
- €45.8 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 10–20%, Unemployment benefits
€5.7bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 32 “Allocations chômage”, columns E and F (V3 + V4), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 32, V3: 2.9; row 32, V4: 2.8
- As published
- €5.7 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 40–50%, Unemployment benefits
€3.5bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 32 “Allocations chômage”, columns M and N (V11 + V12), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 32, V11: 1.6; row 32, V12: 1.9
- As published
- €3.5 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Other cash benefits
€137.4bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.
- Caveat
- Estimated for this page: both years are put on the general-government perimeter (Eurostat S13). Each Insee item is scaled to Eurostat's total of its category for the year, split between the items of the category and between groups as Insee's 2023 accounts split it. Insee's own 2023 levels are wider in places (firms' collective pension and health schemes) and COFOG counts spending gross of the fees that finance part of it; the evidence panels show both.
Calculation
- Computed as
Social protection × Other cash benefits ÷ Insee items in COFOG 10, social protection- From
- Social protection €657.9bn
- Other cash benefits €147.7bn, estimated
- Insee items in COFOG 10, social protection €707.5bn, estimated
- Result
- €137.4 billion
Why believe this?
All groups, Other cash benefits
€147.6bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 10%, Other cash benefits + Bottom 10–20%, Other cash benefits + Bottom 20–30%, Other cash benefits + Bottom 30–40%, Other cash benefits + Bottom 40–50%, Other cash benefits + Top 40–50%, Other cash benefits + Top 30–40%, Other cash benefits + Top 20–30%, Other cash benefits + Top 10–20%, Other cash benefits + Top 10%, Other cash benefits- From
- Bottom 10%, Other cash benefits €20.8bn, estimated
- Bottom 10–20%, Other cash benefits €21.1bn, estimated
- Bottom 20–30%, Other cash benefits €16.1bn, estimated
- Bottom 30–40%, Other cash benefits €14.1bn, estimated
- Bottom 40–50%, Other cash benefits €13bn, estimated
- Top 40–50%, Other cash benefits €12bn, estimated
- Top 30–40%, Other cash benefits €11.8bn, estimated
- Top 20–30%, Other cash benefits €11.9bn, estimated
- Top 10–20%, Other cash benefits €12bn, estimated
- Top 10%, Other cash benefits €14.8bn, estimated
- Result
- €147.6 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 30–40%, Other cash benefits
€14.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 33 “Autres revenus de remplacement (IJ, ATMP)”; 34 “Famille”; 35 “Exclusion sociale”; 36 “Invalidité”; 37 “Remboursements des contrats collectifs de complémentaires santé”, columns I and J (V7 + V8), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 33, V7: 1.2; row 33, V8: 1.4; row 34, V7: 1.8; row 34, V8: 1.9; row 35, V7: 2; row 35, V8: 1.6; row 36, V7: 1.3; row 36, V8: 0.9; row 37, V7: 1; row 37, V8: 1
- As published
- €14.1 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 20–30%, Other cash benefits
€11.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 33 “Autres revenus de remplacement (IJ, ATMP)”; 34 “Famille”; 35 “Exclusion sociale”; 36 “Invalidité”; 37 “Remboursements des contrats collectifs de complémentaires santé”, columns Q and R (V15 + V16), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 33, V15: 2.4; row 33, V16: 2.6; row 34, V15: 0.8; row 34, V16: 0.8; row 35, V15: 0.5; row 35, V16: 0.4; row 36, V15: 1; row 36, V16: 1.2; row 37, V15: 1.1; row 37, V16: 1.1
- As published
- €11.9 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 10%, Health care
€20.9bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.
Calculation
- Computed as
Health care × Bottom 10%, Health care ÷ All groups, Health care- From
- Health care €249.7bn, estimated
- Bottom 10%, Health care €17.5bn, estimated
- All groups, Health care €209.4bn, estimated
- Result
- €20.9 billion
Why believe this?
Health
€249.7bnObserved2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Hospitals, outpatient care and medicines.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
gov_10a_exp(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=MIO_EURsector=S13na_item=TEcofog99=GF07time=2023· query this cell- As published
- €249,676.4 million · flagged provisional by Eurostat
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-09-16, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.
Why believe this?
Bottom 10–20%, Health care
€28.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 40 “Santé”, columns E and F (V3 + V4), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 40, V3: 14.1; row 40, V4: 14.1
- As published
- €28.2 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 40–50%, Health care
€21.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 40 “Santé”, columns M and N (V11 + V12), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 40, V11: 10.5; row 40, V12: 10.7
- As published
- €21.2 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Education
€141.6bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.
- Caveat
- Estimated for this page: both years are put on the general-government perimeter (Eurostat S13). Each Insee item is scaled to Eurostat's total of its category for the year, split between the items of the category and between groups as Insee's 2023 accounts split it. Insee's own 2023 levels are wider in places (firms' collective pension and health schemes) and COFOG counts spending gross of the fees that finance part of it; the evidence panels show both.
Calculation
- Computed as
Education × Education ÷ Education- From
- Education €141.6bn
- Education €128.1bn, estimated
- Education €128.1bn, estimated
- Result
- €141.6 billion
Why believe this?
All groups, Education
€128.1bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 10%, Education + Bottom 10–20%, Education + Bottom 20–30%, Education + Bottom 30–40%, Education + Bottom 40–50%, Education + Top 40–50%, Education + Top 30–40%, Education + Top 20–30%, Education + Top 10–20%, Education + Top 10%, Education- From
- Bottom 10%, Education €18.7bn, estimated
- Bottom 10–20%, Education €15.2bn, estimated
- Bottom 20–30%, Education €14.9bn, estimated
- Bottom 30–40%, Education €12.9bn, estimated
- Bottom 40–50%, Education €12.3bn, estimated
- Top 40–50%, Education €11.5bn, estimated
- Top 30–40%, Education €10.9bn, estimated
- Top 20–30%, Education €10.9bn, estimated
- Top 10–20%, Education €10.4bn, estimated
- Top 10%, Education €10.4bn, estimated
- Result
- €128.1 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 10–20%, Education
€15.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 41 “Enseignement2”, columns E and F (V3 + V4), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 41, V3: 7.7; row 41, V4: 7.5
- As published
- €15.2 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 40–50%, Education
€11.5bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 41 “Enseignement2”, columns M and N (V11 + V12), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 41, V11: 5.8; row 41, V12: 5.7
- As published
- €11.5 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 20–30%, Social care and housing aid
€14.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care for dependent elderly and disabled people, childcare and other social action, housing benefits and the energy cheque, and the running costs of social security, received in kind.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 42 “Action sociale (dépendance, handicap, petite enfance, etc.)”; 44 “Aides au logement et chèque énergie”; 45 “Frais de fonctionnement de la Sécurité sociale”, columns G and H (V5 + V6), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 42, V5: 5.7; row 42, V6: 4.7; row 44, V5: 1.1; row 44, V6: 0.6; row 45, V5: 1; row 45, V6: 1
- As published
- €14.1 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 30–40%, Social care and housing aid
€8.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care for dependent elderly and disabled people, childcare and other social action, housing benefits and the energy cheque, and the running costs of social security, received in kind.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 42 “Action sociale (dépendance, handicap, petite enfance, etc.)”; 44 “Aides au logement et chèque énergie”; 45 “Frais de fonctionnement de la Sécurité sociale”, columns O and P (V13 + V14), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 42, V13: 3.1; row 42, V14: 3.1; row 44, V13: 0.1; row 44, V14: 0.1; row 45, V13: 0.9; row 45, V14: 0.9
- As published
- €8.2 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 10%, Social care and housing aid
€5.5bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care for dependent elderly and disabled people, childcare and other social action, housing benefits and the energy cheque, and the running costs of social security, received in kind.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 42 “Action sociale (dépendance, handicap, petite enfance, etc.)”; 44 “Aides au logement et chèque énergie”; 45 “Frais de fonctionnement de la Sécurité sociale”, columns U and V (V19 + V20), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 42, V19: 1.7; row 42, V20: 1.5; row 44, V19: 0.1; row 44, V20: 0.1; row 45, V19: 1; row 45, V20: 1.1
- As published
- €5.5 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Culture and leisure
€41.4bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.
- Caveat
- Estimated for this page: both years are put on the general-government perimeter (Eurostat S13). Each Insee item is scaled to Eurostat's total of its category for the year, split between the items of the category and between groups as Insee's 2023 accounts split it. Insee's own 2023 levels are wider in places (firms' collective pension and health schemes) and COFOG counts spending gross of the fees that finance part of it; the evidence panels show both.
Calculation
- Computed as
Recreation, culture and religion × Culture and leisure ÷ Culture and leisure- From
- Recreation, culture and religion €41.4bn
- Culture and leisure €52.6bn, estimated
- Culture and leisure €52.6bn, estimated
- Result
- €41.4 billion
Why believe this?
All groups, Culture and leisure
€52bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 10%, Culture and leisure + Bottom 10–20%, Culture and leisure + Bottom 20–30%, Culture and leisure + Bottom 30–40%, Culture and leisure + Bottom 40–50%, Culture and leisure + Top 40–50%, Culture and leisure + Top 30–40%, Culture and leisure + Top 20–30%, Culture and leisure + Top 10–20%, Culture and leisure + Top 10%, Culture and leisure- From
- Bottom 10%, Culture and leisure €5.2bn, estimated
- Bottom 10–20%, Culture and leisure €5.2bn, estimated
- Bottom 20–30%, Culture and leisure €5.2bn, estimated
- Bottom 30–40%, Culture and leisure €5.2bn, estimated
- Bottom 40–50%, Culture and leisure €5.2bn, estimated
- Top 40–50%, Culture and leisure €5.2bn, estimated
- Top 30–40%, Culture and leisure €5.2bn, estimated
- Top 20–30%, Culture and leisure €5.2bn, estimated
- Top 10–20%, Culture and leisure €5.2bn, estimated
- Top 10%, Culture and leisure €5.2bn, estimated
- Result
- €52.0 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 10–20%, Culture and leisure
€5.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 43 “Culture et loisirs”, columns E and F (V3 + V4), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 43, V3: 2.6; row 43, V4: 2.6
- As published
- €5.2 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 40–50%, Culture and leisure
€5.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 43 “Culture et loisirs”, columns M and N (V11 + V12), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 43, V11: 2.6; row 43, V12: 2.6
- As published
- €5.2 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 20–30%, Collective services
€24.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Defence, police, justice, general administration and other collective spending, spread over people, net of other transfers and of balances with the rest of the world, which are small and negative overall.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 46 “Autres transferts non monétaires”, columns G and H (V5 + V6), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 46, V5: 11.8; row 46, V6: 12.4
- As published
- €24.2 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 30–40%, Collective services
€23.4bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Defence, police, justice, general administration and other collective spending, spread over people, net of other transfers and of balances with the rest of the world, which are small and negative overall.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 46 “Autres transferts non monétaires”, columns O and P (V13 + V14), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 46, V13: 11.6; row 46, V14: 11.8
- As published
- €23.4 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 10%, Collective services
€23.8bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Defence, police, justice, general administration and other collective spending, spread over people, net of other transfers and of balances with the rest of the world, which are small and negative overall.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 46 “Autres transferts non monétaires”, columns U and V (V19 + V20), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 46, V19: 12.3; row 46, V20: 11.5
- As published
- €23.8 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 10%, levies paid
€30.9bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Every levy attributed to the group, gross of subsidies.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 10%, Taxes on products + Bottom 10%, Taxes on production + Bottom 10%, Corporate tax + Bottom 10%, CSG on earnings and benefits + Bottom 10%, CSG on capital income + Bottom 10%, Income tax + Bottom 10%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Bottom 10%, Pension contributions + Bottom 10%, Other contributions- From
- Bottom 10%, Taxes on products €18.5bn, estimated
- Bottom 10%, Taxes on production €2.2bn, estimated
- Bottom 10%, Corporate tax €569m, estimated
- Bottom 10%, CSG on earnings and benefits €988m, estimated
- Bottom 10%, CSG on capital income €437m, estimated
- Bottom 10%, Income tax €2.7bn, estimated
- Bottom 10%, Other taxes on income and wealth €410m, estimated
- Bottom 10%, Pension contributions €3.3bn, estimated
- Bottom 10%, Other contributions €1.7bn, estimated
- Result
- €30.9 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 10%, Taxes on products
€19.3bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
Calculation
- Computed as
Taxes on products × Bottom 10%, Taxes on products ÷ All groups, Taxes on products- From
- Taxes on products €318.8bn, estimated
- Bottom 10%, Taxes on products €19.3bn, estimated
- All groups, Taxes on products €318.6bn, estimated
- Result
- €19.3 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 10–20%, Taxes on products
€21.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 18 “Taxes sur les produits (TVA, TICPE, accises, DMTO, etc.)”, columns E and F (V3 + V4), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 18, V3: -10; row 18, V4: -11.1
- As published
- €21.1 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 40–50%, Taxes on products
€32bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 18 “Taxes sur les produits (TVA, TICPE, accises, DMTO, etc.)”, columns M and N (V11 + V12), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 18, V11: -15.5; row 18, V12: -16.5
- As published
- €32.0 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 10%, Taxes on production
€2.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 20 “Taxes sur la production (taxes patronales, TF, etc.)”, columns C and D (V1 + V2), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 20, V1: -0.9; row 20, V2: -1.3
- As published
- €2.2 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 40–50%, Taxes on production
€9.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 20 “Taxes sur la production (taxes patronales, TF, etc.)”, columns K and L (V9 + V10), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 20, V9: -4.8; row 20, V10: -5.1
- As published
- €9.9 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 10–20%, Taxes on production
€20.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 20 “Taxes sur la production (taxes patronales, TF, etc.)”, columns S and T (V17 + V18), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 20, V17: -9.3; row 20, V18: -11
- As published
- €20.3 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 10%, Corporate tax
€569mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
- Caveat
- Insee attributes the whole amount to residents; the part falling outside France is taken out of every group in proportion.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 10%, Corporate tax × (1 − Share of French companies' equity held outside France ÷ 100)- From
- Bottom 10%, Corporate tax €711m, estimated
- Share of French companies' equity held outside France 20%, estimated
- Result
- €0.6 billion
Why believe this?
Insee items in ESA D5, taxes on income and wealth
€351.2bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of Insee's 2023 items mapped to this category.
Calculation
- Computed as
Corporate tax + CSG + Income tax + Other taxes on income and wealth- From
- Corporate tax €78bn, estimated
- CSG €147.3bn, estimated
- Income tax €101.6bn, estimated
- Other taxes on income and wealth €24.3bn, estimated
- Result
- €351.2 billion
Why believe this?
CSG
€147.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 23 “Contribution sociale généralisée (CSG)”, column B (Ensemble)
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- As published
- €147.3 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 10%, Corporate tax
€700mEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 22 “Impôt sur les sociétés”, columns C and D (V1 + V2), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 22, V1: -0.4; row 22, V2: -0.3
- As published
- €0.7 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 40–50%, Corporate tax
€800mEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 22 “Impôt sur les sociétés”, columns K and L (V9 + V10), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 22, V9: -0.4; row 22, V10: -0.4
- As published
- €0.8 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 10–20%, Corporate tax
€4.6bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 22 “Impôt sur les sociétés”, columns S and T (V17 + V18), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 22, V17: -2; row 22, V18: -2.6
- As published
- €4.6 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 20–30%, CSG
€6.5bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 23 “Contribution sociale généralisée (CSG)”, columns G and H (V5 + V6), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 23, V5: -2.8; row 23, V6: -3.7
- As published
- €6.5 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 30–40%, CSG
€15.7bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 23 “Contribution sociale généralisée (CSG)”, columns O and P (V13 + V14), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 23, V13: -7.6; row 23, V14: -8.1
- As published
- €15.7 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 10%, CSG
€44.7bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 23 “Contribution sociale généralisée (CSG)”, columns U and V (V19 + V20), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 23, V19: -15.4; row 23, V20: -29.3
- As published
- €44.7 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 10%, CSG on capital income
€437mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The part of the CSG levied on capital income: interest, dividends, life insurance, rents and capital gains.
- Competing figures
- €240m, the CSG on capital income by financial income alone. The same computation with another key for the CSG on capital income.
- €394m, the CSG on capital income by all capital income. The same computation with another key for the CSG on capital income.
- Caveat
- An allocation scenario: Insee attributes the whole CSG to each group but does not split it by base, and no source found gives the bases of the CSG on capital income by group. The CSG on investment income (interest, dividends, life insurance) is shared as Insee's net financial income. The CSG on property income is levied on rents landlords receive, capital gains and annuities; Insee's only row near it adds owner-occupiers' imputed rents, which pay no CSG, and holds no capital gains, so sharing it as that row is a convention. The alternatives share all of it as net financial income, or as the group's whole capital income.
Calculation
- Computed as
CSG on capital income × Bottom 10%, share of the CSG on capital income ÷ 100- From
- CSG on capital income €16.9bn, estimated
- Bottom 10%, share of the CSG on capital income 2.6%, estimated
- Result
- €0.4 billion
Why believe this?
CSG on income from property, 2023
€7.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Yield of the CSG on this base, all recipients (CCSS).
Where it comes from
- Source
- Commission des comptes de la Sécurité sociale, Les comptes de la Sécurité sociale, juin 2025
- Where
- Fiche 1.3, Tableau 1, page 47
- Published
- June 2025
- It says
CSG sur les revenus du patrimoine 7167; CSG sur les revenus du placement 9444 (M€, 2023)
- As published
- €7,167.0 million
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 20–30%, Net financial income
€3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Interest, dividends and other property income households receive, less the interest they pay.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 8 “Revenus financiers nets (intérêts, dividendes, etc.)”, columns G and H (V5 + V6), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 8, V5: 1.3; row 8, V6: 1.7
- As published
- €3.0 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 30–40%, Net financial income
€7.5bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Interest, dividends and other property income households receive, less the interest they pay.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 8 “Revenus financiers nets (intérêts, dividendes, etc.)”, columns O and P (V13 + V14), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 8, V13: 3.4; row 8, V14: 4.1
- As published
- €7.5 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 10%, Net financial income
€77.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Interest, dividends and other property income households receive, less the interest they pay.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 8 “Revenus financiers nets (intérêts, dividendes, etc.)”, columns U and V (V19 + V20), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 8, V19: 15.6; row 8, V20: 62.3
- As published
- €77.9 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
All groups, Rents, actual and imputed
€166.8bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the groups' amounts, as Insee rounds them.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 10%, Rents, actual and imputed + Bottom 10–20%, Rents, actual and imputed + Bottom 20–30%, Rents, actual and imputed + Bottom 30–40%, Rents, actual and imputed + Bottom 40–50%, Rents, actual and imputed + Top 40–50%, Rents, actual and imputed + Top 30–40%, Rents, actual and imputed + Top 20–30%, Rents, actual and imputed + Top 10–20%, Rents, actual and imputed + Top 10%, Rents, actual and imputed- From
- Bottom 10%, Rents, actual and imputed €6.9bn, estimated
- Bottom 10–20%, Rents, actual and imputed €7.3bn, estimated
- Bottom 20–30%, Rents, actual and imputed €10.8bn, estimated
- Bottom 30–40%, Rents, actual and imputed €12.3bn, estimated
- Bottom 40–50%, Rents, actual and imputed €13.9bn, estimated
- Top 40–50%, Rents, actual and imputed €16bn, estimated
- Top 30–40%, Rents, actual and imputed €18.3bn, estimated
- Top 20–30%, Rents, actual and imputed €20.5bn, estimated
- Top 10–20%, Rents, actual and imputed €24.5bn, estimated
- Top 10%, Rents, actual and imputed €36.3bn, estimated
- Result
- €166.8 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 30–40%, Rents, actual and imputed
€12.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Rents landlords receive and the rent owner-occupiers are deemed to pay themselves, net of costs.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 9 “Loyers réels et imputés aux propriétaires”, columns I and J (V7 + V8), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 9, V7: 6.1; row 9, V8: 6.2
- As published
- €12.3 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 20–30%, Rents, actual and imputed
€20.5bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Rents landlords receive and the rent owner-occupiers are deemed to pay themselves, net of costs.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 9 “Loyers réels et imputés aux propriétaires”, columns Q and R (V15 + V16), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 9, V15: 9.9; row 9, V16: 10.6
- As published
- €20.5 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 10%, Income tax
€2.7bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 24 “Impôt sur le revenu (IR)”, columns C and D (V1 + V2), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 24, V1: -2.7; row 24, V2: 0
- As published
- €2.7 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 40–50%, Income tax
€1.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 24 “Impôt sur le revenu (IR)”, columns K and L (V9 + V10), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 24, V9: -0.5; row 24, V10: -0.7
- As published
- €1.2 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 10–20%, Income tax
€16.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 24 “Impôt sur le revenu (IR)”, columns S and T (V17 + V18), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 24, V17: -6.4; row 24, V18: -9.7
- As published
- €16.1 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 10%, Other taxes on income and wealth
€410mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
Calculation
- Computed as
Other taxes on income and wealth × Bottom 10%, Other taxes on income and wealth ÷ All groups, Other taxes on income and wealth- From
- Other taxes on income and wealth €24.7bn, estimated
- Bottom 10%, Other taxes on income and wealth €400m, estimated
- All groups, Other taxes on income and wealth €24.1bn, estimated
- Result
- €0.4 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 10–20%, Other taxes on income and wealth
€400mEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 25 “Autres impôts sur les revenus et le patrimoine (TH, ISF/IFI, CRDS, etc.)”, columns E and F (V3 + V4), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 25, V3: -0.2; row 25, V4: -0.2
- As published
- €0.4 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 40–50%, Other taxes on income and wealth
€1.5bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 25 “Autres impôts sur les revenus et le patrimoine (TH, ISF/IFI, CRDS, etc.)”, columns M and N (V11 + V12), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 25, V11: -0.7; row 25, V12: -0.8
- As published
- €1.5 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 10%, Pension contributions
€3.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 26 “Cotisations sociales retraite1”, columns C and D (V1 + V2), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 26, V1: -1.4; row 26, V2: -2.5
- As published
- €3.9 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 40–50%, Pension contributions
€24.9bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 26 “Cotisations sociales retraite1”, columns K and L (V9 + V10), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 26, V9: -12; row 26, V10: -12.9
- As published
- €24.9 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 10–20%, Pension contributions
€54.7bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 26 “Cotisations sociales retraite1”, columns S and T (V17 + V18), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 26, V17: -25; row 26, V18: -29.7
- As published
- €54.7 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 10%, Other contributions
€2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 27 “Cotisations sociales chômage1”; 28 “Cotisations sociales famille1”; 29 “Autres cotisations sociales (maladie, invalidité, ATMP)1”, columns C and D (V1 + V2), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 29, V1: -0.5; row 29, V2: -0.8; row 27, V1: -0.1; row 27, V2: -0.2; row 28, V1: -0.1; row 28, V2: -0.3
- As published
- €2.0 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 40–50%, Other contributions
€14.2bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 27 “Cotisations sociales chômage1”; 28 “Cotisations sociales famille1”; 29 “Autres cotisations sociales (maladie, invalidité, ATMP)1”, columns K and L (V9 + V10), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 29, V9: -4.1; row 29, V10: -4.8; row 27, V9: -1.2; row 27, V10: -1.3; row 28, V9: -1.3; row 28, V10: -1.5
- As published
- €14.2 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 10–20%, Other contributions
€37.3bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, rows 27 “Cotisations sociales chômage1”; 28 “Cotisations sociales famille1”; 29 “Autres cotisations sociales (maladie, invalidité, ATMP)1”, columns S and T (V17 + V18), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 29, V17: -11.3; row 29, V18: -14.3; row 27, V17: -2.6; row 27, V18: -3.2; row 28, V17: -2.7; row 28, V18: -3.2
- As published
- €37.3 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 10%, transfers received
€175.6bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Every transfer attributed to the group, subsidies included.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 10%, Subsidies on products + Top 10%, Subsidies on production + Top 10%, Pensions + Top 10%, Unemployment benefits + Top 10%, Other cash benefits + Top 10%, Health care + Top 10%, Education + Top 10%, Social care and housing aid + Top 10%, Culture and leisure + Top 10%, Collective services- From
- Top 10%, Subsidies on products €5.7bn, estimated
- Top 10%, Subsidies on production €16.4bn, estimated
- Top 10%, Pensions €61.9bn, estimated
- Top 10%, Unemployment benefits €5.1bn, estimated
- Top 10%, Other cash benefits €13.8bn, estimated
- Top 10%, Health care €19bn, estimated
- Top 10%, Education €11.5bn, estimated
- Top 10%, Social care and housing aid €5.1bn, estimated
- Top 10%, Culture and leisure €4.1bn, estimated
- Top 10%, Collective services €33.1bn, estimated
- Result
- €175.6 billion
Why believe this?
Top 10%, Unemployment benefits
€5.1bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.
Calculation
- Computed as
Unemployment benefits × Top 10%, Unemployment benefits ÷ All groups, Unemployment benefits- From
- Unemployment benefits €42.9bn, estimated
- Top 10%, Unemployment benefits €5.4bn, estimated
- All groups, Unemployment benefits €45.8bn, estimated
- Result
- €5.1 billion
Why believe this?
Top 10%, Other cash benefits
€13.8bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.
Calculation
- Computed as
Other cash benefits × Top 10%, Other cash benefits ÷ All groups, Other cash benefits- From
- Other cash benefits €137.4bn, estimated
- Top 10%, Other cash benefits €14.8bn, estimated
- All groups, Other cash benefits €147.6bn, estimated
- Result
- €13.8 billion
Why believe this?
Top 10%, Education
€11.5bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.
Calculation
- Computed as
Education × Top 10%, Education ÷ All groups, Education- From
- Education €141.6bn, estimated
- Top 10%, Education €10.4bn, estimated
- All groups, Education €128.1bn, estimated
- Result
- €11.5 billion
Why believe this?
Top 10%, Culture and leisure
€4.1bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.
Calculation
- Computed as
Culture and leisure × Top 10%, Culture and leisure ÷ All groups, Culture and leisure- From
- Culture and leisure €41.4bn, estimated
- Top 10%, Culture and leisure €5.2bn, estimated
- All groups, Culture and leisure €52bn, estimated
- Result
- €4.1 billion
Why believe this?
Top 10%, Corporate tax
€52.1bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
- Caveat
- Insee attributes the whole amount to residents; the part falling outside France is taken out of every group in proportion.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 10%, Corporate tax × (1 − Share of French companies' equity held outside France ÷ 100)- From
- Top 10%, Corporate tax €65.1bn, estimated
- Share of French companies' equity held outside France 20%, estimated
- Result
- €52.1 billion
Why believe this?
Top 10%, CSG on earnings and benefits
€38.3bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The CSG on earnings, pensions and other replacement income, and on gaming: the CSG less its part on capital income.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 10%, CSG − Top 10%, CSG on capital income- From
- Top 10%, CSG €45.5bn, estimated
- Top 10%, CSG on capital income €7.2bn, estimated
- Result
- €38.3 billion
Why believe this?
Corporate tax paid by the Banque de France, 2015 to 2022
€16.3bnObserved2022
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate tax the Banque de France paid the State over 2015 to 2022.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Banque de France, Banque de France
- Where
- Billet de blog d'Agnès Bénassy-Quéré, March 2025, citing the Rapport annuel 2024, p. 117; raw/bdf_blog_abq_pertes_2025.pdf
- Published
- March 2025
- It says
From 2015 to 2022 the Bank paid the State €16.3bn of corporate tax and €15.5bn of dividends.
- As published
- €16.3 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Public debt held by the central bank, end 2022
€667.7bnObserved2022
Definition
- What it counts
- Gross consolidated debt of general government at the end of the year, at face value, by the sector that holds it.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
gov_10dd_ggd(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=MIO_EURsector=S13na_item=GDmaturity=TOTALsector2=S121time=2022· query this cell- As published
- €667,717.0 million
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-06-05, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.
Why believe this?
Public debt, all holders, end 2023
€3,103bnObserved2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Gross consolidated debt of general government at the end of the year, at face value, by the sector that holds it.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
gov_10dd_ggd(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=MIO_EURsector=S13na_item=GDmaturity=TOTALsector2=S1_S2time=2023· query this cell- As published
- €3,103,247.7 million
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-06-05, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.
Why believe this?
Public debt held by the rest of the world, end 2022
€1,435bnObserved2022
Definition
- What it counts
- Gross consolidated debt of general government at the end of the year, at face value, by the sector that holds it.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Eurostat, dataset
gov_10dd_ggd(browse the table) - Exact cell
geo=FRunit=MIO_EURsector=S13na_item=GDmaturity=TOTALsector2=S2time=2022· query this cell- As published
- €1,434,892.1 million
- Dataset version
- updated 2026-06-05, read 2026-10-14
Calculation
- Transformation
- Divided by 1,000 to give billions, then rounded for display.
Why believe this?
V2, Individuals, millions, Insee
3.4Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Number of individuals, in millions.
- Caveat
- Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 59 “Nombre d'individus (en millions)”, column D (V2)
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- As published
- 3
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 10%, rents, actual and imputed, monthly equivalent per resident, 2023 data
€80EstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 10%, Rents, actual and imputed × 10⁹ ÷ Bottom 10%, people ÷ 12- From
- Bottom 10%, Rents, actual and imputed €6.9bn, estimated
- Bottom 10%, people 6.8 million, estimated
- Result
- €80
Why believe this?
Bottom 10%, profits kept in companies, monthly equivalent per resident, 2023 data
€10EstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 10%, Profits kept in companies × 10⁹ ÷ Bottom 10%, people ÷ 12- From
- Bottom 10%, Profits kept in companies €1.1bn, estimated
- Bottom 10%, people 6.8 million, estimated
- Result
- €10
Why believe this?
Bottom 10–20%, net financial income, monthly equivalent per resident, 2023 data
€30EstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 10–20%, Net financial income × 10⁹ ÷ Bottom 10–20%, people ÷ 12- From
- Bottom 10–20%, Net financial income €2.1bn, estimated
- Bottom 10–20%, people 6.8 million, estimated
- Result
- €30
Why believe this?
Bottom 10–20%, people
6.8 millionEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Individuals of all ages, as Insee counts them in its distributional accounts.
Calculation
- Computed as
(V3, Individuals, millions, Insee + V4, Individuals, millions, Insee) × 1,000,000- From
- V3, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- V4, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- Result
- 6,800,000
Why believe this?
Bottom 10–20%, received a month per person
€1,970EstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 10–20%, transfers received × 10⁹ ÷ Bottom 10–20%, people ÷ 12- From
- Bottom 10–20%, transfers received €161bn, estimated
- Bottom 10–20%, people 6.8 million, estimated
- Result
- €1,970
Why believe this?
Bottom 10–20%, Subsidies on production
€1.5bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.
Calculation
- Computed as
Subsidies on production × Bottom 10–20%, Subsidies on production ÷ All groups, Subsidies on production- From
- Subsidies on production €53bn, estimated
- Bottom 10–20%, Subsidies on production €1.1bn, estimated
- All groups, Subsidies on production €38.2bn, estimated
- Result
- €1.5 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 10–20%, Social care and housing aid
€20.7bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care for dependent elderly and disabled people, childcare and other social action, housing benefits and the energy cheque, and the running costs of social security, received in kind.
Calculation
- Computed as
Social care and housing aid × Bottom 10–20%, Social care and housing aid ÷ All groups, Social care and housing aid- From
- Social care and housing aid €107.7bn, estimated
- Bottom 10–20%, Social care and housing aid €22.4bn, estimated
- All groups, Social care and housing aid €116.3bn, estimated
- Result
- €20.7 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 10–20%, Taxes on production
€4.1bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
Calculation
- Computed as
Taxes on production × Bottom 10–20%, Taxes on production ÷ All groups, Taxes on production- From
- Taxes on production €128.1bn, estimated
- Bottom 10–20%, Taxes on production €4.1bn, estimated
- All groups, Taxes on production €127.9bn, estimated
- Result
- €4.1 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 10–20%, CSG
€3.8bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.
Calculation
- Computed as
CSG × Bottom 10–20%, CSG ÷ All groups, CSG- From
- CSG €149.8bn, estimated
- Bottom 10–20%, CSG €3.7bn, estimated
- All groups, CSG €147.2bn, estimated
- Result
- €3.8 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 10–20%, Income tax
€102mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
Calculation
- Computed as
Income tax × Bottom 10–20%, Income tax ÷ All groups, Income tax- From
- Income tax €103.3bn, estimated
- Bottom 10–20%, Income tax €100m, estimated
- All groups, Income tax €101.5bn, estimated
- Result
- €0.1 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 10–20%, Pension contributions
€8.4bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
Calculation
- Computed as
Pension contributions × Bottom 10–20%, Pension contributions ÷ All groups, Pension contributions- From
- Pension contributions €280.4bn, estimated
- Bottom 10–20%, Pension contributions €9.8bn, estimated
- All groups, Pension contributions €328.7bn, estimated
- Result
- €8.4 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 10–20%, Other contributions
€4.3bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.
Calculation
- Computed as
Other contributions × Bottom 10–20%, Other contributions ÷ All groups, Other contributions- From
- Other contributions €182.4bn, estimated
- Bottom 10–20%, Other contributions €5bn, estimated
- All groups, Other contributions €214bn, estimated
- Result
- €4.3 billion
Why believe this?
Living standard at D2, constant 2024 euros
€17,330Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Disposable income per consumption unit a year at the threshold, in constant 2024 euros: what one person living alone has to spend; metropolitan France, survey on tax and social incomes.
- Caveat
- Insee's distributional accounts rank people by a survey-based living standard close to, but not the same as, this one.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Distribution des niveaux de vie, données annuelles de 1996 à 2024
- Where
- Sheet “Données”, row 6 “2e décile (D2)”, column AF (2023), en euros 2024 constants; raw/reve-niv-vie-decile-individu.xlsx
- Published
- 2026
- As published
- €17,330
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
V6, Individuals, millions, Insee
3.4Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Number of individuals, in millions.
- Caveat
- Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 59 “Nombre d'individus (en millions)”, column H (V6)
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- As published
- 3
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 20–30%, transfers received
€154bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Every transfer attributed to the group, subsidies included.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 20–30%, Subsidies on products + Bottom 20–30%, Subsidies on production + Bottom 20–30%, Pensions + Bottom 20–30%, Unemployment benefits + Bottom 20–30%, Other cash benefits + Bottom 20–30%, Health care + Bottom 20–30%, Education + Bottom 20–30%, Social care and housing aid + Bottom 20–30%, Culture and leisure + Bottom 20–30%, Collective services- From
- Bottom 20–30%, Subsidies on products €4.1bn, estimated
- Bottom 20–30%, Subsidies on production €2.4bn, estimated
- Bottom 20–30%, Pensions €31.8bn, estimated
- Bottom 20–30%, Unemployment benefits €4.8bn, estimated
- Bottom 20–30%, Other cash benefits €15bn, estimated
- Bottom 20–30%, Health care €28.6bn, estimated
- Bottom 20–30%, Education €16.5bn, estimated
- Bottom 20–30%, Social care and housing aid €13.1bn, estimated
- Bottom 20–30%, Culture and leisure €4.1bn, estimated
- Bottom 20–30%, Collective services €33.6bn, estimated
- Result
- €154.0 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 20–30%, Unemployment benefits
€4.8bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.
Calculation
- Computed as
Unemployment benefits × Bottom 20–30%, Unemployment benefits ÷ All groups, Unemployment benefits- From
- Unemployment benefits €42.9bn, estimated
- Bottom 20–30%, Unemployment benefits €5.1bn, estimated
- All groups, Unemployment benefits €45.8bn, estimated
- Result
- €4.8 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 20–30%, Other cash benefits
€15bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.
Calculation
- Computed as
Other cash benefits × Bottom 20–30%, Other cash benefits ÷ All groups, Other cash benefits- From
- Other cash benefits €137.4bn, estimated
- Bottom 20–30%, Other cash benefits €16.1bn, estimated
- All groups, Other cash benefits €147.6bn, estimated
- Result
- €15.0 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 20–30%, Education
€16.5bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.
Calculation
- Computed as
Education × Bottom 20–30%, Education ÷ All groups, Education- From
- Education €141.6bn, estimated
- Bottom 20–30%, Education €14.9bn, estimated
- All groups, Education €128.1bn, estimated
- Result
- €16.5 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 20–30%, Culture and leisure
€4.1bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.
Calculation
- Computed as
Culture and leisure × Bottom 20–30%, Culture and leisure ÷ All groups, Culture and leisure- From
- Culture and leisure €41.4bn, estimated
- Bottom 20–30%, Culture and leisure €5.2bn, estimated
- All groups, Culture and leisure €52bn, estimated
- Result
- €4.1 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 20–30%, CSG on earnings and benefits
€5.9bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The CSG on earnings, pensions and other replacement income, and on gaming: the CSG less its part on capital income.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 20–30%, CSG − Bottom 20–30%, CSG on capital income- From
- Bottom 20–30%, CSG €6.6bn, estimated
- Bottom 20–30%, CSG on capital income €687m, estimated
- Result
- €5.9 billion
Why believe this?
Living standard at D3, constant 2024 euros, a month
€1,720EstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The yearly amount divided by twelve, rounded to ten euros.
Calculation
- Computed as
Living standard at D3, constant 2024 euros ÷ 12, rounded to €10- From
- Living standard at D3, constant 2024 euros €20,610, estimated
- Result
- €1,720
Why believe this?
Bottom 30–40%, Profits kept in companies
€1.1bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The part of companies' profits that is not paid out, attributed to the households that own them.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 10 “Profits des entreprises non distribués aux ménages (B)”, columns I and J (V7 + V8), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 10, V7: 0.5; row 10, V8: 0.6
- As published
- €1.1 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Bottom 30–40%, Pensions
€33.8bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.
Calculation
- Computed as
Pensions × Bottom 30–40%, Pensions ÷ All groups, Pensions- From
- Pensions €370bn, estimated
- Bottom 30–40%, Pensions €36.3bn, estimated
- All groups, Pensions €397.8bn, estimated
- Result
- €33.8 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 30–40%, Collective services
€33.4bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Defence, police, justice, general administration and other collective spending, spread over people, net of other transfers and of balances with the rest of the world, which are small and negative overall.
Calculation
- Computed as
Collective services × Bottom 30–40%, Collective services ÷ All groups, Collective services- From
- Collective services €332.8bn, estimated
- Bottom 30–40%, Collective services €24bn, estimated
- All groups, Collective services €239.5bn, estimated
- Result
- €33.4 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 30–40%, paid a month per person
€880EstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 30–40%, levies paid × 10⁹ ÷ Bottom 30–40%, people ÷ 12- From
- Bottom 30–40%, levies paid €71.8bn, estimated
- Bottom 30–40%, people 6.8 million, estimated
- Result
- €880
Why believe this?
Bottom 30–40%, Taxes on products
€25.8bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
- Caveat
- Insee attributes the whole amount to residents; the part falling outside France is taken out of every group in proportion.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 30–40%, Taxes on products × (1 − Share of consumption by visitors ÷ 100)- From
- Bottom 30–40%, Taxes on products €27bn, estimated
- Share of consumption by visitors 4.4%, estimated
- Result
- €25.8 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 30–40%, Corporate tax
€711mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
Calculation
- Computed as
Corporate tax × Bottom 30–40%, Corporate tax ÷ All groups, Corporate tax- From
- Corporate tax €79.3bn, estimated
- Bottom 30–40%, Corporate tax €700m, estimated
- All groups, Corporate tax €78.1bn, estimated
- Result
- €0.7 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 30–40%, share of the CSG on capital income
4.8%EstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's part of the CSG on capital income: of the CSG on investment income, its share of net financial income; of the CSG on property income, its share of rents, actual and imputed (an allocation scenario).
- Caveat
- An allocation scenario: Insee attributes the whole CSG to each group but does not split it by base, and no source found gives the bases of the CSG on capital income by group. The CSG on investment income (interest, dividends, life insurance) is shared as Insee's net financial income. The CSG on property income is levied on rents landlords receive, capital gains and annuities; Insee's only row near it adds owner-occupiers' imputed rents, which pay no CSG, and holds no capital gains, so sharing it as that row is a convention. The alternatives share all of it as net financial income, or as the group's whole capital income.
Calculation
- Computed as
(CSG on income from investments, 2023 × Bottom 30–40%, Net financial income ÷ All groups, Net financial income + CSG on income from property, 2023 × Bottom 30–40%, Rents, actual and imputed ÷ All groups, Rents, actual and imputed) ÷ (CSG on income from investments, 2023 + CSG on income from property, 2023) × 100- From
- CSG on income from investments, 2023 €9.4bn, estimated
- CSG on income from property, 2023 €7.2bn, estimated
- Bottom 30–40%, Net financial income €3.8bn, estimated
- All groups, Net financial income €133.9bn, estimated
- Bottom 30–40%, Rents, actual and imputed €12.3bn, estimated
- All groups, Rents, actual and imputed €166.8bn, estimated
- Result
- 4.8%
Why believe this?
Bottom 40–50%, rents, actual and imputed, monthly equivalent per resident, 2023 data
€170EstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 40–50%, Rents, actual and imputed × 10⁹ ÷ Bottom 40–50%, people ÷ 12- From
- Bottom 40–50%, Rents, actual and imputed €13.9bn, estimated
- Bottom 40–50%, people 6.8 million, estimated
- Result
- €170
Why believe this?
Bottom 40–50%, profits kept in companies, monthly equivalent per resident, 2023 data
€20EstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 40–50%, Profits kept in companies × 10⁹ ÷ Bottom 40–50%, people ÷ 12- From
- Bottom 40–50%, Profits kept in companies €1.3bn, estimated
- Bottom 40–50%, people 6.8 million, estimated
- Result
- €20
Why believe this?
Bottom 40–50%, Subsidies on products
€4.1bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.
Calculation
- Computed as
Subsidies on products × Bottom 40–50%, Subsidies on products ÷ All groups, Subsidies on products- From
- Subsidies on products €44.2bn, estimated
- Bottom 40–50%, Subsidies on products €3bn, estimated
- All groups, Subsidies on products €32bn, estimated
- Result
- €4.1 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 40–50%, Health care
€23.3bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.
Calculation
- Computed as
Health care × Bottom 40–50%, Health care ÷ All groups, Health care- From
- Health care €249.7bn, estimated
- Bottom 40–50%, Health care €19.5bn, estimated
- All groups, Health care €209.4bn, estimated
- Result
- €23.3 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 40–50%, levies paid
€85bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Every levy attributed to the group, gross of subsidies.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 40–50%, Taxes on products + Bottom 40–50%, Taxes on production + Bottom 40–50%, Corporate tax + Bottom 40–50%, CSG on earnings and benefits + Bottom 40–50%, CSG on capital income + Bottom 40–50%, Income tax + Bottom 40–50%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Bottom 40–50%, Pension contributions + Bottom 40–50%, Other contributions- From
- Bottom 40–50%, Taxes on products €27.4bn, estimated
- Bottom 40–50%, Taxes on production €9.9bn, estimated
- Bottom 40–50%, Corporate tax €650m, estimated
- Bottom 40–50%, CSG on earnings and benefits €10.4bn, estimated
- Bottom 40–50%, CSG on capital income €915m, estimated
- Bottom 40–50%, Income tax €1.2bn, estimated
- Bottom 40–50%, Other taxes on income and wealth €1.2bn, estimated
- Bottom 40–50%, Pension contributions €21.2bn, estimated
- Bottom 40–50%, Other contributions €12.1bn, estimated
- Result
- €85.0 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 40–50%, Taxes on products
€28.6bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
Calculation
- Computed as
Taxes on products × Bottom 40–50%, Taxes on products ÷ All groups, Taxes on products- From
- Taxes on products €318.8bn, estimated
- Bottom 40–50%, Taxes on products €28.6bn, estimated
- All groups, Taxes on products €318.6bn, estimated
- Result
- €28.6 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 40–50%, Corporate tax
€650mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
- Caveat
- Insee attributes the whole amount to residents; the part falling outside France is taken out of every group in proportion.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 40–50%, Corporate tax × (1 − Share of French companies' equity held outside France ÷ 100)- From
- Bottom 40–50%, Corporate tax €813m, estimated
- Share of French companies' equity held outside France 20%, estimated
- Result
- €0.6 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 40–50%, CSG on capital income
€915mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The part of the CSG levied on capital income: interest, dividends, life insurance, rents and capital gains.
- Competing figures
- €542m, the CSG on capital income by financial income alone. The same computation with another key for the CSG on capital income.
- €777m, the CSG on capital income by all capital income. The same computation with another key for the CSG on capital income.
- Caveat
- An allocation scenario: Insee attributes the whole CSG to each group but does not split it by base, and no source found gives the bases of the CSG on capital income by group. The CSG on investment income (interest, dividends, life insurance) is shared as Insee's net financial income. The CSG on property income is levied on rents landlords receive, capital gains and annuities; Insee's only row near it adds owner-occupiers' imputed rents, which pay no CSG, and holds no capital gains, so sharing it as that row is a convention. The alternatives share all of it as net financial income, or as the group's whole capital income.
Calculation
- Computed as
CSG on capital income × Bottom 40–50%, share of the CSG on capital income ÷ 100- From
- CSG on capital income €16.9bn, estimated
- Bottom 40–50%, share of the CSG on capital income 5.4%, estimated
- Result
- €0.9 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 40–50%, Other taxes on income and wealth
€1.2bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
Calculation
- Computed as
Other taxes on income and wealth × Bottom 40–50%, Other taxes on income and wealth ÷ All groups, Other taxes on income and wealth- From
- Other taxes on income and wealth €24.7bn, estimated
- Bottom 40–50%, Other taxes on income and wealth €1.2bn, estimated
- All groups, Other taxes on income and wealth €24.1bn, estimated
- Result
- €1.2 billion
Why believe this?
Top 40–50%, net financial income, monthly equivalent per resident, 2023 data
€70EstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 40–50%, Net financial income × 10⁹ ÷ Top 40–50%, people ÷ 12- From
- Top 40–50%, Net financial income €5.9bn, estimated
- Top 40–50%, people 6.8 million, estimated
- Result
- €70
Why believe this?
Top 40–50%, people
6.8 millionEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Individuals of all ages, as Insee counts them in its distributional accounts.
Calculation
- Computed as
(V11, Individuals, millions, Insee + V12, Individuals, millions, Insee) × 1,000,000- From
- V11, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- V12, Individuals, millions, Insee 3.4, estimated
- Result
- 6,800,000
Why believe this?
Top 40–50%, received a month per person
€1,800EstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 40–50%, transfers received × 10⁹ ÷ Top 40–50%, people ÷ 12- From
- Top 40–50%, transfers received €147.1bn, estimated
- Top 40–50%, people 6.8 million, estimated
- Result
- €1,800
Why believe this?
Top 40–50%, Subsidies on production
€4.6bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Apprenticeship hiring aid, sector aid and other subsidies to producers, attributed to households.
Calculation
- Computed as
Subsidies on production × Top 40–50%, Subsidies on production ÷ All groups, Subsidies on production- From
- Subsidies on production €53bn, estimated
- Top 40–50%, Subsidies on production €3.3bn, estimated
- All groups, Subsidies on production €38.2bn, estimated
- Result
- €4.6 billion
Why believe this?
Top 40–50%, Social care and housing aid
€8.6bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care for dependent elderly and disabled people, childcare and other social action, housing benefits and the energy cheque, and the running costs of social security, received in kind.
Calculation
- Computed as
Social care and housing aid × Top 40–50%, Social care and housing aid ÷ All groups, Social care and housing aid- From
- Social care and housing aid €107.7bn, estimated
- Top 40–50%, Social care and housing aid €9.3bn, estimated
- All groups, Social care and housing aid €116.3bn, estimated
- Result
- €8.6 billion
Why believe this?
Top 40–50%, Taxes on production
€11.3bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Payroll taxes, business property tax and other taxes firms pay for producing, attributed to households.
Calculation
- Computed as
Taxes on production × Top 40–50%, Taxes on production ÷ All groups, Taxes on production- From
- Taxes on production €128.1bn, estimated
- Top 40–50%, Taxes on production €11.3bn, estimated
- All groups, Taxes on production €127.9bn, estimated
- Result
- €11.3 billion
Why believe this?
Top 40–50%, CSG
€13.2bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The generalised social contribution, levied on earnings, benefits and capital income.
Calculation
- Computed as
CSG × Top 40–50%, CSG ÷ All groups, CSG- From
- CSG €149.8bn, estimated
- Top 40–50%, CSG €13bn, estimated
- All groups, CSG €147.2bn, estimated
- Result
- €13.2 billion
Why believe this?
Top 40–50%, Income tax
€2.6bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Personal income tax, net of refundable credits.
Calculation
- Computed as
Income tax × Top 40–50%, Income tax ÷ All groups, Income tax- From
- Income tax €103.3bn, estimated
- Top 40–50%, Income tax €2.6bn, estimated
- All groups, Income tax €101.5bn, estimated
- Result
- €2.6 billion
Why believe this?
Top 40–50%, Pension contributions
€24.2bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to pension schemes, imputed contributions and firms' collective schemes included.
Calculation
- Computed as
Pension contributions × Top 40–50%, Pension contributions ÷ All groups, Pension contributions- From
- Pension contributions €280.4bn, estimated
- Top 40–50%, Pension contributions €28.4bn, estimated
- All groups, Pension contributions €328.7bn, estimated
- Result
- €24.2 billion
Why believe this?
Top 40–50%, Other contributions
€14.3bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Employer and employee contributions to health, disability, work-injury, unemployment and family insurance.
Calculation
- Computed as
Other contributions × Top 40–50%, Other contributions ÷ All groups, Other contributions- From
- Other contributions €182.4bn, estimated
- Top 40–50%, Other contributions €16.8bn, estimated
- All groups, Other contributions €214bn, estimated
- Result
- €14.3 billion
Why believe this?
Living standard at D6, constant 2024 euros
€29,230Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Disposable income per consumption unit a year at the threshold, in constant 2024 euros: what one person living alone has to spend; metropolitan France, survey on tax and social incomes.
- Caveat
- Insee's distributional accounts rank people by a survey-based living standard close to, but not the same as, this one.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Distribution des niveaux de vie, données annuelles de 1996 à 2024
- Where
- Sheet “Données”, row 10 “6e décile (D6)”, column AF (2023), en euros 2024 constants; raw/reve-niv-vie-decile-individu.xlsx
- Published
- 2026
- As published
- €29,230
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
V13, Individuals, millions, Insee
3.4Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Number of individuals, in millions.
- Caveat
- Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 59 “Nombre d'individus (en millions)”, column O (V13)
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- As published
- 3
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 30–40%, transfers received
€148bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Every transfer attributed to the group, subsidies included.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 30–40%, Subsidies on products + Top 30–40%, Subsidies on production + Top 30–40%, Pensions + Top 30–40%, Unemployment benefits + Top 30–40%, Other cash benefits + Top 30–40%, Health care + Top 30–40%, Education + Top 30–40%, Social care and housing aid + Top 30–40%, Culture and leisure + Top 30–40%, Collective services- From
- Top 30–40%, Subsidies on products €4.4bn, estimated
- Top 30–40%, Subsidies on production €5.4bn, estimated
- Top 30–40%, Pensions €41.6bn, estimated
- Top 30–40%, Unemployment benefits €3.6bn, estimated
- Top 30–40%, Other cash benefits €11bn, estimated
- Top 30–40%, Health care €25.8bn, estimated
- Top 30–40%, Education €12bn, estimated
- Top 30–40%, Social care and housing aid €7.6bn, estimated
- Top 30–40%, Culture and leisure €4.1bn, estimated
- Top 30–40%, Collective services €32.5bn, estimated
- Result
- €148.0 billion
Why believe this?
Top 30–40%, Unemployment benefits
€3.6bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Unemployment insurance and solidarity benefits.
Calculation
- Computed as
Unemployment benefits × Top 30–40%, Unemployment benefits ÷ All groups, Unemployment benefits- From
- Unemployment benefits €42.9bn, estimated
- Top 30–40%, Unemployment benefits €3.8bn, estimated
- All groups, Unemployment benefits €45.8bn, estimated
- Result
- €3.6 billion
Why believe this?
Top 30–40%, Other cash benefits
€11bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Sick pay and work-injury benefits, family benefits, minimum incomes, disability benefits, and the reimbursements of firms' group health insurance, which Insee counts among cash benefits.
Calculation
- Computed as
Other cash benefits × Top 30–40%, Other cash benefits ÷ All groups, Other cash benefits- From
- Other cash benefits €137.4bn, estimated
- Top 30–40%, Other cash benefits €11.8bn, estimated
- All groups, Other cash benefits €147.6bn, estimated
- Result
- €11.0 billion
Why believe this?
Top 30–40%, Education
€12bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Schooling from nursery to university, school transport included, received in kind.
Calculation
- Computed as
Education × Top 30–40%, Education ÷ All groups, Education- From
- Education €141.6bn, estimated
- Top 30–40%, Education €10.9bn, estimated
- All groups, Education €128.1bn, estimated
- Result
- €12.0 billion
Why believe this?
Top 30–40%, Culture and leisure
€4.1bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Public culture, sport and leisure services, spread equally per person.
Calculation
- Computed as
Culture and leisure × Top 30–40%, Culture and leisure ÷ All groups, Culture and leisure- From
- Culture and leisure €41.4bn, estimated
- Top 30–40%, Culture and leisure €5.2bn, estimated
- All groups, Culture and leisure €52bn, estimated
- Result
- €4.1 billion
Why believe this?
Top 30–40%, CSG on earnings and benefits
€14.6bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The CSG on earnings, pensions and other replacement income, and on gaming: the CSG less its part on capital income.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 30–40%, CSG − Top 30–40%, CSG on capital income- From
- Top 30–40%, CSG €16bn, estimated
- Top 30–40%, CSG on capital income €1.3bn, estimated
- Result
- €14.6 billion
Why believe this?
Living standard at D7, constant 2024 euros, a month
€2,740EstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The yearly amount divided by twelve, rounded to ten euros.
Calculation
- Computed as
Living standard at D7, constant 2024 euros ÷ 12, rounded to €10- From
- Living standard at D7, constant 2024 euros €32,920, estimated
- Result
- €2,740
Why believe this?
Top 20–30%, Profits kept in companies
€4.6bnEstimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The part of companies' profits that is not paid out, attributed to the households that own them.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 10 “Profits des entreprises non distribués aux ménages (B)”, columns Q and R (V15 + V16), summed, signs dropped
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- It says
row 10, V15: 1.9; row 10, V16: 2.7
- As published
- €4.6 billion
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 20–30%, Pensions
€44.5bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Retirement pensions, survivors' pensions included.
Calculation
- Computed as
Pensions × Top 20–30%, Pensions ÷ All groups, Pensions- From
- Pensions €370bn, estimated
- Top 20–30%, Pensions €47.8bn, estimated
- All groups, Pensions €397.8bn, estimated
- Result
- €44.5 billion
Why believe this?
Top 20–30%, Collective services
€32bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Defence, police, justice, general administration and other collective spending, spread over people, net of other transfers and of balances with the rest of the world, which are small and negative overall.
Calculation
- Computed as
Collective services × Top 20–30%, Collective services ÷ All groups, Collective services- From
- Collective services €332.8bn, estimated
- Top 20–30%, Collective services €23bn, estimated
- All groups, Collective services €239.5bn, estimated
- Result
- €32.0 billion
Why believe this?
Top 20–30%, paid a month per person
€1,780EstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 20–30%, levies paid × 10⁹ ÷ Top 20–30%, people ÷ 12- From
- Top 20–30%, levies paid €145.4bn, estimated
- Top 20–30%, people 6.8 million, estimated
- Result
- €1,780
Why believe this?
Top 20–30%, Taxes on products
€35.9bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
- Caveat
- Insee attributes the whole amount to residents; the part falling outside France is taken out of every group in proportion.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 20–30%, Taxes on products × (1 − Share of consumption by visitors ÷ 100)- From
- Top 20–30%, Taxes on products €37.5bn, estimated
- Share of consumption by visitors 4.4%, estimated
- Result
- €35.9 billion
Why believe this?
Top 20–30%, Corporate tax
€2.9bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
Calculation
- Computed as
Corporate tax × Top 20–30%, Corporate tax ÷ All groups, Corporate tax- From
- Corporate tax €79.3bn, estimated
- Top 20–30%, Corporate tax €2.9bn, estimated
- All groups, Corporate tax €78.1bn, estimated
- Result
- €2.9 billion
Why believe this?
Top 20–30%, share of the CSG on capital income
9.8%EstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's part of the CSG on capital income: of the CSG on investment income, its share of net financial income; of the CSG on property income, its share of rents, actual and imputed (an allocation scenario).
- Caveat
- An allocation scenario: Insee attributes the whole CSG to each group but does not split it by base, and no source found gives the bases of the CSG on capital income by group. The CSG on investment income (interest, dividends, life insurance) is shared as Insee's net financial income. The CSG on property income is levied on rents landlords receive, capital gains and annuities; Insee's only row near it adds owner-occupiers' imputed rents, which pay no CSG, and holds no capital gains, so sharing it as that row is a convention. The alternatives share all of it as net financial income, or as the group's whole capital income.
Calculation
- Computed as
(CSG on income from investments, 2023 × Top 20–30%, Net financial income ÷ All groups, Net financial income + CSG on income from property, 2023 × Top 20–30%, Rents, actual and imputed ÷ All groups, Rents, actual and imputed) ÷ (CSG on income from investments, 2023 + CSG on income from property, 2023) × 100- From
- CSG on income from investments, 2023 €9.4bn, estimated
- CSG on income from property, 2023 €7.2bn, estimated
- Top 20–30%, Net financial income €10.5bn, estimated
- All groups, Net financial income €133.9bn, estimated
- Top 20–30%, Rents, actual and imputed €20.5bn, estimated
- All groups, Rents, actual and imputed €166.8bn, estimated
- Result
- 9.8%
Why believe this?
V17, Individuals, millions, Insee
3.4Estimated2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Number of individuals, in millions.
- Caveat
- Insee ranks individuals by the survey-based living standard of their household and cuts them into twenty groups of 5% each; D1 to D9 join two of them, P90–95 is the nineteenth and the top 5% the twentieth. Distributional accounts are Insee's imputation of national accounts to households; they are not a measurement. Insee prints levies as negative amounts; they are shown here as amounts paid.
Where it comes from
- Source
- Insee, Revenus des ménages élargis à l'ensemble de l'économie en 2023 (Insee Analyses n° 118)
- Where
- Sheet “Tableau complémentaire”, row 59 “Nombre d'individus (en millions)”, column S (V17)
- Published
- 16 April 2026
- As published
- 3
- Read
- 2026-10-14
Why believe this?
Top 10–20%, rents, actual and imputed, monthly equivalent per resident, 2023 data
€300EstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 10–20%, Rents, actual and imputed × 10⁹ ÷ Top 10–20%, people ÷ 12- From
- Top 10–20%, Rents, actual and imputed €24.5bn, estimated
- Top 10–20%, people 6.8 million, estimated
- Result
- €300
Why believe this?
Top 10–20%, profits kept in companies, monthly equivalent per resident, 2023 data
€90EstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 10–20%, Profits kept in companies × 10⁹ ÷ Top 10–20%, people ÷ 12- From
- Top 10–20%, Profits kept in companies €7.2bn, estimated
- Top 10–20%, people 6.8 million, estimated
- Result
- €90
Why believe this?
Top 10–20%, Subsidies on products
€4.8bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Subsidies paid per unit sold, public transport above all, attributed to the households who consume.
Calculation
- Computed as
Subsidies on products × Top 10–20%, Subsidies on products ÷ All groups, Subsidies on products- From
- Subsidies on products €44.2bn, estimated
- Top 10–20%, Subsidies on products €3.5bn, estimated
- All groups, Subsidies on products €32bn, estimated
- Result
- €4.8 billion
Why believe this?
Top 10–20%, Health care
€22.1bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Care paid for by public health insurance and hospitals, received in kind.
Calculation
- Computed as
Health care × Top 10–20%, Health care ÷ All groups, Health care- From
- Health care €249.7bn, estimated
- Top 10–20%, Health care €18.5bn, estimated
- All groups, Health care €209.4bn, estimated
- Result
- €22.1 billion
Why believe this?
Top 10–20%, levies paid
€185.5bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Every levy attributed to the group, gross of subsidies.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 10–20%, Taxes on products + Top 10–20%, Taxes on production + Top 10–20%, Corporate tax + Top 10–20%, CSG on earnings and benefits + Top 10–20%, CSG on capital income + Top 10–20%, Income tax + Top 10–20%, Other taxes on income and wealth + Top 10–20%, Pension contributions + Top 10–20%, Other contributions- From
- Top 10–20%, Taxes on products €39.6bn, estimated
- Top 10–20%, Taxes on production €20.3bn, estimated
- Top 10–20%, Corporate tax €3.7bn, estimated
- Top 10–20%, CSG on earnings and benefits €21.3bn, estimated
- Top 10–20%, CSG on capital income €2.3bn, estimated
- Top 10–20%, Income tax €16.4bn, estimated
- Top 10–20%, Other taxes on income and wealth €3.4bn, estimated
- Top 10–20%, Pension contributions €46.7bn, estimated
- Top 10–20%, Other contributions €31.8bn, estimated
- Result
- €185.5 billion
Why believe this?
Top 10–20%, Taxes on products
€41.4bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- VAT, energy and other excise duties and property transfer duties, collected by firms on what they sell; Insee attributes them to the households who consume.
Calculation
- Computed as
Taxes on products × Top 10–20%, Taxes on products ÷ All groups, Taxes on products- From
- Taxes on products €318.8bn, estimated
- Top 10–20%, Taxes on products €41.4bn, estimated
- All groups, Taxes on products €318.6bn, estimated
- Result
- €41.4 billion
Why believe this?
Top 10–20%, Corporate tax
€3.7bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Corporate income tax, attributed to the households who own the companies.
- Caveat
- Insee attributes the whole amount to residents; the part falling outside France is taken out of every group in proportion.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 10–20%, Corporate tax × (1 − Share of French companies' equity held outside France ÷ 100)- From
- Top 10–20%, Corporate tax €4.7bn, estimated
- Share of French companies' equity held outside France 20%, estimated
- Result
- €3.7 billion
Why believe this?
Top 10–20%, CSG on capital income
€2.3bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The part of the CSG levied on capital income: interest, dividends, life insurance, rents and capital gains.
- Competing figures
- €2.1bn, the CSG on capital income by financial income alone. The same computation with another key for the CSG on capital income.
- €1.9bn, the CSG on capital income by all capital income. The same computation with another key for the CSG on capital income.
- Caveat
- An allocation scenario: Insee attributes the whole CSG to each group but does not split it by base, and no source found gives the bases of the CSG on capital income by group. The CSG on investment income (interest, dividends, life insurance) is shared as Insee's net financial income. The CSG on property income is levied on rents landlords receive, capital gains and annuities; Insee's only row near it adds owner-occupiers' imputed rents, which pay no CSG, and holds no capital gains, so sharing it as that row is a convention. The alternatives share all of it as net financial income, or as the group's whole capital income.
Calculation
- Computed as
CSG on capital income × Top 10–20%, share of the CSG on capital income ÷ 100- From
- CSG on capital income €16.9bn, estimated
- Top 10–20%, share of the CSG on capital income 13.6%, estimated
- Result
- €2.3 billion
Why believe this?
Top 10–20%, Other taxes on income and wealth
€3.4bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Residence tax, the wealth tax on property (IFI), CRDS and other taxes on income and wealth.
Calculation
- Computed as
Other taxes on income and wealth × Top 10–20%, Other taxes on income and wealth ÷ All groups, Other taxes on income and wealth- From
- Other taxes on income and wealth €24.7bn, estimated
- Top 10–20%, Other taxes on income and wealth €3.3bn, estimated
- All groups, Other taxes on income and wealth €24.1bn, estimated
- Result
- €3.4 billion
Why believe this?
Top 10%, rents, actual and imputed, monthly equivalent per resident, 2023 data
€440EstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 10%, Rents, actual and imputed × 10⁹ ÷ Top 10%, people ÷ 12- From
- Top 10%, Rents, actual and imputed €36.3bn, estimated
- Top 10%, people 6.8 million, estimated
- Result
- €440
Why believe this?
Top 10%, profits kept in companies, monthly equivalent per resident, 2023 data
€1,240EstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The group's amount over its people, a month per person.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 10%, Profits kept in companies × 10⁹ ÷ Top 10%, people ÷ 12- From
- Top 10%, Profits kept in companies €100.9bn, estimated
- Top 10%, people 6.8 million, estimated
- Result
- €1,240
Why believe this?
CSG on earnings and benefits
€133bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The CSG on earnings, pensions and other replacement income, and on gaming: the CSG less its part on capital income.
Calculation
- Computed as
CSG − CSG on capital income- From
- CSG €149.8bn, estimated
- CSG on capital income €16.9bn, estimated
- Result
- €133.0 billion
Why believe this?
Lenders in France
€676mEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The part of borrowing lent by resident banks, insurers, funds and households.
Calculation
- Computed as
Borrowing × Share of net borrowing from other lenders in France ÷ 100- From
- Borrowing €151.9bn
- Share of net borrowing from other lenders in France 0.4%, estimated
- Result
- €0.7 billion
Why believe this?
Lenders in France
€14.6bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The part of debt interest paid to resident holders other than the Banque de France; Insee already counts what reaches households through insurers and funds in their primary income, so it is not drawn on to any group.
Calculation
- Computed as
Debt interest × Share of public debt held by other lenders in France ÷ 100- From
- Debt interest €51.7bn
- Share of public debt held by other lenders in France 28.2%, estimated
- Result
- €14.6 billion
Why believe this?
Subsidies through companies
€97.2bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Subsidies on products and on production: companies receive them, people gain from them.
Calculation
- Computed as
Subsidies on products + Subsidies on production- From
- Subsidies on products €44.2bn, estimated
- Subsidies on production €53bn, estimated
- Result
- €97.2 billion
Why believe this?
Outside France, transfers received
€60.9bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Every transfer attributed to the group, subsidies included.
Calculation
- Computed as
Lenders outside France + EU contribution (VAT and GNI own resources) + International cooperation paid + Capital transfers to the rest of the world- From
- Lenders outside France €25.8bn, estimated
- EU contribution (VAT and GNI own resources) €23.9bn
- International cooperation paid €10.8bn
- Capital transfers to the rest of the world €373m
- Result
- €60.9 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 10%, levies through companies
€21.2bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Taxes on products and on production and corporate tax that companies hand over but whose incidence Insee attributes to the group.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 10%, Taxes on products + Bottom 10%, Taxes on production + Bottom 10%, Corporate tax- From
- Bottom 10%, Taxes on products €18.5bn, estimated
- Bottom 10%, Taxes on production €2.2bn, estimated
- Bottom 10%, Corporate tax €569m, estimated
- Result
- €21.2 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 40–50%, levies through companies
€37.9bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Taxes on products and on production and corporate tax that companies hand over but whose incidence Insee attributes to the group.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 40–50%, Taxes on products + Bottom 40–50%, Taxes on production + Bottom 40–50%, Corporate tax- From
- Bottom 40–50%, Taxes on products €27.4bn, estimated
- Bottom 40–50%, Taxes on production €9.9bn, estimated
- Bottom 40–50%, Corporate tax €650m, estimated
- Result
- €37.9 billion
Why believe this?
Top 10–20%, levies through companies
€63.7bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Taxes on products and on production and corporate tax that companies hand over but whose incidence Insee attributes to the group.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 10–20%, Taxes on products + Top 10–20%, Taxes on production + Top 10–20%, Corporate tax- From
- Top 10–20%, Taxes on products €39.6bn, estimated
- Top 10–20%, Taxes on production €20.3bn, estimated
- Top 10–20%, Corporate tax €3.7bn, estimated
- Result
- €63.7 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 20–30%, subsidies through companies
€6.5bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Subsidies paid to companies whose benefit Insee attributes to the group.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 20–30%, Subsidies on products + Bottom 20–30%, Subsidies on production- From
- Bottom 20–30%, Subsidies on products €4.1bn, estimated
- Bottom 20–30%, Subsidies on production €2.4bn, estimated
- Result
- €6.5 billion
Why believe this?
Top 30–40%, subsidies through companies
€9.8bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Subsidies paid to companies whose benefit Insee attributes to the group.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 30–40%, Subsidies on products + Top 30–40%, Subsidies on production- From
- Top 30–40%, Subsidies on products €4.4bn, estimated
- Top 30–40%, Subsidies on production €5.4bn, estimated
- Result
- €9.8 billion
Why believe this?
Top 10%, subsidies through companies
€22bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- Subsidies paid to companies whose benefit Insee attributes to the group.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 10%, Subsidies on products + Top 10%, Subsidies on production- From
- Top 10%, Subsidies on products €5.7bn, estimated
- Top 10%, Subsidies on production €16.4bn, estimated
- Result
- €22.0 billion
Why believe this?
Taxes on capital, 2023
€96.2bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the levies or transfers of one kind that the detailed diagram shows one by one.
Calculation
- Computed as
Corporate tax + CSG on capital income- From
- Corporate tax €79.3bn, estimated
- CSG on capital income €16.9bn, estimated
- Result
- €96.2 billion
Why believe this?
Cash benefits, 2023
€550.2bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the levies or transfers of one kind that the detailed diagram shows one by one.
Calculation
- Computed as
Pensions + Unemployment benefits + Other cash benefits- From
- Pensions €370bn, estimated
- Unemployment benefits €42.9bn, estimated
- Other cash benefits €137.4bn, estimated
- Result
- €550.2 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 10% → Taxes on income and wealth, 2023
€4.1bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the levies or transfers of one kind that the detailed diagram shows one by one.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 10%, CSG on earnings and benefits + Bottom 10%, Income tax + Bottom 10%, Other taxes on income and wealth- From
- Bottom 10%, CSG on earnings and benefits €988m, estimated
- Bottom 10%, Income tax €2.7bn, estimated
- Bottom 10%, Other taxes on income and wealth €410m, estimated
- Result
- €4.1 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 20–30% → Social contributions, 2023
€19.1bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the levies or transfers of one kind that the detailed diagram shows one by one.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 20–30%, Pension contributions + Bottom 20–30%, Other contributions- From
- Bottom 20–30%, Pension contributions €12.5bn, estimated
- Bottom 20–30%, Other contributions €6.6bn, estimated
- Result
- €19.1 billion
Why believe this?
Bottom 40–50% → Taxes on income and wealth, 2023
€12.8bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the levies or transfers of one kind that the detailed diagram shows one by one.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 40–50%, CSG on earnings and benefits + Bottom 40–50%, Income tax + Bottom 40–50%, Other taxes on income and wealth- From
- Bottom 40–50%, CSG on earnings and benefits €10.4bn, estimated
- Bottom 40–50%, Income tax €1.2bn, estimated
- Bottom 40–50%, Other taxes on income and wealth €1.2bn, estimated
- Result
- €12.8 billion
Why believe this?
Top 30–40% → Social contributions, 2023
€48.7bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the levies or transfers of one kind that the detailed diagram shows one by one.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 30–40%, Pension contributions + Top 30–40%, Other contributions- From
- Top 30–40%, Pension contributions €30.4bn, estimated
- Top 30–40%, Other contributions €18.3bn, estimated
- Result
- €48.7 billion
Why believe this?
Top 10–20% → Taxes on income and wealth, 2023
€41.1bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the levies or transfers of one kind that the detailed diagram shows one by one.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 10–20%, CSG on earnings and benefits + Top 10–20%, Income tax + Top 10–20%, Other taxes on income and wealth- From
- Top 10–20%, CSG on earnings and benefits €21.3bn, estimated
- Top 10–20%, Income tax €16.4bn, estimated
- Top 10–20%, Other taxes on income and wealth €3.4bn, estimated
- Result
- €41.1 billion
Why believe this?
Top 10% → Social contributions, 2023
€139.9bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the levies or transfers of one kind that the detailed diagram shows one by one.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 10%, Pension contributions + Top 10%, Other contributions- From
- Top 10%, Pension contributions €79.3bn, estimated
- Top 10%, Other contributions €60.6bn, estimated
- Result
- €139.9 billion
Why believe this?
Taxes on income and wealth → General government, 2023
€261bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the levies or transfers of one kind that the detailed diagram shows one by one.
Calculation
- Computed as
CSG on earnings and benefits + Income tax + Other taxes on income and wealth- From
- CSG on earnings and benefits €133bn, estimated
- Income tax €103.3bn, estimated
- Other taxes on income and wealth €24.7bn, estimated
- Result
- €261.0 billion
Why believe this?
General government → Transfers in kind, 2023
€540.3bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the levies or transfers of one kind that the detailed diagram shows one by one.
Calculation
- Computed as
Health care + Education + Social care and housing aid + Culture and leisure- From
- Health care €249.7bn, estimated
- Education €141.6bn, estimated
- Social care and housing aid €107.7bn, estimated
- Culture and leisure €41.4bn, estimated
- Result
- €540.3 billion
Why believe this?
Transfers in kind → Bottom 20–30%, 2023
€62.3bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the levies or transfers of one kind that the detailed diagram shows one by one.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 20–30%, Health care + Bottom 20–30%, Education + Bottom 20–30%, Social care and housing aid + Bottom 20–30%, Culture and leisure- From
- Bottom 20–30%, Health care €28.6bn, estimated
- Bottom 20–30%, Education €16.5bn, estimated
- Bottom 20–30%, Social care and housing aid €13.1bn, estimated
- Bottom 20–30%, Culture and leisure €4.1bn, estimated
- Result
- €62.3 billion
Why believe this?
Cash benefits → Bottom 30–40%, 2023
€51.4bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the levies or transfers of one kind that the detailed diagram shows one by one.
Calculation
- Computed as
Bottom 30–40%, Pensions + Bottom 30–40%, Unemployment benefits + Bottom 30–40%, Other cash benefits- From
- Bottom 30–40%, Pensions €33.8bn, estimated
- Bottom 30–40%, Unemployment benefits €4.5bn, estimated
- Bottom 30–40%, Other cash benefits €13.1bn, estimated
- Result
- €51.4 billion
Why believe this?
Transfers in kind → Top 30–40%, 2023
€49.5bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the levies or transfers of one kind that the detailed diagram shows one by one.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 30–40%, Health care + Top 30–40%, Education + Top 30–40%, Social care and housing aid + Top 30–40%, Culture and leisure- From
- Top 30–40%, Health care €25.8bn, estimated
- Top 30–40%, Education €12bn, estimated
- Top 30–40%, Social care and housing aid €7.6bn, estimated
- Top 30–40%, Culture and leisure €4.1bn, estimated
- Result
- €49.5 billion
Why believe this?
Cash benefits → Top 20–30%, 2023
€58.7bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the levies or transfers of one kind that the detailed diagram shows one by one.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 20–30%, Pensions + Top 20–30%, Unemployment benefits + Top 20–30%, Other cash benefits- From
- Top 20–30%, Pensions €44.5bn, estimated
- Top 20–30%, Unemployment benefits €3.2bn, estimated
- Top 20–30%, Other cash benefits €11.1bn, estimated
- Result
- €58.7 billion
Why believe this?
Transfers in kind → Top 10%, 2023
€39.7bnEstimatedCalculated by this site2023
Definition
- What it counts
- The sum of the levies or transfers of one kind that the detailed diagram shows one by one.
Calculation
- Computed as
Top 10%, Health care + Top 10%, Education + Top 10%, Social care and housing aid + Top 10%, Culture and leisure- From
- Top 10%, Health care €19bn, estimated
- Top 10%, Education €11.5bn, estimated
- Top 10%, Social care and housing aid €5.1bn, estimated
- Top 10%, Culture and leisure €4.1bn, estimated
- Result
- €39.7 billion